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Lithium-ion batteries are nowadays offered in a large number of different cell designs and material combinations. This results in a wide range of performance parameters. However, in almost all cases, batteries are used together with power electronic converters, and a central question is the interaction between the converters and the batteries. This...
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... batteries are pure intercalation batteries (Fig. 1). This means that the lithium diffuses into or out of the existing crystal structures of the positive electrode (called the cathode) and the negative electrode (anode). While lithium is present as a positive ion when it moves in the electrolyte, it is neutralised again by the external electron flow after it has been deposited on ...
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... The impedance is typically measured in the range from 10 mHz to 10 kHz. Nevertheless, higher frequencies can also be used to track and analyze batteries 24,25 . ...
Active dissipative balancing systems are essential in battery systems, particularly for compensating the leakage current differences in battery cells. This study focuses on using balancing resistors to stimulate battery cells for impedance measurement. The value of impedance spectroscopy for in-depth battery cell diagnostics, such as temperature or aging, is currently being demonstrated and recognized by vehicle manufacturers, chip producers, and academia. Our research systematically explores the feasibility of using existing balancing resistors in battery management systems and identifies potential limitations. Here we propose a formula to minimize hardware requirements through signal processing techniques. A quadrupling of the sampling rate, number of averaging values, or the size of the fast Fourier transform is equivalent, concerning the signal-to-noise ratio, to increasing the analog resolution by one bit or reducing the input filter bandwidth by a quarter.
... Nevertheless, 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 also higher frequencies can be used to track and analyze batteries. (Landinger et al, 2021;Blömeke et al, 2022) ...
Active dissipative balancing systems are widely used in battery systems. A lower boundary for the necessary balancing current is the difference in the leakage current of batteries in the system. The use of balancing resistors for the excitation of lithium-ion battery cells to determine their impedance has been discussed for almost decades. The value of impedance spectroscopy for in-depth battery cell diagnostics, such as temperature or aging, is currently being demonstrated and recognized by vehicle manufacturers, chip producers, and academia. This work systematically and quantitatively investigates how and under which circumstances the excitation can be performed via the balancing resistors already used in the battery management system and where limitations may lie. If individual cells or modules are to be replaceable, the balancing current must be so high that it can also be used for online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
This study presents a multi-method characterization of a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 sodium-ion battery cell. Many characterization methods used for lithium-ion batteries can be applied to sodium-ion-based cells. Analytical methods, such as ICP-OES and EDX measurements, are in good agreement with the XRD experiment and show high shares of Fe and Mn within the Mn=Fe=Ni-based layered oxide cathode. This enables a low-cost sodium-ion battery. Mercury porosimetry reveals high porosities. Electrical characterization highlights the high-power capabilities of this cell as well as an acceptable transferability of diagnostic algorithms. Despite higher charging currents having no detrimental effect on capacity retention, excessive electrolyte decomposition triggers the cell’s current interrupt device, preventing a profound lifetime analysis. This early commercial sodium-ion cell is a low-cost solution for high-power applications. Overall, the characterization of a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 sodium-ion battery cell benefits from the established methods for characterization of lithium-ion batteries.
As Sodium-Ion Battery (SIB) cells are still considered a relatively new technology, this study presents an extensive multi-method characterization of a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 SIB cell for the first time in literature. A high degree of transferability for most characterization methods used with Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is observed. Especially imaging methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy (XRM). Analytical methods, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements are in agreement with the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment. High shares of Fe and Mn within the Mn/Fe/Ni-based layerd oxide cathode enable a low-cost SIB as the price of the cell indicates. While Mercury porosimetry reveals high porosi-ties for anode and cathode, electrical characterization underlines the high-power capabilities of this cell as well as an acceptable transferability of diagnostic algorithms. Despite higher charging currents having no detrimental effect on capacity retention, excessive electrolyte decomposition triggers the cell's current interrupt device (CID), preventing a profound lifetime analysis. Overcoming the challenges of thermal induced electrolyte decomposition, this early commercial SIB cell is an ideal solution for high-power applications, effectively bridging a gap that other cell types are unable to fill. Overall, the characterization of a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 SIB cell benefits from the established methods for characterization of LIBs.
In our increasingly electrified society, lithium-ion batteries are a key element. To design, monitor or optimise these systems, data play a central role and are gaining increasing interest. This article is a review of data in the battery field. The authors are experimentalists who aim to provide a comprehensive overview of battery data. From data generation to the most advanced analysis techniques, this article addresses the concepts, tools and challenges related to battery informatics with a holistic approach. The different types of data production techniques are described and the most commonly used analysis methods are presented. The cost of data production and the heterogeneity of data production and analysis methods are presented as major challenges for the development of data-driven methods in this field. By providing an understandable description of battery data and their limitations, the authors aim to bridge the gap between battery experimentalists, modellers and data scientists. As a perspective, open science practices are presented as a key approach to reduce the impact of data heterogeneity and to facilitate the collaboration between battery scientists from different institutions and different branches of science.
