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Mortality of whitefly with different concentrations of NEEM-1 (a), and NEEM-2 (b), in an interval of 8 hrs.
Source publication
The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal and repellent efficiency of the hexanic extracts of seeds of neem Azadirachta indica on whitefly Bemisia tabaci adults. Bioassays were performed by testing seeds collected in 2007 (NEEM-1) and in 2008 (NEEM-2). Mortality was assessed with five levels (5-10%) and repellence at two levels (5 and...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... will be important to consider this association in further studies, to do more conclusive comparisons. Bioassays of mortality Results in Figure 1 show mortality of B. tabaci with the different concentrations of azadirachtin for NEEM-1 (1a) and NEEM-2 (1b). For both cases, the observed trend was a higher mortality corresponding to a higher concentration. ...
Citations
... A lower adult whitefly number (0.707 adult/leaf) was reported by [40] compared to the control (2.691 adult/leaf) using neem leaf extract in okra plant, which is comparable to the current results two weeks after the last spray, indicating the presence of extractible intoxicants in the neem leaf product. Castillo-Sánchez et al. [45] examined the effect of neem seed extracts (NEEM-1 and NEEM-2) at 10% w/v, which caused up to 100% whitefly mortality, 5 h after the treatment. This was more effective than the current (58.1%) reduction 15 days after the first foliar spray. ...
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is among the vital fruit vegetables cultivated globally for its health and nutritional benefits. However, its production has been hindered by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci G.) infestation worldwide. This study aims to assess the effect of some bio-pesticides in the control of whiteflies on eggplants under field conditions. The trial consists of seventeen (17) treatments replicated three times for 45 days. From the results obtained, neem leaf extract (60 mL/L) proved more effective against whiteflies, with 1.2 and 1.3 adults/leaf, while buttermilk and cow dung (50 mL/L) were less effective (10.1 and 10.8 adults/leaf) when compared to untreated plots (26.9 and 33.4 adults/leaf), two weeks after the third spray during the first and second trials. The highest reduction (%) in whitefly population was found using neem leaf extract (95.7 and 96.1%) and cow urine (85.8 and 96.1%), with cow dung and buttermilk exhibiting the least overall averages (65.9 and 62.3%), two weeks after the third spray during the respective trials. Neem extract and cow urine were more effective among the treatments examined and, thus, recommended to be incorporated into control strategies of whiteflies for the improved production of eggplants in the area.
... Aunque las concentraciones al 100 % de neem y tabaco causaron mortalidad, el tratamiento con neem tuvo un efecto más rápido. El neem, posee compuestos que demuestran su actividad insecticida en el control de más de 200 especies de insectos, incluyendo insectos chupadores tales como: Bemissia tabaci (Gennadius), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), y T. aurantii 15,26,27 . Las plantas de tabaco también contienen metabolitos con potencial insecticida, uno de los principales es la nicotina 28 y puede actuar sobre el sistema nervioso, sobre el sistema digestivo y como repelente 29 . ...
El pulgón negro (Toxoptera aurantii), es una plaga que causa daño a las hojas, flores y frutos pequeños del cacao. En la actualidad se ha incrementado el uso de extractos botánicos con propiedades insecticidas tales como, el neem (Azadirachta indica) y el tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum), los cuales son considerados como una alternativa en el control del pulgón del cacao, sin embargo, muy poco se conoce sobre sus efectos toxicológicos en esta plaga. En este estudio fueron evaluados los efectos insecticidas de los extractos acuosos de neem y tabaco contra T. aurantii en superficies de papel filtro. La mortalidad del pulgón negro fue significativamente afectada al ser expuestos a superficies tratadas con extractos de neem, tabaco o insecticida acetamiprid (P <0,001) después de 6 horas del inicio del bioensayo. El extracto de neem y tabaco en concentración del 0,4 kg L-1 (100%) causó la mortalidad del 100 % y 80 % de los pulgones respectivamente. El valor de la CL50 para los extractos de neem fue de 0,05 kg L-1, y para tabaco fue de 0,18 kg L-1. Los extractos de neem y tabaco producen repelencia en los pulgones al ser expuesto a superficies tratadas con concentraciones del 100 %. Palabras clave: mortalidad; repelencia; Aphididae; concentración letal media
... The formulation made from leaves of Vitex negundo L. has been used to control different pests including whiteflies [163]. Moreover, neem-based formulations [164][165][166], milkweed (Calotropis sp.) and garlic extracts [166], Jatropha curcas L. extracts [167], and fermented-extracts of neem and wild garlic have also been used against several insect pests [168,169]. Plant-based essential oils have been extensively studied for the control of B. tabaci, [60]. ...
The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is a notorious devastating sap-sucking insect pest that causes substantial crop damage and yield losses due to direct feeding by both nymphs and adults and also through transmission of viruses and diseases. Although the foliar application of synthetic pesticides is crucial for efficient control of B. tabaci, it has adverse effects such as environmental pollution, resistance and resurgence of the pest, toxicity to pollinators, and crop yield penalty. Thus, a suitable, safe, and robust strategy for the control of whiteflies in the agricultural field is needed. The reports on whitefly-resistant transgenic plants are scanty, non-reproducible, and/or need secondary trials and clearance from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The present review encompasses explicit information compiled from 364 articles on the traditional, mechanical, biological, biotechnological, and chemical strategies for whitefly management (WFM), IPM strategy, and future prospects of WFM for food and agriculture security.
... Botanical compounds with pesticidal activities have been successfully isolated and commercialized. They include azadiractin from neem (Azadirachta indica) (Castillo-Sanchez et al., 2015) and pyrethrin from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) (Alao and Adebayo, 2015). Leaf extract of Lumnitzera racemose showed potential toxicity against DBM under controlled conditions (Eswaraiah et al., 2020). ...
Massive use of synthetic chemicals exerts deleterious effects on human and environmental health, which calls for the development of novel alternatives to manage agricultural pests. Botanical pesticides have drawn great interest due to their non-toxic and eco-friendly nature. Therefore, under this study, leaf-needles of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) were extracted by different solvents to obtain effective biochemical. These extracts were evaluated for biocontrol of two weed and an insect-pest species. Pine needles were soaked separately in methanol, ethanol, hot and cold water in the volume to weight ratio of 5:1 (solvent : pine needles) for 7 days. Extraction yield, and contents of organic acids, siloxanes and amides were higher with hot and cold water, while alcohols, ketones, terpenes and phenolic compounds were greater in methanolic and ethanolic extracts. These biochemicals with respective extractants increased quantitatively and progressively but not beyond 7 days. Raw extracts (with variable dilution) were employed topically against two weed species (Melilotus albus and Asphodelus tenuifolius) and an insect-pest (Plutella xylostella L.). Greater weed biocontrol efficacy through soaking of M. albus and A. tenuifolius weed seeds was exhibited by methanolic extract (100% concentration) with the highest germination inhibition (74% and 65%) followed by ethanolic extract (68% and 64%), respectively. The highest mortality (92%) of P. xylostella insects was achieved through methanolic extract bath (20% concentration) after 120 hours. These results conclude that alcoholic extracts of pine needle contain more effective biochemicals (e.g., phenols and terpenes) with bio-pesticidal characteristics as compared to that from aqueous extracts. Therefore, the alcoholic extracts bear great potential to develop the bio-pesticides as novel and safe alternatives for weeds as well as insect-pest management.
... Plants naturally produce a wide array of complex organic compounds that are not directly linked with plant growth and development but rather provide strength and protection to plants against biological stress conditions, such as wound and pest/ pathogen attack and invasion. These plant extracts (botanicals) have antimicrobial properties and are toxic to several phyto-pathogens which are exploited as biopesticides and bio-fungicides (Mizubuti et al. 2007;Castillo-Sánchez et al. 2015;Chengala and Singh 2017). Some plant extracts with inhibitory action on major plant pest and phyto-pathogens are given in Table 15.4. ...
Take-all disease is the most important root disease in wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Considering economic importance of wheat, the disease is a serious problem worldwide. The effective and economically feasible control of the disease is a major problem around the globe. Strategies based on chemical control of take-all have been inefficient due to that the control of soil-borne pathogen is depending on the use of soil fumigants of broad-spectrum gaseous as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, metam sodium which are unacceptable in agriculture. The discovery of suppressive soils involving major plant–microbe interactions resulted in some significant advances, particularly in elucidating the role of the enzymes. These microbes through several mechanisms including the biocontrol, antibiosis, systemic resistance in plants (ISR) have made advanced progress in identifying major factors involved host range and pathogenicity determining as well as recognizing the mechanism that explains disease suppression. Moreover, the high-throughput sequencing techniques open new avenues for microbial control of plant disease considering, for example, the engineering plant microbiome to improve the plant health and food security.KeywordsWheatRoot diseaseSoil-borne pathogenBiological control
Gaeumannomyces graminis
... A worldwide estimate of more than 2500 species of plants from 235 families has been noted to possess biochemical with pesticide or deterrent or growth-regulating properties (Das, 2014;Roy et al., 2016 Wanzala et al., 2016). A wide range of common and locally available plants have also been reported to possess some pesticidal biochemical compounds like A. indica (neem), Tanacetum cinerariifolium (pyrethrum), Allium sativum (garlic), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) (Castillo-Sánchez, Jiménez-Osornio, Delgado-Herrera, Candelaria-Martínez, & Sandoval-Gío, Castillo-Sánchez et al., 2015). Compounds like azadirachtin from neem and pyrethrin from pyrethrum are common examples of isolated botanicals that have been commercialized due to their efficient results (Kumar et al., 2015). ...
... The vast availability of source plants, diverse uses, less toxicity to non-specific targets like pollinators and fish, cheaper costs, effectiveness and reliability are the attributes responsible for the acceptability of the botanical pesticides in sustainable crop production (Castillo-Sánchez et al., 2015;Srijita, 2015). Botanical pesticides have been demonstrated to possess insecticidal properties even in their crude forms (Ali et al., 2014). ...
The global rise in the human population presents a significant challenge to the world’s food security. There is a huge gap between production and consumption (7.2 million tonnes nutrient deficit) due to the expanding population and agricultural land’s shrinking over time. Therefore, crop production must be significantly boosted in the next few decades to meet the growing population’s food demand. Chemical fertilizers have been extensively used to enable the crop outputs to bridge the lacunae between production and consumption, which ultimately seriously damaged both the natural ecosystems and human health. Therefore, biofertilizers’ exploitation is, to a certain extent, considered a substitute for chemical fertilizers in the agricultural industry because of their significant potential to improve food production and safety. Biofertilizers are substances that include cells of different varieties of beneficial microorganisms that could become critical components of advanced nutrient management. Organisms typically used as constituents of biofertilizers are nitrogen fixers (N fixer), phosphorus solubilizers (P-solubilizer) and potassium solubilizers (K-solubilizer) or a mixture of fungi and moulds. These possible biofertilizers play a vital role in the production and sustainability of soils and safeguard the environment by being eco-friendly and cost-effective for producers.
... Finally, plant extracts are concentrated and formulated to prepare botanical insecticides, which are evaluated under laboratory, control, or field conditions. Some of the botanical insecticides have been successfully commercialized, for instance, azadirachtin from neem (Castillo-Sánchez et al., 2015). ...
PurposeThe application of insecticides has been practiced over decades to protect crops from pests. The toxicity of insecticides to nontarget pollinators is now evident, and many pollinator species are in peril due to the uncontrolled application of insecticides which is, furthermore, a concern for sustainable food production. Therefore, this review aims to give an insight into the impacts of insecticide application on pollinators and food security.Methods
In the early section of this review, a brief discussion on the role of insect and mammalian pollinators in pollination has been added. Later on, different synthetic insecticides used in agriculture and their toxicity to pollinators have been extensively reviewed. In the following section, associated risks of insecticide application to food security and human nutrition have been discussed. At the end of this review, several management approaches have been pointed out to reduce insecticide exposure and eventually conserve pollinators.ResultsIt has been found that insecticide exposure of pollinators results in physiological, behavioral, and foraging impairments which could be the reason for low crop yield and an incidental threat to food security.Conclusions
This review can be used as a reference for future research in the conservation of pollinators.
... Plants naturally produce a wide array of complex organic compounds that are not directly linked with plant growth and development but rather provide strength and protection to plants against biological stress conditions, such as wound and pest/ pathogen attack and invasion. These plant extracts (botanicals) have antimicrobial properties and are toxic to several phyto-pathogens which are exploited as biopesticides and bio-fungicides (Mizubuti et al. 2007;Castillo-Sánchez et al. 2015;Chengala and Singh 2017). Some plant extracts with inhibitory action on major plant pest and phyto-pathogens are given in Table 15.4. ...
Plant pathogens are an emerging threat to global food security leading to severe losses of economically important food crops. Rice, catering 40% of global population, faces tremendous yield and economic losses due to pathogen incidences. Today, agriculture practices are more bound to the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers for disease management and improved crop yields. Thus, the crop protection product sector is becoming a fast developing industry in order to compel with the growing population and need to minimize crop damage. This entails the usage of chemicals for crop protection in a judicious manner within the national, confined regulatory framework. However, the application of high doses of chemical pesticides and fertilisers in intensive farming practices negatively affects both human health and natural ecosystems. Hence, there is the urgent demand for the use of safer, environmentally sound and sustainable alternative technologies for profitable crop production. Therefore, the present chapter fosters majorly on the different biological and molecular approaches for disease management.
... Green pesticides are good alternatives to the synthetic ones as they cause little or no environmental pollution, have low toxicity level to humans in addition to several other advantages [348][349][350][351]. Biopesticides are capable of repelling, inhibiting growth or killing pests [42]. Castillo-Sanchez et al., [352][353] stated that they are inexpensive and are easily integrated into other pest management option. Other advantages include least toxicity to beneficial organism since they are target specific with none or little allelopathic effect [354]. ...
Bio-pesticides are biological derived agents that are usually applied in a manner similar to synthetic pesticides but achieve pest management in an environmental friendly way. Bioinsecticides have the advantages of been reportedly eco-friendly both to man and the environment, are target specific, lack problem of residue, least persistent in environment, locally available, easily processed and inexpensive, though with the limitation of requiring repeated applications for the achievement of optimal control of insect pests while enhancing crop protection. The mode of action of bioinsecticides on insects includes repellent action, antifeedant activity, oviposition deterrent properties, growth and development inhibition, toxicity, attractants, sterility and death. Hence, bioinsecticides can be included in integrated pest management programs for crop protection and insect pest control. The review on biopesticidal properties of some plant secondary metabolites in the leaves, stems, bark, fruits, flowers, cloves, rhizomes, grains and seeds of plants and their interference with the growth, feeding, reproduction of insect pestsfor pest management has been elaborated.
... Such risk can be overcome by the use of non-synthetic pesticides otherwise biopesticides that are regarded as natural ecofriendly [12] pesticides with adequate natural compounds that can control insect pests and plants with such bioactive compounds have had great success stories [13,14,15,16]. Such plants include pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) [13,17,18], neem (Azadirachta indica) [19,20], garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) [21,22]. Mahmood et al., [23] stated that pest management using biopesticides is an age long tradition especially among rural dwellers [24], until the recent introduction of synthetic pesticides where the former was considered ineffective especially in the management of major pest and disease of pandemic magnitude such as rusts and blights [12] which required quick action and wide coverage area. ...
... The advantage of using biopesticides especially plant derived pesticides include its availability in every locality, multiple uses such as medicinal, spices, ornamentals and even food and or as feed [31]. Castillo-Sanchez et al. [19] stated that they are inexpensive and are easily integrated into other pest management option. Other advantages include least toxicity to beneficial organism since they are target specific with none or little allelopathic effect [32]. ...
Oryctes owariensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) beetle is a destructive insect pest of both raphia and oil palms, causing damage to the fronds and trunk thus leading to low yields and subsequent death of infested palms. This study was aimed at monitoring the seasonal abundance of the beetle using visual lure or light traps suspended on poles around raphia palm farms designed as experimental sites (Locations A, B, C and D) for a duration of two years (2018 and 2019) in Bayelsa State. Four sampling seasons were engaged in the study: Four months of dry (January- April) and four months of wet (June- September) yearly. The lamps were powered seven consecutive nights monthly. Beetles trapped were counted daily and the numbers recorded. The result showed that the beetle had one generation per year, was nocturnal with seasonal activity spreading out from dusk to dawn. Adult population was highest within the dry sampling months of March to April as the insects mate for breeding, the wet months June and July recorded drastic fall in the number of trapped beetles while August and September recorded no catch. A total of 283 beetles were captured during the dry season against 8 trapped at the wet. Therefore, the high efficiency of the light traps as capture/ monitor tools in ascertaining the seasonal abundance of Oryctes owariensis beetle in raphia palm farms is a possibility for use in Integrated Pest Management Programs for controlling the pest population before they reach the economic threshold level.
