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China has become one of the leading international tourism destinations, ranking third at a world level. A fast expanding domestic tourism offers new development opportunities to rural areas. Our results from Daxi Village of Anji County, a popular tourist destination in East China, show that farmers are seizing this opportunity that currently repres...
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Context 1
... County lies in the northwest of Zhejiang Province, Eastern China (see Figure 2). Forest resources-in particular bamboo-and associated industries have traditionally played a significant role in Anji's economy [33]. ...
Context 2
... in China, show that they ascribe a high priority to protecting the ecological integrity of the area, supporting a limit on the number of tourists [29]. Simultaneously, in the context of China, cultural values such as Human-Nature interactions and collectivism have been found to have an influence on consumers ’ attitudes towards green purchases [30]. These trends present in the Chinese society suggest a potential demand for better planning of tourism activities in order to protect natural resources and environmental values, what could lead to the development of a more encompassing ‘ ecotourism ’ . The paper analyses the evolution and effects of tourism in Daxi village of Anji County (Zhejiang Province), an area much visited by tourists coming from the urban triangle of Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing ( changsanjiaoqu ). The aim is to study the trend of rural tourism, its role as a new driver of peasants ’ economy, the gender differences that it involves, and the attitudes of visitors. Building on the anthropological view of tourism developed by Burns [31] and Stronza [32], it takes an integrated perspective that combines the views of local residents and visiting tourists. It also analyses the limits and potential problems of this huge tourism expansion. Anji County lies in the northwest of Zhejiang Province, Eastern China (see Figure 2). Forest resources — in particular bamboo — and associated industries have traditionally played a significant role in Anji ’ s economy [33]. At the turn of the century, the county embarked upon a ‘ green policy ’ [34] aimed at developing the ‘ three ecologies ’ : Economy ( shengtai jingji qiangxian ), culture ( shengtai wenhua daxian ), and human habitat ( shengtai renju mingxian ). Consequently, it has obtained the label of ‘ National Ecological Model County ’ ( guojia shengtai shifanqu ) given by the State Environment Administration. The following has contributed to reinforce a rural tourism offer that rests upon four main pillars [35]: (i) The scenic beauty of bamboo forests in a county considered one of the 10 bamboo cradles ( zhongguo zhuxiang ) of China; (ii) the Longwang Mountain, one source of the HuangPu river the mouth of which is situated in Shanghai; (iii) the Tianhuangping pumped-storage ...
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Citations
... With industrialization comes rising employment opportunities in construction, manufacturing, and service industries, among others (Mehrotra and Parida 2017). The case studies reviewed include investigations of women's engagement in non-agricultural work in factory settings (Zhang et al. 2014;Him and Hoşgör 2019), rural tourism (Rodriguez et al. 2011;Pudianti et al. 2020), and artisanal mining (Rutherford and Chemane-Chilemba 2020), along with non-farm work in sea snail factories (Him and Hoşgör 2019). Another core theme driving the RT involves shifts from subsistence to commercial agriculture or higher-value commodities. ...
... One may argue that these rural spaces act as an extension and continuation of experiences and memories associated with the digital world d to a certain degree, they serve as its 'materialized' playground. Indeed, critics of such place-making practices would be quick to point out that the superimposition of 'such imagined and representational spaces' (Higgins, 2017, 103; see also Lefebvre, 1991;Soja, 1996) 15 over rural places risks masking urgent problems faced by rural communities such as environmental deterioration, socio-economic inequality, and cultural marginalisation (Rodríguez et al., 2011). ...
This article aims to expand current scholarship on affect in semiotic landscapes through studying a common, yet under-researched practice in Chinese hostels. A product of the emerging experience economy, rural hostels represent the latest trend in commercializing language and affect. This is the first study to focus on a crucial branding practice in rural hostels, i.e., emplacement of language objects that resemiotize various resources from Chinese cyberspace, a vibrant space with dynamic circulations of affects. The affective economy of such objects mediated through chains of language commodification (crossing online-offline boundary via Taobao, etc.) will be examined. I will show that hybrid features and complex trajectories of such objects accentuate the interpenetrations of the digital and the physical in a physically-demarcated land, further complicating the concept of ‘semiotic landscape’. Field-work data collected from southern China will be analyzed to explain the role of language objects in constructing distinctive affective regimes. I will conclude by discussing potential conflicts of these regimes with rural spaces and implications of these place-making practices against the backdrop of an increasingly wired rural China. In particular, it is suggested that rural residents' new roles within Chinese cyberspace may further shape the affective economy of language objects.
... Through the review of the case study villages, it was found that different types of enterprises have been developed and are involved in rural cultural heritage preservation, including village-owned [36], private [17,84], and state-owned (especially county-owned) [28,83] enterprises. Using the cases of Zhujiajiao and Lanting villages in Zhejiang Province, the authors of [84] critically unraveled the representative practices of hegemonic private companies in the incorporation of recreational industries into relocated heritage assets based on the mindset of conservation by relocation. ...
... Through the review of the case study villages, it was found that different types of enterprises have been developed and are involved in rural cultural heritage preservation, including village-owned [36], private [17,84], and state-owned (especially county-owned) [28,83] enterprises. Using the cases of Zhujiajiao and Lanting villages in Zhejiang Province, the authors of [84] critically unraveled the representative practices of hegemonic private companies in the incorporation of recreational industries into relocated heritage assets based on the mindset of conservation by relocation. This was a direct result of negotiations between local governments and private enterprises guided by expert validation within a top-down framework of heritage practice. ...
... In some cases, such an approach did bring economic benefits to local communities [15]. However, in most cases, the villages became commodities for urban users to develop tertiary sectors in the countryside [8], raising a debate about the authenticity of rural heritage [84], gentrification, and selfgentrification of communities [95]. As a result, many historical villages became more vulnerable to massive rural tourism and the construction of a socialist countryside after being placed on different conservation lists [94]. ...
Background: In the past century, the importance of historical villages has been highly recognized , as they serve aesthetic, functional, and environmental values and can foster local socioeconomic development through the heritagization process. The purpose of this paper is to outline the core features of the preservation and management of historical villages in the European and Chinese contexts. Methods: Using a qualitative systematic literature review, the research was based on international academic papers covering 73 case studies from the two contexts, addressing the fact that little work has been carried out comparing European and Chinese realities. Results: Similarities and differences in rural cultural heritage preservation and management between Europe and China were compared and discussed, paying particular attention to historical villages in both contexts. Using this method, rural heritage preservation in China can be better framed and analyzed for scholars engaged in both the Chinese and international contexts. Conclusions: Inspired by the European case studies, the research suggests that capacity building of different types of stakeholders, contex-tualized financial mechanism and multiple values the civic society perceived and recognized during the Chinese rural heritage preservation and management process should be further studied and implemented case by case based on a historical-sensitive approach. In addition, the issue of the lack of social capital and policy arrangements in rural areas should be further addressed to stimulate community resilience.
... 53,54 Being in an unusual environment will prompt tourists to review their knowledge and attitudes toward sustainable consumption and construct and strengthen values for sustainable consumption by themselves. [55][56][57][58][59] Crisis and safety risk perceptions are positively correlated with the substitution of tourism consumption willingness. 60,61 Tourists can identify the crisis and safety risks and make decisions on their own crisis interests to enhance the substitution of tourism consumption willingness to reduce travel. ...
Introduction: Understanding the relationship between tourists’ consumption behavior and their willingness to substitute consumption in unusual environments can promote tourists’ sustainable consumption behavior. This study explores the internal relationship between tourists’ willingness to engage in sustainable consumption behavior and the substitution of tourism consumption willingness in an unusual environment and the related factors.
Methods: Through qualitative and quantitative mixed research, this study first invited 32 interviewees related to the tourism industry to conduct in-depth and focus group interviews and extracted a research model based on the push-pull theoretical model (PPM) through three rounds of coding of grounded theory. Then, through questionnaire design, pre-release, and formal release, 268 valid questionnaires were collected using a convenience sampling method, and the hypothesis and its mediating effect were verified using a structural equation model.
Results: Further quantitative analysis and verification showed that being in an unusual environment had a positive effect on tourists’ perception of crisis awareness, safety risk, and willingness to engage in sustainable consumption behavior. However, the results did not support the unusual environment positively affecting the substitution of tourism consumption willingness, the psychological transformation cost, and the fixed consumption habit negatively affecting the substitution of tourism consumption willingness. In this study, two mediating variables were used to verify the indirect effect of being in an unusual environment and the substitution of tourism consumption willingness. The results showed that the mediating effect was significant.
Conclusion: This study explored an action mechanism model aimed at guiding tourists’ willingness for sustainable consumption, based on the environment and consumption behavior, and provided relevant countermeasures for the government and business decision-makers, enterprises, and investors in the tourism sector.
... 9 Aussi, les migrations de la campagne vers la ville ont pu permettre de stimuler des revenus suffisants (Démurger et Xu, 2011b), de développer des compétences nouvelles et d'élargir le réseau de relations pour introduire au village des activités économiques nouvelles, souvent orientées vers une activité marchande. Isabelle Thireau indique que « les ressources mobilisées pour justifier l'activité marchande sont rarement liées à un savoir-faire économique, mais sont plutôt ancrées dans la sphère sociale ou politique » (Thireau et Hua, 2002, p. 125 (Barthélemy, et al., 2004 ;Rodriguez et al., 2011 ;Wu et al., 2015). Cette forme de tourisme répondrait partiellement à la crise agricole, à la modernisation rurale, aux migrations des populations les plus démunies, et inclurait localement les populations dans une démarche nouvelle. ...
This article examines the forms of rural governance in the Yangtze River Delta megalopolis with regard to rural tourism. We study the role of communities and their integration into a new economic activity trough tourism services. These activities have led rural communities to reorganize their work, enrich their homes and morphologically transform villages. The study of two villages within the Yangtze delta illustrates local development through tourism and the evolution of rural people who have become tourist service providers.
... Besides it contributions to the rural economy, tourism has also an important contribution to the rural sustainability in term of environment and local cultural heritage preservation (Gronau, & Kaufmann, 2009). Moreover, some authors, as Rodriguez et al. (2011), revealed that tourism in China in the last years became an important activity and lead the international destinations. And also the tourism in the rural has been explored. ...
... In this context, the place where tourists are accommodated can arouse emotions and feelings through which they are encouraged to return to visit a specific geographic area. In rural areas, the traditional rural buildings (TRBs) can represent a cultural heritage capable of arousing such emotions and feelings and are often converted for purposes of making accommodation, food services and agricultural activities available to tourists [13][14][15] and for the economic, social, cultural and landscape benefits to the rural community [16,17]. ...
The study describes the planning strategy for a tourist itinerary in rural areas located in South-Eastern Sicily which aimed at promoting cultural rural heritage and diversifying the tourist offer. The planning of the tourist itinerary occurred within an appropriate heritage interpretation strategy as a working method which could facilitate the understanding and social use of the heritage sites located along the itinerary. The tourist itinerary combined significant territory potential such as traditional rural buildings and enogastronomy. It included a starting point; which is a heritage site and an already well known "tourist attraction", and several other tourist resources selected on the basis of the information derived from the analysis of the profile of the average visitor to the area. An interpretation center, which was located at the heritage site, and several interpretation media placed at each stopping point included in the itinerary supported the tourists during their trip. By promoting traditional rural buildings and enogastronomy, the tourist itinerary represents a significant opportunity for rural diversification and, therefore, can contribute to achieving sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas.
... Developing tourism in the rural areas is increasing the pressure on rural communities by emphasizing the alteration of the social, ecological and environmental systems. As [4][5][6] has previously remarked, a mass tourism in rural areas could create awareness among the local authorities. ...
Research on sustainable tourism involves developing an appropriate framework to highlight the interdependences of economic, social and environmental systems. The interdependence is based on the entropy of the system while respecting the principle of holism and diversity of rural tourism sustainability. In this context, sustainability in general and rural tourism in particular can be considered a complex system of development, which in some ways can be studied by statistical and econometric methods that allow the analysis of the interdependences between the variables of rural tourism at county level and at the level of rural communities. Conducting such studies involves identifying the rural communities where rural tourism has reached significant levels. Based on this consideration, this paper aims to identify the development regions and counties of Romania where the trends of development of rural tourism are significantly above the average recorded at country level, as a first step towards particular studies of sustainability in rural communities.
... Other studies have also been conducted using similar approaches to those of the present paper ( [24]; [6]; [25]). These approaches can be used not only in MPAs, but also for monitoring and evaluating larger scale spatially managed areas. ...
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) outlines its contribution to the conservation of the nesting activity of the loggerhead Sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean. These species lay their eggs on the six beaches of Laganas Bay in a proportion that reaches the 26% of the total documented effort in Mediterranean. At the same time, the development of tourism industry in Laganas Bay may undermine the preservation of the natural environment, resulting to the emergence of many conflicts that are of particular importance. This paper used the Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) to investigate the statistical relationships between the spatial and anthropogenic descriptors of the area. The main outcomes of the study indicate that there is a great variance between area’s descriptors separating spatial from anthropogenic, and also the grouping of the nine selected areas of the study confirm the zoning system as it is presented in the management plan of the Park. The latter also suggests there is a high compliance of the tourism development to the existing measures for the protection of this conservation priority site.
... Different studies have specifically documented the positive and 2 N.J. Hogarth growing role of bamboo -for both shoot and culm production -in rural employment (Ruiz-Pérez et al. 1996;Lei 2001;Chen 2003;Zhu & Yang 2004;Gutierrez Rodriguez et al. 2011, income equalization (Gutierrez Rodriguez et al. 2009), and household income (Lei 2001;Zhu & Yang 2004;Gutierrez Rodriguez et al. 2009;Ruiz-Pérez et al. 2009;Hogarth & Belcher 2013). But given the increasing value of bamboos to China's forestry sector and its potential role in reducing poverty, some authors argue that much more quantitative research is needed, especially in the emerging bamboo regions in the southwest (Hogarth & Belcher 2013). ...
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the links between smallholder bamboo shoot management practices, productivity, and livelihoods in a mountainous and impoverished county in southern China. The analysis was based on primary socioeconomic data from 240 households combined with farmer management surveys and biophysical plantation data. Management practices were determined to be grossly inadequate, with chronic overharvesting and an uncontrolled pest problem leading to poor yields. Given that bamboo shoots provided the main cash income source, this had a major impact on household income and livelihoods. Changes to culm management and pest control practices are recommended which could significantly increase shoot productivity and income, while improving bamboo's contribution to rural livelihoods and its role in targeted poverty alleviation. Improving smallholder bamboo management practices is, however, constrained by a general lack of relevant research and management guidelines based on scientifically proven techniques to optimize productivity.
