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Ferns of Fiji. a , Trichomanes atrovirens (WELT P022770). Treated as Trichomanes boryanum by Brownlie (1977) and as Cephalomanes atrovirens by NMNS (2008); b , the Fijian endemic Cyathea microlepidota , whose longer stipes distinguish it from the otherwise similar C. propinqua ; c , the Fijian endemic Cyathea propinqua ; d , Asplenium lobulatum (WELT P022796). Recorded for Fiji by Parris (1994), having been previously misidentified as A. polyodon , A. insiticium , or as hybrids between the two by Brownlie (1977); e , Polystichum aff. moluccense (WELT P022791), following Parris (1994). Listed as P. aculeatum by Brownlie (1977); f , the Fijian endemic Tectaria godeffroyi (WELT P022774), with its distinctive marginal sori.
Source publication
A revised Checklist of 331 species of Fijian ferns and lycophytes is presented here. Six species are presumed to be introduced and 48 (15%) are endemic. The annotated list includes family, genus and species names for all Fijian ferns, and aligns them with names used by Brownlie (1977) in his Pteridophyte Flora of Fiji. Since publication of Brownlie...
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Estimating species richness with herbarium data and new collections allows us to understand the distribution of diversity. We investigated the accuracy of lycophyte and fern sampling along a vegetation gradient in the subtropical Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. We compiled lycophyte and fern collection metadata and estimated species richness an...
Veracruz, with 542 recorded species, is the third richest state in Mexico in terms of total fern diversity. Field work, herbarium studies, and a revision of literature during the last decade revealed 22 new state records. Five of these belong to Elaphoglossum, four are filmy ferns, and three are grammitids. Most of the new taxa were collected in th...
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Citations
... Nowadays, Arthropteris occurs from the Afro-Madagascan region (Lawalrée, 1990(Lawalrée, , 1991Badré, 2008) eastward to southern China, New Zealand, and islands of the Pacific. Its easternmost occurrence is in the Juan Fernández Islands (Holttum, 1966;Pichi-Sermolli, 1966;Lawalrée, 1990Lawalrée, , 1991Bell, 1998;Badré, 2008;Brownsey and Perrie, 2011). Copeland (1947) explained this distribution assuming an old Antarctic (Gondwana) origin for this genus. ...
Intercontinental disjunct distributions can arise either from vicariance, from long-distance dispersal, or through extinction of an ancestral population with a broader distribution. Tectariaceae s.l., a clade of ferns in Polypodiales with ca. 300 species mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics, provide an excellent opportunity to investigate global distribution patterns. Here, we assembled a dataset of eight plastid markers and one nuclear marker of 636 (92% increase of the earlier largest sampling) accessions representing ca. 210 species of all eight genera in Tectariaceae s.l. (Arthropteridaceae, Pteridryaceae, and Tectariaceae s.s.) and 35 species of other families of eupolypods Ⅰ. A new phylogeny is reconstructed to study the biogeography and trait-associated diversification. Our major results include: (1) a distinct lineage of Tectaria sister to the rest of the American Tectaria is identified; (2) Tectariaceae s.l., and the three families: Arthropteridaceae (Arthropteris), Pteridryaceae (Draconopteris, Malaifilix, Polydictyum, Pteridrys), and Tectariaceae s.s. (Hypoderris, Tectaria, and Triplophyllum), might have all originated in late Cretaceous; (3) only five intercontinental dispersals occurred in Pteridryaceae and Tectariaceae s.s. giving rise to their current intercontinental disjunction; (4) we provide the second evidence in ferns that a long-distance dispersal between Malesia and Americas during the Paleocene to Eocene led to the establishment/origin of a new genus (Draconopteris); and (5) diversification rate of each state of leaf dissection is different, and the lowest is in the simple-leaved taxa.
... The types of Dryopteris arborescens, D. ludens (Baker) C.Chr., and D. powellii (Baker) C.Chr. are all from the Samoan Islands (either the Independent State of Samoa or American Samoa, but probably the latter). They are likely synonymous (Christensen 1943), while doubts have been raised about the distinctiveness of Dryopteris maxima (Baker) C.Chr. from Fiji (Christensen 1943;Brownsey and Perrie 2011;Chen et al. 2017). (Copeland 1932, 35). ...
Six fern species are newly reported or substantiated as indigenous to New Caledonia: Davallia sessilifolia, Dicranopteris caudata, Dryopteris arborescens, Pteris terminalis, Trichomanes atrovirens, and T. kurzii. This is the first record of Dryopteris for New Caledonia. Our findings are based on extensive fieldwork, inspection of specimens in relevant herbaria including type material, comparisons with authoritative references, and phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA sequences. The global and New Caledonian distribution, morphological diagnosis, and conservation status are given for each species. Davallia sessilifolia, Dryopteris arborescens, Pteris terminalis, and Trichomanes atrovirens are provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered or Endangered in New Caledonia, because they have few populations that are each of limited size, and some are also threatened by fire or introduced deer and pigs. While Dicranopteris caudata occurs in open habitats, the others are largely confined to humid habitats at high elevation, or to the wetter forested valleys of north-east Grande Terre. These are the most likely habitats in which to find more populations of these species, but also other new species records and new endemic ferns. Alongside the recent description of several new endemic species, the addition of so many non-endemic indigenous species to a fern and lycophyte flora of approximately 300 species is an indication that considerable work remains to be done in documenting these plants in New Caledonia.
... Notes-Tectaria acrophoroides is a morphologically very special species in Tectaria because it has a unique combination of 3-to 4-pinnate laminae, free veins, and broad scales on the abaxial surface of rachis and costa. When reviewing all species of Tectaria across the South Pacific Islands (Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia) recorded in the literature (Brown and Brown 1931;Brownlie 1977;Holttum 1991;Jones 1998;Murdock and Smith 2003;National Museum of Nature and Science 2008;Brownsey and Perrie 2011;Dong 2019) and specimens in herbaria visited (BO, BISH, IBSC, K, LAE, P, SING, TAIF, TNM, US), we found there are only three species with wholly free veins, namely T. dissecta (G.Forst.) Lellinger, T. hookeri, and T. milnei (Hook.) ...
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have identified four major clades within the fern genus Tectaria but none of them is supported
by any morphological characters. Here we present an expanded phylogeny of Tectaria based on five plastid markers (atpB, ndhF 1
ndhF-trnN, rbcL, rps16-matK 1 matK, and trnL-F), with a particular focus on the species from Asia to the Solomon Islands. Our aims are to infer the systematic position of newly included species, providing insights to interspecific relationships of some species groups, and to determine the identity of some specimens with distinct morphology. As a result, three major clades and a total of 14 lineages are identified in Asia to the Solomon Islands. The 19 newly sampled species were well resolved in the phylogenetic tree, of which T. lobbii (representative of rare rheophytes in Tectaria) was confirmed as belonging in the T. angulata–T. vanikoroensis lineage. Four new species from the Solomon Islands, T. acrophoroides, T. glenniana, T. pallescens, and T. vanikoroensis, are recognized and described. Phylogenetic and morphological evidence suggests frequent hybridizations between T. crenata and T. decurrens from Malesia to the Solomon Islands, and between T. devexa and T. simonsii in mainland Asia and adjacent islands, which render the obscure species boundaries within the two groups.
... Unidentified or unverified species in the field were collected for later taxonomic work at the herbarium. Plants with undetermined taxa were cross-referenced to herbarium vouchers, documented flora by Smith (1979Smith ( , 1981Smith ( , 1985Smith ( , 1988Smith ( , 1991, Brownlie (1977) and Brownsey and Perrie (2011). These also involved the field collection, preparation and annotation of specimens as permanent records. ...
... B. chambersii has been reported from Fiji (Brownlie 1977, as Blechnum doodioides (Brack.) Nakamura 2008;Brownsey & Perrie 2011), but plants from there have much wider fertile fronds, as well as DNA sequence differences (Perrie et al. 2014). It is likely that they belong to a different species. ...
Blechnaceae is a medium-sized family found throughout the world, but with the majority of species in the southern hemisphere. There are two main centres of diversity in Central and South America, and in Australasia and the south-west Pacific, with a smaller one in the Malesian region. Species occur most frequently in south temperate regions or in montane to subalpine areas of the tropics.
As interpreted here, Blechnaceae is a family of seven genera and about 265 species, represented in New Zealand by a single genus, Blechnum, with 23 indigenous and two naturalised species. Thirteen species are endemic. Alternative classifications recognise up to 25 genera, with seven indigenous to New Zealand (Austroblechnum, Cranfillia, Diploblechnum, Doodia, Icarus, Lomaria and Parablechnum) and two with introduced species (Austroblechnum, Blechnum). Under this classification Austroblechnum is represented by seven indigenous species, Doodia and Parablechnum by five, Cranfillia by three, and Diploblechnum, Icarus and Lomaria by one species each.
Of the indigenous species, Blechnum chambersii, B. deltoides, B. fluviatile, B. membranaceum, B. minus, B. novae-zelandiae, B. penna-marina, B. procerum and B. triangularifolium are all widespread, albeit scarce or absent in the driest parts of the South Island. Blechnum colensoi, B. discolor and B. nigrum are widespread in the North Island but largely confined to wetter, western parts of the South Island. Blechnum banksii and B. durum are both entirely coastal, the former found predominantly on the west coast from Northland to Stewart Island and on the subantarctic islands, and the latter confined to the far south from Fiordland and Southland to the subantarctic islands.
One species, B. montanum, has a predominantly southern distribution, occurring from Mt Pirongia in the North Island to the subantarctic. Three species, Blechnum filiforme, B. fraseri and B. parrisiae, have a mainly northern distribution extending only to the northern South Island, and another two, B. molle and B. zeelandicum, are confined to the North Island. The remaining species have restricted distributions: B. kermadecense occurs only on the Kermadec Islands, B. norfolkianum only on the Kermadec Islands, Three Kings Islands, and coastal regions of eastern Northland and Auckland, and B. neohollandicum is a vagrant species recorded from the northern North Island but is probably no longer extant in New Zealand.
All species of Blechnum in New Zealand are terrestrial except for B. filiforme, which is one of the few high-climbing ferns in the flora. The genus is distinguished by its often strongly dimorphic fronds, sori that are either continuous, or elongate and discrete, arranged parallel to the costae, and indusia opening inwards towards the costae. Hybrids are known to occur between B. chambersii and B. membranaceum, B. molle and B. parrisiae, and in the B. procerum group (including B. minus, B. montanum, B. novae-zelandiae and B. procerum).
... After this, the names used for the taxon by St. John (1954) and McClatchey et al. (2000) are given if they differ from ours, followed by the letters St. J. and/or McC in square brackets to denote these publications. We then indicate where the different name is also used by Brownlie (1977) or Brownsey and Perrie (2011) in their accounts of ferns of Fiji (which exclude Rotuma) by the letters B and/or B&P respectively. Where Brownlie (1977) or Brownsey and Perrie (2011) used names that differ from ours, St John's and McClatchey's, these are given next, also followed by B and/or B&P as appropriate. ...
... We then indicate where the different name is also used by Brownlie (1977) or Brownsey and Perrie (2011) in their accounts of ferns of Fiji (which exclude Rotuma) by the letters B and/or B&P respectively. Where Brownlie (1977) or Brownsey and Perrie (2011) used names that differ from ours, St John's and McClatchey's, these are given next, also followed by B and/or B&P as appropriate. ...
... We note Bolbitis vanuaensis Brownlie from mainland Fiji (Vanua Levu) is at least very similar and may be synonymous with B. quoyana. However, as noted by Brownsey and Perrie (2011), the taxa may differ in the width of the fertile pinnae. If the taxa are distinct, it remains possible that the Rotuman plant is Bolbitis vanuaensis, but given the more widespread distribution of B. quoyana, and the lack of fertile material, we apply the latter name, which has priority. ...
The island of Rotuma lies about 580 km north of the main archipelago of Fiji, and while politically part of that country, it differs culturally and floristically. It has not typically been included in botanical treatments for Fiji as a whole despite visits from several botanists. Pteridophytes of Rotuma were described by St. John in 1954 based on a visit there in 1938, but little additional information is available since then. Much of the original Rotuman forest has been altered by human activity, but pockets of original vegetation persist and substantial areas of secondary forest currently occur there. In June 2019, the first two authors of this report visited Rotuma to study ferns and lycophytes. We added six native species to the total of 31 found by St. John, and we found three species that have become naturalised since St. John was there. We revise the identification of several of those that he found, based on studying his specimens as well as our own, and we update nomenclature for many others to reflect current taxonomy. We conclude that 37 native and three naturalised pteridophyte species are confirmed for Rotuma, and two others may be present as natives based on unconfirmed reports. We discuss geographic relationships of the pteridophyte flora and note that at least four native species on Rotuma are not known from elsewhere in Fiji, but almost all Rotuman pteridophytes are known from Samoa. We speculate that additional pteridophytes remain to be found on Rotuma, and we note that declining coconut cultivation is leading to increased recovery of secondary forest on the island. Additionally, we confirm that the endemic angiosperm Cyrtandra rotumaensis H. St.John [Gesneriaceae] persists on Rotuma.
... Notes: 1. A rarely collected taxon that was not recorded in the recent revised checklist of Fijian ferns and lycophytes (Brownsey and Perrie 2011). The species has very few of the diagnostic hairs but there are sufficient (only found by careful searching) to indicate that it belongs to sect. ...
The species included in the Blechnum vulcanicum group are all characterised by the presence of unique, minute, surface outgrowths on various aerial parts of a plant; these have previously in error been described as short hairs. However, these so-called 'hairs' are distinctive and consist of about 4 to 7 cells in a linear arrangement. The species of Blechnum that have this feature are here recognised as a new Section, Blechnum sect. Pilosa T.C.Chambers. The species Blechnum vulcanicum (Blume) Kuhn has been widely cited in taxonomic, floristic and ecological studies for Malesia, Australasia and Oceania, but shows much variation across this wide geographic range. The present study rejects this broad view and recognises a total of 13 species in this group. This includes three new species (Blechnum aequabile
... Names for the ferns and lycophytes, including family ones, have been updated from those of Brownlie (1977), using mainly the checklist of Brownsey & Perrie (2011). For the flowering-plant genera and families Flora Vitiensis Nova (hereafter, FVN) has largely been adhered to, in order to assist reference to that comprehensive work's keys etc. ...
"An annotated species-list is given for Waya Island (Yasawa Is. Group, Fiji). It contains 38 ferns and lycophytes, 1 cycad, 55 monocotyledons, and 224 dicotyledons. Nearly all these 318 species are indigenous to Fiji or are likely to be ancient (pre-European) introductions. Except for six species, post-European introductions (weeds and cultivated species) have not been included. Two species are endemic to Waya: Embelia deivanuae (Myrsinaceae) and Psychotria volii (Rubiaceae). Five are rare in Fiji: Guettarda wayaensis (Rubiaceae), Mollugo pentaphylla (Molluginaceae), Ormocarpum orientale (Leguminosae), Polystichum pilosum (Dryopteridaceae), and Prosaptia vomaensis (Polypodiaceae). Another two Fijian rarities, Euphorbia plumerioides (Euphorbiaceae) and Sarcolobus stenophyllus (Asclepiadaceae), were found on Waya in 1937 but have not been seen since. Waya’s taller native vegetation is situated mostly on rugged rocky topography and is dominated by members of Leguminosae (Cynometra, Kingiodendron, Maniltoa), Sapindaceae and Sapotaceae. In Fiji at large such “dry zone” cover has been greatly reduced by continual fires, so Waya’s remnants, though small and discontinous, have substantial biodiversity value. "
... Further, we expected the abundance of native tree ferns, as a group, to be negatively impacted by that of P. coronata because they display similar habitat preferences. The rainforests of Fiji have 13 native (four endemic) tree fern species, mostly from the Cyatheaceae family (Brownsey and Perrie 2011). Tree ferns are abundant in the understory of Fijian rainforest (Keppel et al. 2005) and are therefore important components of Fiji's biodiversity. ...
... Because tree ferns in Fiji are diverse (Brownsey and Perrie 2011;Florens et al. 2017), abundant and likely play a key role in succession (Keppel et al. 2005), their displacement could have major impacts on native biodiversity and key ecosystem processes. Such impacts have been documented for other invasive plants (Mueller-Dombois 2008;Cavaleri and Sack 2010;Vilà et al. 2011). ...
Invasive ornamental plants are a global problem that can have severe impacts on native biodiversity, especially on islands. To determine whether the invasive, ornamental ivory-cane palm Pinanga coronata could be displacing native biodiversity, we investigated its co-distribution with native tree ferns in a Fijian rainforest. We recorded the abundances of P. Coronata and tree ferns and related these to environmental variables using linear models and generalised linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs). Distance to an introduction site was the most significant factor predicting the palm's distribution and abundance, suggesting that its current distribution is limited by insufficient time for wider dispersal. P. Coronata cover was strongly and negatively related with the abundance of native tree ferns and the palm may therefore be displacing native tree ferns. This relationship was strongest with tree fern seedlings and weakest with mature tree ferns, implying that the palm is preventing the establishment of native tree ferns. This study thus provides strong circumstantial evidence that P. Coronata is progressively displacing native tree ferns by preventing seedling establishment and poses a severe threat to Fiji's native biodiversity and ecological processes. Therefore, urgent management is required to control and prevent the further spread of P. Coronata and its negative impacts on native plant biodiversity. Management should involve an initial feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of various management strategies, followed by targeted control and/or eradication campaigns and long-term monitoring. Ultimately, well implemented legislation to prevent the spread and introduction of P. Coronata and other ornamental plants will be crucial to protect native biodiversity in Fiji and elsewhere.
... Mitui et al. 1989; and to comprise a molecular clade sister to the remaining Aspleniaceae (Murakami et al. 1999;Schneider et al. 2004). Of all the segregate genera, it is the only genus now generally accepted (Murakami 1995;Murakami et al. 1998;Murakami et al. 1999;Sasaki 2008;Brownsey & Perrie 2011;Gabancho & Prada 2011;PPG 1 2016). It includes at least 30 species (PPG 1 2016), but has not previously been recognised in Australia (Brownsey 1998;APC 2018). ...
Hymenasplenium L. has not previously
been recognised in Australia. Here we
recognise Asplenium unilaterale Lam.
and A. excisum C.Presl, which occur in
Australia and other paleotropical areas,
in Hymenasplenium (their combinations
in Hymenasplenium have been made
previously). Molecular phylogenetic
analyses have confirmed that a third
Australian species, Asplenium wildii
F.M.Bailey, endemic to the Daintree
area of northeast Queensland, also
belongs to Hymenasplenium. The new
combination Hymenasplenium wildii
(F.M.Bailey) D.J.Ohlsen is made here.
