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Atherosclerosis is a predecessor of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which often lead to morbidity and mortality. Despite the knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, an essential gap in our understanding is the exact trigger mechanism. A wide range of risk factors have been discovered; however, a majority of them are too general to...
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... Japanese urban cohort study (Suita Study) revealed that high normal BP and hypertension of the 1st and 2nd stages or higher lead to an increased risk of MI in men, and that hypertension of stage 2 or higher increases the risk of MI in women (38). We have summarized the data on the effects of blood pressure elevation on cardiovascular outcomes in Table 1. ...Citations
... Their results were consistent with other studies [15,16] , demonstrating a direct correlation between hypertension and the prevalence of SBI in ischemic stroke cases. Hypertension increases stroke and SBIs by enhancing atherosclerotic changes and hypoperfusion changes [17] . ...
... Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition affecting the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle [2,3]. Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of CVD [4]. Lipids, inflammation, and the immune system work together to contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, which is known to be a chronic inflammatory disease [5]. ...
... Including unemployed, students, and freelancers.3 Including school levels (primary, secondary, and high school).4 Including diploma, bachelor, and postgraduates. ...
The primary goal of this study was to investigate the knowledge, prevalence, and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among individuals in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia. In the Najran region of Saudi Arabia, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Between September and October 2023, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of the general population aged 18 and up. The survey instrument asked about history and exposure, physician-diagnosed illnesses, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), medication use, and other risk factors. This research had a total of 2046 individuals. Around one-fifth of the study participants reported that they or a family member suffered from CVD, and arrhythmia was the most commonly reported; blood tests, cardiac catheterization, and ECG were the most commonly reported tests performed for CVD patients, around one-tenth of CVD patients reported that they do not have any chronic diseases other than CVD, and the vast majority of the patients confirmed their regular medical appointments. This is one of the first studies to investigate the knowledge, prevalence, and use of CVD drugs among individuals in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia. The study participants’ lack of knowledge about CVD could lead to ineffective preventive measures and poor patient outcomes. The study’s findings underscore the crucial need for more extensive and efficient educational initiatives that consider the targeted population’s talents, attitudes, and perceptions.
... Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death worldwide, constituting 32% of all recorded deaths [1,2]. Previous studies have reported that more than 80% of these deaths were in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), with 58% accounting for Asia [3,4]. ...
Background
Progress in cardiovascular health is increasingly concentrated in high-income countries, while the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is high in low- and middle-income countries, a clear health inequity that must be urgently addressed.
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors in the three Lancang-Mekong regions.
Methods
We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey from January 2021 to March 2023 in China, Laos, and Cambodia. We compared the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors–including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity, current smoking status, current drinking status, inadequate vegetable and fruit intake, and insufficient physical activity–across the three regions, further stratifying the data by gender and age. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to explore factors influencing the aggregation of CVD risk factors (≥2, ≥3, ≥4).
Results
A total of 11,005 adults were included in the study. Hypertension emerged as the primary metabolic risk factor in Laos (36.8%) and Cambodia (23.5%), whereas overweight/obesity was the primary risk factor in China (37.6%). In terms of behavioral risk factors, participants in all three regions showed insufficient vegetable and fruit intake. The prevalence of individuals without CVD risk factors was 10% in China, 1.9% in Laos, and 5.2% in Cambodia. Meanwhile, the prevalence of two or more risk factors was 64.6% in China, 79.2% in Laos, and 76.0% in Cambodia. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that the propensity for CVD risk factors clustering was higher in men and increased with age in all three countries.
Conclusions
CVD risk factors and multiple clustering are pressing health threats among adults in low- and middle-income areas along the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. This study highlights the urgent need for proactive tailored strategies to control CVD risk factors.
... Due to the above, antihypertensive treatment should be conducted effectively with the patient's full involvement in the treatment process, according to the available guidelines in this regard [15]. Despite the above, epidemiological research showed that about 40% of patients with hypertension receive medication, and only one-third of them are successfully treated [16]. ...
The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of classic risk factors in the study group of patients with heart failure and to link them with the transcriptional activity of the examined genes: metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1). A total of 150 (100%) patients qualified for the study, including 80 (53.33%) patients with heart failure in the course of coronary artery disease, 40 (26.67%) with coronary artery disease without heart failure, and 30 (20.00%) in whom the presence of atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries was excluded. The material for molecular tests was peripheral blood collected from patients within the first 24 h of hospitalisation. A quantitative analysis of transcriptional activity was performed using the RT-qPCR technique. The most common classic risk factors among the patients in the study group were arterial hypertension (117; 78.00%) and overweight/obesity (102; 68%). In the group of patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure burdened with overweight/obesity, a significantly higher transcriptional activity of the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene was found in comparison to patients who were not burdened with this risk factor. The analysis also showed the statistically significant higher transcriptional activity of the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene in a group of patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure who smoked. The examined patients with heart failure due to myocardial ischemia were burdened with numerous cardiovascular risk factors, the most common of which were arterial hypertension, obesity/overweight, and hypercholesterolemia. A significant increase in the transcriptional activity of the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene in the presence of risk factors (male sex, overweight/obesity, smoking) indicates another pathomechanism of their action and participation in the development and progression of heart failure during myocardial ischemia. There is a need for systematic information and educational activities promoting a healthy lifestyle with the elimination of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
... Numerous genes have been shown to be important for the individual's susceptibility to atherosclerosis. mutations and variations in genes that raise the chance of atherosclerosis (Poznyak et al., 2022). ...
... Numerous genes have been shown to be important for the individual's susceptibility to atherosclerosis. mutations and variations in genes that raise the chance of atherosclerosis (Poznyak et al., 2022). ...
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, complex, inflammatory disease that affects medium to large size arteries (coronary, carotid, peripheral arteries). This condition begins when oxidized low-density lipoproteins build up in the artery intima. This resulted in the production of proinflammatory oxidized lipids by the overlapping endothelial cells. This leads to hardening and narrowing of blood vessels. Aim of study: To find association between obesity with occurrence of atherosclerosis.
The study included (100) males with an average age of (40-65), and they were divided as follows: (60) patients groups suffering from atherosclerosis were divided into two groups, depending on the body mass index (BMI):
● The obese group (BMI = 25 ≥ 30) included 30 male subjects.
● The normal weight group, BMI = 18.5-24.9, included 30 male subjects.
(40) control groups were divided into two groups, depending on the BMI
● The obese group (BMI = 25 ≥ 30) included 20 male subjects.
● The normal weight group, BMI = 18.5-24.9, included 20 male subjects.
This study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023. The samples were taken from the Karbala Center for Cardiac diseases and surgery, where (5ml) blood samples were taken from patients and control, and the biochemical and physiological tests were conducted on them (adiponectin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AIC), troponin I, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile).
The result of this study found a highly significant decrease (p≤0.001) in concentration of adiponectin in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal. While highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in concentration of leptin in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal. A highly significant increase
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(p≤0.001) in concentration of PAI-1 in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal. While highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in concentration of MDA in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal. A highly significant decrease (p≤0.001) in concentration of T-AOC in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal. A highly significant increase (p≤0.001) in concentration of troponin I in atherosclerosis groups as compared to control groups. Found a highly significant increase (p≤0.004) in the concentration of CRP in (atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, and control obese) as compared to control normal. A significant increase (p≤0.001), (p≤0.005), (p≤0.021), (p≤0.001) in the concentration of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), respectively in atherosclerosis obese as compared to (atherosclerosis normal, control obese, control normal). Also a highly significant decrease (p≤0.001) in the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in ( atherosclerosis obese, atherosclerosis normal, control obese) as compared to control normal.
This study clarified several relationships among parameters in the atherosclerosis obese group. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin and MDA. It observes significant positive correlation between BMI and both TG and VLDL. In addition to the positive correlation between TC and LDL. It shows positive correlation between TG and both VLDL, MDA.
This study observed several relationships among parameters in the atherosclerosis normal group. There was a significant negative correlation between BMI and T-AOC. It shows a negative correlation between TC and HDL. It shows positive correlation between TG and VLDL.
This study observed several relationships among parameters in obese group. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and PAI-1. In addition,
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negative correlation between BMI and HDL, positive correlation between TC and LDL, positive correlation between TG and VLDL.
Conclusion: there is association between (adiponectin, leptin, PAI-1) in the development of atherosclerosis in obese patients. Increased MDA concentration indicates that the rate of oxidative stress is high. Decrease in concentration of T-AOC in all obese groups. Leptin ,which controls metabolism, was found to be increasing, which may be a sign that the metabolic issue in obese individuals in this study.
... Cardiovascular diseases, specifically atherosclerosis and hypertension, are influenced by MG and GLO I ( Figure 2) [57]. MG contributes to atherosclerosis via methods like low GLO I levels in ruptured plaques, the occurrence of MG-induced glycation, and AGEs produced from MG in atherosclerotic plaques of LDL [58]. ...
This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate interplay of methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalase 1 (GLO I) in various physiological and pathological contexts. The linchpin of the narrative revolves around the role of these small molecules in age-related issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Methylglyoxal, a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, takes center stage, becoming a principal player in the development of AGEs and contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction. The dual facets of GLO I—activation and inhibition—unfold as potential therapeutic avenues. Activators, spanning synthetic drugs like candesartan to natural compounds like polyphenols and isothiocyanates, aim to restore GLO I function. These molecular enhancers showcase promising outcomes in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and beyond. On the contrary, GLO I inhibitors emerge as crucial players in cancer treatment, offering new possibilities in diseases associated with inflammation and multidrug resistance. The symphony of small molecules, from GLO I activators to inhibitors, presents a nuanced understanding of MG regulation. From natural compounds to synthetic drugs, each element contributes to a molecular orchestra, promising novel interventions and personalized approaches in the pursuit of health and wellbeing. The abstract concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of rigorous clinical trials to validate these findings and acknowledges the importance of individual variability in the complex landscape of health.
... Мы выявили большее содержание ТГ и меньшее -ХС ЛПВП в группе мужчин с атеросклерозом БЦА, что согласуется с данными эпидемиологических, доклинических и клинических испытаний, убедительно подтверждающих наличие причинно-следственной связи между повышением уровня ТГ, снижением концентрации ХС ЛПВП и увеличением риска ССЗ, ассоциированных с атеросклерозом [18,19]. В нашем исследовании относительный риск наличия атеросклероза в БЦА прямо зависел от возраста и наличия гипертонической болезни, известных и хорошо изученных факторов риска ССЗ [20]. ...
Aim of the study was to investigate the association of serum Klotho protein content and lipid parameters with atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) in men.
Material and methods . A cross-sectional comparative study that included men aged 50–65 years (n = 63, age 54 [53; 60] years (median [lower quartile; upper quartile])) underwent ultrasound examination of BCA at the outpatient department of the Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine. Biochemical parameters were determined by standard enzymatic methods. Serum concentration of Klotho protein was measured by enzyme immunoassay.
Results. A trend towards content of Klotho protein in serum was found in the group of persons with BCA atherosclerosis compared to the group without BCA atherosclerosis (705 [463; 1255] and 447 [282; 881] pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.061). Also, in men of this group, higher level of triglycerides (TG) (1.7 [1.1; 2.2] and 1.4 [0.9; 1.8] mmol/l, p = 0.046) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content (1.1 [0.8; 1.3] m 1.4 [0.9; 1.6] mmol/l, p = 0.016) has been found. Correlation analysis in the group of men with BCA atherosclerosis revealed a direct relationship of Klotho protein with TG level (0.290; p = 0.031) and a negative relationship with HDL-C content (–0.361; p = 0.046). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of atherosclerotic plaques presence in BCA increased by 1.2 times (95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.0–1.4, p = 0.038) with increasing age and by 9.2 times (95 % CI 2, 3–36.5, p = 0.002) in the presence of hypertension.
Conclusions. In a clinical sample of men aged 50–65 years, the relative risk of carotid atherosclerosis is directly associated with age and the presence of hypertension and is not associated with the level of Klotho serum protein.
... By analyzing the degree of atherosclerosis of the large arteries, only the elevated IMT in right and left CCA differed significantly in ESUS patients compared to the healthy volunteers. It should be noted that increased carotid IMT, as the early sign of atherosclerosis [56], is also strongly associated with AH [57][58][59][60]. ...
Methods
We performed a hospital-based prospective cohort study with 1,317 enrolled participants. We compared patients and healthy volunteers according to the main demographic, anthropometric parameters, stroke risk factors, comorbidities, and data of clinical and instrumental examination. In order to balance the study and the control groups for age and sex, the propensity score matching was performed. In order to generate the overall predictive model, a multivariate analysis was performed using the binary logistic regression method.
Results
The following predictors of ESUS were identified in current study: arterial hypertension (AH); increased heart rate and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP); the presence of conduction disturbance; the enlargement of left, right atrium, and left ventricle end-systolic length; increased intima–media thickness (IMT) in right and left common carotid artery (CCA); lowered Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoСA) cognitive scale score; the presence of subcortical microbleeds; central brain atrophy; the larger size of third ventricle; and the higher medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score. The following risk factors were included in the final predictive model: the presence of AH (p < 0.0005; OR = 12.98 (95% CI: 4.53–37.21)) and PASP (p=0.018; OR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02–1.25)) and male sex (p=0.046; OR = 2.771 (95% CI: 1.017–7.555)). The Nagelkerke's pseudo-R-squared value was 0.404 and the significance of the Hosmer–Lemeshow test was 0.733, which indicate the goodness of the final logistic regression model.
Conclusions
We propose that AH and its consequences are the main predictors of ESUS. The results of this study emphasize the importance of AH control for primary and secondary prevention of ESUS.
... Extensive cohort studies have demonstrated that high BP is a significant risk factor for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, heart valve diseases, aortic syndromes, and dementia, in addition to coronary heart disease and stroke [19]. Hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and vascular lesions [20]. Thus, reducing age-related factors that increase blood pressure can potentially reduce CVD. ...
... Thus, reducing age-related factors that increase blood pressure can potentially reduce CVD. Indeed, several randomized trials have shown that preventative BP management is associated with a reduced risk of death from CVD and a higher survival rate [20,21]. ...
... Nutritional, environmental, and behavioral factors during pregnancy, birth, and old age can contribute to the development of hypertension. Among the high-risk populations, such as those with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, or the elderly, hypertension is the major cause of CVD [20,22]. Indeed, among all known risk factors for CVD, hypertension remains the highest risk factor. ...
An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension; about two-thirds of them live in low- and middle-income countries. A systolic blood pressure (BP) > 180 mm Hg or a diastolic BP > 120 mm Hg is considered a "hypertensive crisis." Almost three-quarters of the worldwide deaths due to hypertension are reported in developing countries where hypertension awareness is deficient and prevalence rates are very high. The aging population, unhealthy diets, and lack of physical activities are some of the factors that are contributing to high levels of hypertension. Resistant hypertension, where a patient fails to respond to three or more different classes of antihypertensive drugs, including a diuretic, is also on the rise. This review briefly summarizes the current trends of hypertension in developing countries, its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It also covers the recent increase in the use of antihypertensive herbs. The review critically analyzed current hypertension trends in developing countries, focusing on resistant hypertension diagnosis and treatment. Training people to diagnose hypertension in hard-to-reach areas is highly recommended to reduce hypertension cases in developing countries. People should be encouraged to eat healthy diets and actively participate in physical exercises. More research is needed to elucidate the development and treatment of resistant hypertension.
