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The Internet of Things paradigm has expanded the possibility of using sensors ubiquitously, particularly if connected to a cloud service for data sharing. There are several ways to connect sensors to the cloud: wearable or portable devices often lean on a smartphone that acts as a gateway, while other sensors, such as smart sensors for continuous m...
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... supply current waveform of each radio device was captured with the current-sense circuit in Fig. 1. The voltage across the sensing resistor R SH is amplified by a high-side current-sense amplifier [34], with the voltage gain set by resistive feedback, i.e., R G1 and R G2 . The maximum value of the series resistor R SH depends on the peak value of the supply current and is set by the maximum voltage drop tolerated by each radio ...
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... Fig. 10(a) and (b), the battery runtime is shown as a function of the percentage of NB-IoT transmission events over the overall number of upload events occurring in a single day. Fig. 10(a) corresponds to the case of a small memory buffer register, i.e. 4 bytes, while in Fig. 10(b), a 500 bytes memory buffer is assumed. The former case leads to a ...
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... Fig. 10(a) and (b), the battery runtime is shown as a function of the percentage of NB-IoT transmission events over the overall number of upload events occurring in a single day. Fig. 10(a) corresponds to the case of a small memory buffer register, i.e. 4 bytes, while in Fig. 10(b), a 500 bytes memory buffer is assumed. The former case leads to a data upload rate of one transmission every 4 seconds (corresponding to 21600 events per day). In the latter case, the data transmission occurs every 8 minutes, corresponding to ...
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... Fig. 10(a) and (b), the battery runtime is shown as a function of the percentage of NB-IoT transmission events over the overall number of upload events occurring in a single day. Fig. 10(a) corresponds to the case of a small memory buffer register, i.e. 4 bytes, while in Fig. 10(b), a 500 bytes memory buffer is assumed. The former case leads to a data upload rate of one transmission every 4 seconds (corresponding to 21600 events per day). In the latter case, the data transmission occurs every 8 minutes, corresponding to 180 uploads per ...
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... results in Fig. 10 show that regardless of the buffer memory size, the higher the number of data uploads with the NB-IoT radio, the shorter the battery life. Moreover, it can be observed that the battery life decreases almost proportionally with the buffer size. For example, if all daily events are carried out through the NB-IoT link, with a buffer of 4 ...
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... 10 show that regardless of the buffer memory size, the higher the number of data uploads with the NB-IoT radio, the shorter the battery life. Moreover, it can be observed that the battery life decreases almost proportionally with the buffer size. For example, if all daily events are carried out through the NB-IoT link, with a buffer of 4 bytes (Fig. 10(a)), a battery duration of about 0.6 days is obtained, whereas 53 days are achieved with 500 bytes data buffering ( Fig. ...
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... the battery life. Moreover, it can be observed that the battery life decreases almost proportionally with the buffer size. For example, if all daily events are carried out through the NB-IoT link, with a buffer of 4 bytes (Fig. 10(a)), a battery duration of about 0.6 days is obtained, whereas 53 days are achieved with 500 bytes data buffering ( Fig. ...
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... hybrid architecture is then compared to a single radio system, where a NB-IoT device is combined with a low-power MCU, featuring a sub-microamperes standby current ( Fig. 6(b)). The results of the comparison in terms of battery discharge time, considering a 600 mAh battery capacity, are shown in Fig. 12. A payload of 500 bytes is assumed with a time interval between successive transmission events of 8 min, 15 min, and 1 hour, corresponding to 180, 96, and 24 daily upload events. The correspondent results are shown in Fig. 12(a), (b), and (c), respectively, where the solid line refers to the hybrid radio solution (eq. (3)) and the ...
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... The results of the comparison in terms of battery discharge time, considering a 600 mAh battery capacity, are shown in Fig. 12. A payload of 500 bytes is assumed with a time interval between successive transmission events of 8 min, 15 min, and 1 hour, corresponding to 180, 96, and 24 daily upload events. The correspondent results are shown in Fig. 12(a), (b), and (c), respectively, where the solid line refers to the hybrid radio solution (eq. (3)) and the dashed line to the NB-IoT single radio case (eq. ...
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... this hybrid-to-NB-IoT breakpoint moves to the left side of the graph (i.e. toward a lower occurrence of NB-IoT uploads) if the overall number of daily upload events is decreased or the memory buffer is increased (i.e. from Fig. 12(a), to Fig. 12(c)). Hence, if the WS is conceived for applications that require few uploads a day or for usage in environments with limited Wi-Fi availability, system designers should prefer the single NB-IoT radio because of the longer battery runtime. On the contrary, when more Wi-Fi events are expected (i.e. up to 50% of daily events), ...
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... this hybrid-to-NB-IoT breakpoint moves to the left side of the graph (i.e. toward a lower occurrence of NB-IoT uploads) if the overall number of daily upload events is decreased or the memory buffer is increased (i.e. from Fig. 12(a), to Fig. 12(c)). Hence, if the WS is conceived for applications that require few uploads a day or for usage in environments with limited Wi-Fi availability, system designers should prefer the single NB-IoT radio because of the longer battery runtime. On the contrary, when more Wi-Fi events are expected (i.e. up to 50% of daily events), the hybrid ...
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... Fig. 11, the number of NB-IoT transmissions (in percentage over the overall daily upload events) at the hybridto-NB-IoT breakpoint is shown as a function of the number of total events scheduled per day. Even if a large range of payload lengths is considered, it was found that the minimum number (in percentage) of daily transmissions, which ...
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... function of the number of total events scheduled per day. Even if a large range of payload lengths is considered, it was found that the minimum number (in percentage) of daily transmissions, which makes the NB-IoT single radio a more convenient solution, always decreases with the number of daily transmission events. Moreover, from the results in Fig. 11, it is found that the breakpoint between the hybrid and single radio solution is not affected by the payload length for a number of scheduled events larger than 50. Instead, with fewer daily uploads, the payload contribution becomes more important, affecting the minimum value of NB-IoT events, which makes the single NB-IoT radio a ...
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Smart sensing is an emerging technology that is used in various applications like healthcare monitoring and industrial applications. Smart sensor consists of the number of sensors that collects input from the physical environment to do a specific task based on the collected inputs. The process can be carried out before the data passed to it. The sm...
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... To make the bioristor measurements accessible by the user, they must be transmitted to the cloud and stored on a server. Standard communication protocols such as NBIoT and LoraWAN are common choices in literature for smart agriculture [10], [11]. The integration of the bioristor with this electronics composes a smart Wireless-Bioristor (W-Bioristor), capable of continuously tracking life plant parameters. ...
This paper presents a wireless biosensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor and a low-power electronic system, with NB-Iot/Cat-M1 radio interface. The biosensor, implanted in the plant stem, allows the in-vivo evaluation of the concentration of nutrients dissolved as cations in the sap. The electronic circuit enables the real-time monitoring of the plant in the crop. The NB-IoT or Cat-M1 link, both available in the System-in-Package device selected for the proposed system , ensures almost ubiquitous availability of the network link, without severe limitations on the data payload. The low power consumption of the device allows more than 3-month of battery life time, adequate for most seasonal crops. Measurements on KCl solutions showed adequate sensor linearity up to 10-mM K + concentration, while those performed on a sap of kiwi vines are in agreement with data available in the literature. The final electronic device will have a size of 30mm x 60mm, fitting the requirements of a monitoring device for small plants like tomato.
... They reported a battery life of 12 h at maximum power consumption. For the sake of comparison, we can consider the worst case in which continuous measurements are performed and the microcontroller is always active with no power reduction techniques (e.g., sleep modes management [39]) implemented, and the network processor is idle and connected. Given two 1.5 V, 2700 mAh standard AA batteries, a battery life of 95 h is reached. ...
In recent years portable potentiostats have increased in popularity allowing to perform electrochemical analyses outside the laboratories, moving them to home or point of care environments. In this context, the idea of performing multiple acquisitions at the same time is particularly attractive to deal with replicates or with simultaneous multiple quantitative assessments of different analytes, shortening the time required for the analyses and/or increasing data reliability. Multiple parallel channels on a compact and wireless device can maximize the overall system usability. In this paper, a multichannel Wi-Fi-based portable potentiostat is described. The device features four independent channels, which can be conditioned with different voltages. The device was designed to minimize the component count and the power consumption, obtaining 23.5mW per channel. The system was electrically characterized, obtaining an excellent linearity (R
<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>
= 0.9999), a maximum channel-to-channel mismatch of 1% when the maximum current range is selected, and a negligible crosstalk among the channels. Moreover, the multichannel potentiostat was tested in the real case scenario of a semi-quantitative evaluation of the anti-tissue transglutaminase target antibodies in celiac disease. Two replicates of IgG and IgA were simultaneously acquired, showing a good capability of separating the positive and the negative samples, with a reduction of the acquisition time of 76% with respect to a single channel solution.
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... The recent development of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), designed for the Internet of Things (IoT) framework, has led to an increased interest in the study of new smart, portable, and interconnected devices in different application fields [1], [2]. Electrochemical analyses and, in particular, biosensing applications are not an exception [3]- [5]. ...
Recent advances in Internet-of-Things technology have opened the doors to new scenarios for biosensor
applications. Flexibility, portability, and remote control and access are of utmost importance to move these devices to people's
homes or in a Point-of-Care context and rapidly share the results with users and their physicians. In this paper, an innovative
portable device for both quantitative and semi-quantitative electrochemical analysis is presented. This device can operate
autonomously without the need of relying on other devices (e.g., PC, tablets, or smartphones) thanks to built-in Wi-Fi
connectivity. The developed hardware is integrated into a cloud-based platform, exploiting the cloud computational power to
perform innovative algorithms for calibration (e.g., Machine Learning tools). Results and configurations can be accessed
through a web page without the installation of dedicated APPs or software. The electrical input/output characteristic was
measured with a dummy cell as a load, achieving excellent linearity. Furthermore, the device response to five different
concentrations of potassium ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe was compared with a bench-top laboratory instrument. No
difference in analytical sensitivity was found. Also, some examples of application-specific tests were set up to demonstrate
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This paper presents a wireless biosensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor, a low-power electronic system, with NB-Iot/Cat-M1 radio interface, and server with web interface.
The biosensor, implanted in the plant stem, allows the in-vivo evaluation of the concentration of nutrients dissolved as cations in the sap.
The electronic circuit enables the real-time monitoring of the plant in the crop.
The NB-IoT or Cat-M1 link, both available in the System-in-Package device selected for the proposed system, ensures almost ubiquitous availability of the network link, without severe limitations on the data payload.
The server stores in cloud the data obtained from the field, and a web interface enables the remote monitoring of the plant physiological mechanisms, with consumer devices, like laptops or smartphones.
%The system is powered by a coin battery through an power management unit, embedded in the device.
The low power consumption of the biosensor allows more than 3 months of battery life time, adequate for most seasonal crops. With duty-cycle approach, more than
one year life time can be obtained for perennials crops such as vineyards and orchards.
Measurements on KCl solutions showed adequate sensor linearity up to 10-mM K$^+$ concentration, while those performed on a sap of kiwi vines are in agreement with data available in the literature.
In vivo measurements carried out on cabbage show how the parameters of the sensor are affected by the circadian cycle.
In day time, a reduction of cation concentration, due to water absorption for the photosynthesis and stomatal transpiration, is detected by the W-Bioristor.
