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![6 Internet protocol [6].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig2/AS:11431281129049631@1679480410969/Internet-protocol-6.png)
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![Figure 14.1 Block diagram of sensor [1].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig1/AS:11431281129030107@1679480410746/Block-diagram-of-sensor-1_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 14.6 Internet protocol [6].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig2/AS:11431281129049631@1679480410969/Internet-protocol-6_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 14.9 Headset [35].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig3/AS:11431281129049632@1679480411039/Headset-35_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 14.15 Zigbee communication operation [7].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig4/AS:11431281129038821@1679480411135/Zigbee-communication-operation-7_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 14.18 GSM network [20].](profile/Dr-Palanivel-Rajan-S/publication/357765023/figure/fig5/AS:11431281129081870@1679480411416/GSM-network-20_Q320.jpg)
Smart sensing is an emerging technology that is used in various applications like healthcare monitoring and industrial applications. Smart sensor consists of the number of sensors that collects input from the physical environment to do a specific task based on the collected inputs. The process can be carried out before the data passed to it. The sm...
Citations
... Smart sensing encompasses sensing devices and systems that not only collect raw signals but also provide valuable information through additional software-based functions for data processing and communication (Palanivel Rajan and Abirami, 2022). This technology has the potential to transform services and resources management, as argued by Bakker and Ritts (2018). ...
Urban development and growth have a significant impact on the environment, contributing to ongoing climate change and affecting the resilience of urban communities. However, cities also have the potential to become innovation centers and drive the urgent green transition. Smart cities, in particular, rely on digital services to enhance citizens’ quality of life while minimizing their environmental footprint. Therefore, public authorities and policymakers must leverage technological innovations and smart sensing to gather and process relevant data in real-time, supporting citizens’ well-being through dedicated services. This work aims to provide a perspective toward healthier and more resilient smart cities by integrating personal, contextual, and environmental data to enhance Early Warning Systems and resiliency planning. Existing studies on the usage of smart sensing technologies in healthcare and environmental assessment services are reviewed to present existing opportunities in both fields. A critical analysis of the background is provided, highlighting the potentials and challenges of the proposed smart city management protocol, leveraging data directly collected by citizens - viewed in this sense as data prosumers.
... Zigbee is one of such IoT technologies defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Zigbee is effectively used in many sectors such as industrial sectors [6,7], home automation [8,9], and medical and healthcare sectors [10,11] as a popular IoT technology because of its numerous advantages, for example, low latency, low power consumption, large scaling capability, low cost, and flexible topology [12]; however, Zigbee has gained the ultimate popularity in indoor applications where new IoT-enabled devices are adding at an unprecedented rate and so the application types to meet customers' diverse demands. e application of the IoT technology in home automation is to interconnect almost everything in a home, such as cell phones, television sets, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices, and thermostats so that they work together to make the home comfortable and accommodating to the residents. ...
Zigbee is a very popular technology for Internet of things (IoT) networks mainly because of its low power consumption and low-cost features. It shares the unlicensed 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio band with other wireless networks such as Wi-Fi. Usually, Zigbee and Wi-Fi networks coexist in indoor environments for their respective applications. Hence, the coexistence introduces interference for both types of networks lowering the performance of the networks, but Zigbee suffers more significant performance losses because of its lower transmission power than Wi-Fi. Since the number of IoT devices is increasing at an unprecedented rate due to numerous emerging applications and thus making the indoor environments very populous, the peaceful coexistence between Zigbee and Wi-Fi networks in proximity becomes an important research study. For this purpose, this paper presents a comprehensive performance study of a Zigbee network in the presence of a Wi-Fi interference network in a real-life apartment-based indoor environment where Wi-Fi access points of dense neighbors exist. The experiments were done in a XBee module-based Zigbee network for measuring the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), packet drop rate (PDR), and loopback throughput with and without nearby Wi-Fi traffic introduced on purpose. Various networking parameters such as the operating channels, the distances between Zigbee devices and Wi-Fi devices, the transmit timeout of Zigbee packets, and the transmission power of the Zigbee transmitter have been used in the experiments to study the network performance. Our results show that in the deployment of IoT networks in a smart home, radio interference from neighboring homes would not be an important factor, but serious considerations may need to be taken inside the same home. The experimental observations of this paper can serve as a good reference study for Zigbee network deployments in real indoor environments, particularly when interference sources are present in proximity.
