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This research work performs an analysis, evaluation and systematic representation of techniques of a low head micro hydropower system using a fixed water source and designing of a water wheel for the system. This is a support system to the national grid and is designed to provide electricity to a house when the national grid fails. Water is pumped...
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... order to suit a variety of head and flow conditions, turbines are broadly divided into four groups (high, medium, low and ultralow head) and into two categories (impulse and reaction) [7]. Fig 1 shows a schematic diagram of a typical micro-hydro power system. Hydropower generation is an eco-friendly clean power generation method. ...
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The paper presents an indirect method to calculate the operating flow in a hydraulic power station with derivation and free level or dam. The calculus algorithm is based on the polynomial representation of the working performance curve η = η(Q 11 , n 11), model efficiency curve, electrical generator efficiency η g = η g (Z lac , Q). Are well known...
Citations
... The water was pumped into holding tanks before being gravity fed to the farm's various processes. The design of a water wheel for a low-head microhydropower system and performed an evaluation, analysis, and systematic representation of the techniques are presented in [14]. Water is pumped up to the upper reservoir during offpeak hours. ...
One of the problems faced by people in remote areas is the unavailability of infrastructure for power distribution. The available rivers can be used to generate electrical energy. The developed systems must be inexpensive, easy to operate and reliable. It should be equipped with a monitoring system to display the output. This study aims to develop a pico-hydro power plant and its monitoring system to meet the power needs in remote areas. The power plant consists of a small turbine, a generator, a battery charger, and a battery while the monitoring system consists of a current sensor, voltage sensor, Arduino Nano, and a display. The system was tested in the laboratory and the river. The test of the DC voltage sensor, AC voltage sensor, and DC current sensor produces errors of 1.88%, 5.24%, and 1.25% respectively. The no-load test shows that the system generates a voltage of 12.77 - 16.6 VDC and 224 - 245 VAC when rotated at 696 - 1363 RPM. When loaded, the system generates voltages of 12 - 12.8 VDC and 225 - 247 VAC when rotated at 1332 - 1564 RPM. The developed system can be used by people in remote areas to meet their power needs.
... Studies [5][6][7][8] aim to determine the optimal angle and number of blades for maximum electrical power output, which can result in more efficient and cost-effective micro-hydro power generation. The study by [9] also highlights the importance of turbine design in micro-hydro systems. By optimizing the turbine design, micro-hydro power generation can produce more electricity with less water, making it a more sustainable and environmentally friendly source of energy [10]. ...
This study focuses on optimizing the performance of micro-hydro power generation, specifically the breastshot type waterwheel. The limited availability of non-renewable energy sources and the high cost of developing renewable energy sources in the energy sector pose challenges, making it essential to find new energy sources and improve energy efficiency. The 2004–2022 national electricity plan aims to increase electricity access in rural areas, including remote regions like Bogor Regency, where access to electricity is limited. Many residents have constructed their own micro hydroelectric power generators, but their vulnerability to natural disasters is a concern. The study investigates the potential of breastshot waterwheel technology for micro hydroelectric power generation. The study involved testing a micro hydro power plant with 6, 8, and 10 blades and blade angles of 0°, 30°, and 45°. The current research focuses on performance optimization, including the use of ANOVA analysis to know the significant impact of blade number and angle on the waterwheel’s rotation. The maximum rotational speed was achieved with 10 blades and an angle of attack of 0°, 30°, and 45°, with respective speeds of 153.59 RPM, 155.84 RPM, and 164.95 RPM. The study indicates that the higher the number and angle of attack of blades, the greater the rotation of the breastshot type waterwheel. ANOVA tests showed that the number of blades had a significant impact on the waterwheel’s rotation, with an F-test value of 6.32 and a p-value of 0.012. On the other hand, the angle of attack of the blade had no significant impact, with an F-test value of 3.20 and a p-value of 0.067
... Waterwheel is a simple technology which is widely chosen as a turbine for hydroelectric systems. The design of the water wheel requires a geometry that will minimize losses, and retain water as long as possible in the machine [9]. Water wheels with very small height differences are an important and underutilized source of renewable energy. ...
Nowadays, the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies is taking place worldwide. Every year, the amount of renewable energy installed increases dramatically. Many small-scale renewable energy technologies have been developed, for example at the household level, or at the environmental level as community-owned renewable energy. This research focuses on the development of renewable energy technology using the resource potential and local community wisdom of Glintung Water Street (GWS), a flood-prone area in Malang City. The objectives of the study were to analyze the potential of water resources in the study area to be developed as renewable energy, particularly under low flow conditions, and to investigate community support for the program of energy independence as a basis for developing a green economy to strengthen GWS as a food security village. This study uses 2 types of data, namely qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data is used to deepen the urgency of using renewable energy as alternative energy to replace PLN electricity. Meanwhile, the quantitative data collection consisted of 2 types of data, namely data on the measurement of the hydraulic characteristics of the flow as a source of driving force for the water wheel, and data on the community response and support using a questionnaire instrument. The results showed that the minimum flow to drive the water wheel under low flow conditions was 3 l/s. The maximum RPM recorded during waterwheel operation is 9 RPM, i.e. after it rained the night before the measurement, and the resulting voltage was 20 Volt. However, at higher flow conditions, the voltage generated by the waterwheel can reach 40 Volts. The community strongly supports the energy independence program although there are still doubts due to limited knowledge and experience in applying renewable energy technologies.
... Meanwhile, in the dDW, the water still pushes the blade at the end of the shroud. This can be explained by looking at the direction of the force acting on the blade, as illustrated in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows the direction of the velocity when the water enters and leaves the DW and dDW, as presented previously by several studies [38][39][40]. The dDW has a greater effective velocity than the DW. ...
Consumption of electrical energy continues to increase along with population growth. As a result, various sources of electrical energy are utilised to meet these needs, especially in areas that have not been reached by the national electricity network. In countries with hilly geography and irrigation canals, pico hydro energy is often considered an alternative. One of the tools used to convert water flow energy into electrical energy is the Dethridge wheel. The Dethridge wheel is a simple waterwheel that is easy to manufacture and suitable for irrigation canals with very low water head heights. This study aims to increase the performance of the Dethridge wheel by changing the shape of the wheel blades and examine the effect of the variation of water flow rate in the channel. Experimental and numerical methods were used to investigate the potential of the developed wheel. The Dethridge wheel and its development were tested using an artificial irrigation canal with flow rates of 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 m3/h. Furthermore, a three-dimensional numerical model of the Dethridge wheel was simulated using Ansys Fluent 18.2 software. The highest efficiency of the experimental Dethridge wheel, 55.6%, was achieved when the flow rate was 30 m3/h. The developed Dethridge wheel efficiency increased to 71.72%. These results are also in agreement with the simulated model.
... The width of the blade is determined by using the formula for the width of the waterwheel. It is defined by Zaman et al. [32] as given in Equation (8). ...
This research study presents an approach for analysis of pico hydro waterwheels by both experimental and numerical methods. The purpose of this research is to harness the energy efficiently from flowing water of irrigation channels and other shallow water sources in rural areas because the electrification of rural areas through connection to grid electricity is very costly. The novelty of this research work lies in testing of the waterwheel as a high-speed device, which is not usually explored. The review of existing literature reveals that pico waterwheels have been extensively studied but without changing the blade profile immersed in the water stream ot the inclination angle of the water stream. In this study, a pico scale waterwheel was tested with three different types of blade profiles, namely a C-shape blade, V-shape blade and straight blade, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for different tip speed ratios (TSR), varying the immersed depth of the blade in the stream and changing the angle of the water conduit while keeping the number of blades and the diameter of the wheel constant. The numerical and experimental results were validated for the C-shape blade profile. A substantial improvement in performance is observed with a C-shape blade profile at a TSR of 0.88. The results show that by varying the angle of the water conduit, the maximum performance is achieved at inclination φ = 45°, with an overall improvement of 4.87% in the efficiency.
... where (as shown in Figure 4): P is the output from the turbine, W Q is the flow rate in the pipe, m 3 /s G is the acceleration of gravity (for water = 9.81), m/s 2 H is the net height, m H is the gross vertical head, m H is the head loss, m η is the turbine efficiency P is the net output from the generator, W η is generator efficiency According to [54], the overall efficiency factor ( η η ) ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, depending on the capacity and type of system. The specific turbine speed can be calculated by [39]: ...
Clean and renewable energy sources are the preferable power system generations for the overall world. This research aims to present a very highly integrated, economic, professional, and simple construction, clean and natural resources usage of the renewable hybrid generation system. This research performs analysis, systematic representation, evaluation, and design of the hybrid proposed system-pico-hydraulic from home usage water and photovoltaic (PV)-to generate an optimal renewable generation system using a new professional control system. Applying this proposed technique in Egypt shows that the hybrid system successfully overcame Egypt's energy crisis. Renewable energy will rise to 8.782% by increasing 7.323% (14,408.83 GWh/Y). Besides, this system increases the power supply reliability; it gives an additional emergency supply and reduces the exhausts from other generation stations (e.g., CO2). The saving from this hybrid system is very effective for; the residential sector (subscribes), which will be ranged from 9599.298 million E£/10Ys up to 86,393.68 million E£/10Ys that equals 5399.6 million $, government to use this extra generation energy to reduce the maximum loads from various stations. A practical model has been presented with results to verify the high efficiency of the proposed system that illustrates the effective performance of the used hybrid system.
... Penelitian [17] tentang perancangan dan pengembangan sistem pembangkit listrik mikro hidro dengan menggunakan penyediaan air rumah tangga menyimpulkan pemanfaatan pembangkit listrik melalui aliran air rumah tangga dimanfaatkan untuk mengisi baterai yang akan digunakan untuk penerangan, dan kebutuhan rumah tangga lainnya. Penelitian [18] tentang perancangan turbin air untuk sistem mikro hidro low head menyimpulkan perancangan pembangkit listrik tenaga hidro low head cocok untuk masyarakat ekonomi rendah yang mengkonsumsi daya listrik sekitar 1 kw. Penggunaan sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga hidro low head ini memanfaatkan aliran air tetap dimana air yang jatuh ke turbin akan dinaikkan kembali menggunakan pompa listrik pada saat jam off-peak. ...
... Dengan kemiringan maksimal sebesar 30 o [25]. d. lebar sudu (5) dengan Q adalah debit air (m 3 /s), v adalah kecepatan (m/s), d adalah kedalaman sudu = 0,08 -0,15 (m), [18]. Nilai Q adalah 0,001 m 3 /s, nilai v adalah sebesar 0.0013 m/s. ...
Inovasi pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH) terus dikembangkan mengingat kebutuhan akan energi listrik terus meningkat. Hal ini perlu didukung adanya media pembelajaran untuk mencari solusi alternatif permasalahan dalam mengatasi kebutuhan energi tersebut. Penelitian ini mendesain dan mengembangkan pembuatan PLTMH dengan back flow water system. Implementasi sistem berupa prototipe yang dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran mahasiswa dan alat uji energi alternatif hidro. Metode perancangan dan manufaktur menggunakan metode Pahl & Beitz dan pengujian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan cara pengamatan dan pencatatan data-data yang ditunjukkan pada alat ukur. Pengujian dilakukan dua tahap, pengujian pertama pada putaran kincir dan transmisi, pengujian kedua pada putaran dinamo dan voltase. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dirancang memiliki unjuk kerja yang baik.
... The ratio of these, which is hydropower and mechanical power potentialities indicates the experimental efficiency of the SSHT. Researchers have shown how to determine the hydro and mechanical power potentiality [42,45,46]. ...
Current environmental catastrophes generating from fossil fuel power generation has attracted the attention of energy planners to look for sustainable energy sources. Hydropower is one of the oldest energy sources that have been utilized all over the world to generate electricity, especially in remote areas. Being one of the most densely populated countries, the majority of power demand is fulfilled from fossil fuel. Despite having lots of rivers, Bangladesh has not explored its true potential. So, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the current hydropower potential in Bangladesh. Locations having hydropower potential is evaluated. Different technologies used for hydropower generation have been reviewed. Moreover, global hydropower potential has also been discussed in this study. Based on the economic and environmental study, it is found that small scale hydropower is most feasible in Bangladesh to provide sustainable energy. With a reasonable flow rate, 232 rivers of Bangladesh can be utilized small scale hydropower generation as well as ensuring energy security for remote people. The current study is believed to provide useful information in advancing the generation of hydropower based electricity in Bangladesh.
... Fundamental analytical has been done to get optimal geometry [8,9]. Analytical calculations were developed to identify the optimal form with the investment costs for installing waterwheels in remote areas [10,11]. The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyse the shape of the blade and found the circle shape is the best [12]. ...
Breastshot waterwheel are considered as one of solutions for electrification in remote areas in Indonesia. Since it has low investment and maintenance costs, as well as an uncomplicated manufacturing process. Analytically, the optimum performance of this turbine occurs at the ratio of tangential velocity of wheel with the upstream velocity of water is 0.25-0.35 and numerically simulated the best efficiency is 62%. However, there is no experimental study for 16 blades of breastshot waterwheel in pico scale in actual river condition. The experiment is carried out in actual conditions with a discharge of 0.09708 m 3 /s and head 0.26 m. Based on results, the highest mechanical efficiency occurs at the ratio of tangential velocity of wheel with the upstream velocity of water is 0.83, while for electrical efficiency it was found at the 0.95. for U / C compared to the reference, the results are quite far from optimal and for efficiency the result is slightly lower at 45%.
... Fundamental analytical dimension to get optimum geometry [8] [9]. Analytical calculations were developed to identify the optimal shape with the investment costs to install the waterwheel in remote areas [10] [11]. The optimum immersed radius ratio was calculated at 50% [8]. ...
The breastshot waterwheel is one solution for increasing the electrification ratio in remote areas. However, a feasibility study of the breastshot waterwheel in river conditions has not been conducted. This study tested the performance of the breastshot waterwheel in river conditions, which has a head of 0.26 m and discharge rate of 0.09708 m³/s. Mechanical and electrical testing was conducted to determine the maximum efficiency that can be produced by this turbine. The mechanical test found the following results: a maximum power level of 112.6 W (45.5% efficiency), torque of 77.9 Nm and rotation of 13.8 rpm. The electrical test produced 11.38 W of electric power (4.6% efficiency) with a voltage of 34.48 V and current of 0.33 A. Based on the test results, the breastshot waterwheel may be used as an independent power plant in remote areas due to its efficiency. In addition, the study results reveal that this turbine is not significantly affected by the garbage (household waste) in the water.
