Paul Zabel

German Aerospace Center (DLR) | DLR · Institute of Space Systems

Greenhouses in space will require advanced technical systems of automatic watering, soil-less cultivation, artificial lighting, and computerized observation of plants. Functions discussed for plants in space habitats include physical/health requirements and human psychology, social cohesion, as well as the complex sensorial benefits of plants for h...

Antarctic crews have been transporting plants and their supporting infrastructure to Antarctic field sites since as early as 1902. More than 46 distinct plant production facilities have, at one time or another, operated in Antarctica. Production facilities have varied significantly in size, technical sophistication, and operational life. Many of th...

Plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The EDEN ISS project foresees development and demonstration of higher plant cultivation technologies, suitable for future deployment on the...

The cultivation of higher plants occupies an essential role within bio-regenerative life support systems. It contributes to all major functional aspects by closing the different loops in a habitat like food production, CO2 reduction, O2 production, waste recycling and water management. Fresh crops are also expected to have a positive impact on crew...

The EDEN ISS project partners deployed a space greenhouse analogue at the Neumayer Station III in Antarctica in January 2018. The greenhouse is incorporated in two interconnected 20 foot shipping containers and positioned around 400 meters away from the research station. All subsystems required for plant cultivation are inside this so called Mobile...

The establishment of a permanent lunar base is the goal of several space missions, such as NASA’s Artemis program. The feasibility of a lunar base is highly dependent on the supply of clean water, which can be recycled within the life support system or extracted in-situ on the Moon. Contamination of the water by lunar dust is an unavoidable problem...

Over the past few years, the international space industry has focused extensively on advancing technologies to enable prolonged human space exploration missions. The primary limiting factor for these endeavors is the spacecraft’s capacity to transport and store essential supplies from Earth to support human life and mission equipment throughout the...

A study was conducted to compare the performance of three different ISRU production plants that extract metals and oxygen from regolith at the lunar South Pole. The processes selected were: (1) hydrogen reduction of ilmenite and carbonylation to produce low-carbon steels, (2) molten regolith electrolysis to produce ferrosilicon alloys, and (3) molt...

Water is an essential resource for space exploration, for both robotic and human exploration. In the future, these resources can be used to produce rocket propellant. This Space Resource Utilisation (SRU) would reduce the cost of spacefaring significantly. Especially considering the current development of multiple commercial lunar landers, the luna...

The EDEN ISS greenhouse is a space-analogue test facility near the German Neumayer III station in Antarctica. The facility is part of the project of the same name and was designed and built since 2015 and eventually deployed in Antarctica in January 2018. The first operational phase of the greenhouse started on February the 7th and continued until...

THE EDEN ISS greenhouse is a space-analogue test facility near the German Neumayer Station III (NM-III) in Antarctica. The greenhouse design, construction, and test phase began in 2015, and the facility was shipped to NM-III in January 2018. From 2018 until early 2022, the greenhouse was in continuous operation during every winter-over period, with...

Introduction Our solar system is full of resources that potentially can be exploited to greatly reduce the material required to be launched from Earth. Among these resources are water ice, hydrates, metals, regolith, rare earths, chemical compounds, volatiles and rare isotopes. Utilizing space resources would enable e.g. propellant production, in-s...

Introduction: Water is an essential resource for space exploration, for both robotic and human exploration. In the future, these resources can be used to produce rocket propellant [1]. This Space Resource Utilisation (SRU) would reduce the cost of spacefaring significantly. Especially considering the development of multiple (commercial) lunar lande...

The installation of planetary and lunar outposts is a necessary step for the future exploration of the solar system. Humans, living and working in these artificial habitats will depend on bio-regenerative life support systems to produce and recycle oxygen, water and food. Mars is rich in natural resources vital to supporting astronauts for extended...

Ant-Land Status Report describing activities and preliminary results of the 2021 Antarctic winter season and the 2021/22 Antarctic summer season

In the past five decades more than 550 humans ventured into space, most of them into the low-Earth orbit and a few of them even to the Moon using different vehicles. These astronauts performed various experiments, were part of experiments themselves, built infrastructures, and even repaired them in space. The future of human space exploration in th...

The EDEN ISS facility was setup in Antarctica in close vicinity to the German Neumayer Station III in January 2018 and successfully operated between February and November of the same year. During that nine month period around 270 kg of food was produced by the crops cultivated in the greenhouse. Besides the mere production of food for the overwinte...

Crew time requirements for human space exploration missions is as critical as mass, energy, and volume requirements. However, it has only been sporadically recorded in past analog and space missions for plant cultivation. In this retrospective study on crew time data collected in various analog facilities and on the Veggie hardware on ISS, we propo...

The goal of the EDEN ISS project is to research technologies for future greenhouses as a substantial part of planetary surface habitats. In this paper, we investigate crew time and workload needed to operate the space analogue EDEN ISS greenhouse on-site and remotely from the Mission Control Center. Within the almost three years of operation in Ant...

Introduction: Sustaining exploration of the solar system requires a large amount of material and an even larger amount of propellant to transport this material out of Earth’s gravity well and onwards to its destination. Despite recent advances in lowering the launch costs by applying methods such as reusability of the launch system, transferring ma...

For the past decades spaceflight has been a driver for technology development in various fields, e.g. generation of electrical power, and computers. Human spaceflight missions, require resources typically scarce (e.g. oxygen) and are usually transferred along with the crew to the respective mission target. Future long-term missions aim beyond Low E...

The EDEN ISS greenhouse is a confined mobile test facility in Antarctica for the development and optimization of new plant cultivation techniques for future space programs. The EDEN ISS greenhouse was in operation from February to November 2018 for fresh food production for the overwintering crew at the German Antarctic Neumayer III station. During...

In this article, we share our experience in the scope of controlled-environment agriculture automation in the Antarctic station greenhouse facility called EDEN ISS. For remote plant monitoring, control, and maintenance, we solve the problem of plant classification. Due to the inherent communication limitations between Antarctica and Europe, we firs...

EDEN ISS is a European project focused on advancing bio-regenerative life support systems, in particular plant cultivation in space. A mobile test facility was designed and built between March 2015 and October 2017. The facility incorporates a Service Section which houses several subsystems necessary for plant cultivation and the Future Exploration...

Mein Antarktisgemüsegarten – 365 Tage in der Antarktis, davon 257 Tage abgeschnitten von der Außenwelt – Der Antarktisgärtner Paul Zabel vom Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) berichtet von seinem Leben und seinen Aufgaben auf dem siebten Kontinent“ Paul Zabel arbeitet seit 2011 beim DLR am Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme in der Abteilun...

EDEN ISS is a European project focused on advancing bio-regenerative life support systems, in particular plant cultivation in space. A mobile test facility was designed and built between March 2015 and October 2017. The facility incorporates a Service Section which houses several subsystems necessary for plant cultivation and the Future Exploration...

The EDEN ISS greenhouse is a space-analog test facility near the German Neumayer III station in Antarctica. The facility is part of the project of the same name and was designed and built starting from March 2015 and eventually deployed in Antarctica in January 2018. The nominal operation of the greenhouse started on February 7th and continued unti...

EDEN ISS is an H2020 project aimed at testing key technologies for plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments for a future implementation in space habitats. In this light, a Future Exploration Greenhouse has been designed, developed and deployed at the highly isolated German Neumayer III Antarctic Station to simulate the harsh conditions...

The future of human space exploration is aimed at long-term missions to Moon and Mars. Currently, plans are elaborated by NASA, ESA, CNSA and others for a return to the lunar environment within the next decade as an intermediate step towards the goal of reaching the surface of Mars. For sustenance and crew comfort the crew of such long-duration mis...

Future crewed space missions will make use of hybrid life support systems to sustain human presence in space and on other planetary bodies. Plants fulfill essential roles in those systems such as carbon dioxide removal, oxygen production, and food production. The systems required to grow plants in space, so-called space greenhouses, are complex and...

The EDEN ISS greenhouse, integrated in two joined containers, is a confined mobile test facility in Antarctica for the development and optimization of new plant cultivation techniques for future space programs. The EDEN ISS greenhouse was used successfully from February to November 2018 for fresh food production for the overwintering crew at the An...

EDEN ISS is a European project focused on advancing bio-regenerative life support systems, in particular plant cultivation in space. A mobile test facility was designed and built between March 2015 and October 2017. The facility incorporates a Service Section which houses several subsystems necessary for plant cultivation and the Future Exploration...

The EDEN ISS greenhouse is a space-analogue test facility near the German Neumayer III station in Antarctica. The facility is part of the project of the same name and was designed and built since 2015 and eventually deployed in Antarctica in January 2018. The first operational phase of the greenhouse started on February the 7th and continued until...

In the next decades humans will take on the challenges of venturing to the Moon, Mars and other planetary bodies in our solar system. The farther out and the longer the crewed missions get, the more effective is recycling of resource to provide life support for the humans travelling. One aspect is the production of food on-site during the mission t...

Within the EDEN ISS project an international consortium designed and built a (semi-)closed loop greenhouse, called the Mobile Test Facility, to investigate and validate techniques for plant cultivation in future bioregenerative life support systems. At the end of 2017 the Mobile Test Facility, consisting of two modified 20 foot shipping containers,...

Ant-Land Status Report describing activities and preliminary results of the 2019 Antarctic winter season and the 2019/20 Antarctic summer season

What a year, what a year! Who would have thought this?! The year 2020 marked the beginning of a global pandemic that impacted all areas of social- and professional life. Beginning of mid-March, DLR went into a complete lock-down, followed only by partial reopening during summer, entering a soft lock-down again in winter 2020. Although these extreme...

Extreme Umweltbedingungen schärfen unseren Blick auf das Wesentliche bei der Planung bewohnbarer Räume für den Menschen. In diesem Entwurfsprojekt geht es zudem um die Beschäftigung mit den Verhältnissen von Raum - Mensch und Innenraum – Außenraum. Ein individuelles Raumprogramm soll aus der Recherche zum ausgesuchten Thema erstellt werden. Mittels...

The EDEN ISS project has the objective to test key technologies and processes for higher plant cultivation with a focus on their application to long duration spaceflight. A mobile plant production facility was designed and constructed by an international consortium and deployed to the German Antarctic Neumayer Station III. Future astronaut crews, e...

Plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The EDEN ISS project (EC Horizon 2020 RIA, grant no. 636501, https://eden-iss.net/) developed and demonstrated higher plant cultivation tech...

The EDEN-ISS container is a mobile test facility in Antarctica used to investigate new plant cultivation techniques for future space programs. Manned missions to Mars are already planned and still need a reliable food production system. The EDEN-ISS container was used from January 2018 to December 2018 for fresh food production for the overwinterin...

Plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The Horizon2020 EDEN ISS project aims at development and demonstration of higher plant cultivation technologies, suitable for near term depl...

The employment of bio-regenerative processes complemented with physical-chemical backup systems and vice versa is thought to have numerous advantages from the perspective of redundancy for the sustained human presence in space or on other planetary surfaces. These so called hybrid life support systems are a concert of many interdependencies and int...

Pflanzen brauchen Erde und Sonnenlicht, um zu wachsen? Nicht unbedingt, zeigt die Weltraumforschung. Das internationale Projekt EDEN ISS etwa könnte künftig Astronauten mit frischem Obst und Gemüse versorgen – und Menschen in sehr trockenen oder kalten Regionen. Der Mars. Ein Sehnsuchtsort, für dessen Eroberung die Vorbereitungen auf Hochtouren lau...

Earth’s biosphere is sustained by its biological diversity, which forms an intricate network of biological, physical and chemical pathways. This network has many fail-safe redundant func-tions including buffer stocks of inert biomass, huge amounts of water and the large volume of gases in the atmosphere. By contrast, manmade habitats for human spac...

Despite the fact that high-closure bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS) are not required for short-duration missions, it is well accepted that such systems are a required element for sustained human presence in space. Plants flown on various space-based platforms from Salyut to ISS have until now been used to further our understanding of the...

Extended human spaceflight missions require not only the processing, but also the recycling of human waste streams in bio-regenerative life support systems, which are rich in valuable resources. The Combined Regenerative Organic food Production® project of the German Aerospace Center aims for recycling human metabolic waste products to produce usef...

EDEN ISS is a H2020 project aimed at testing key technologies for plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments for a future implementation in space habitats. In this light, a Future Exploration Greenhouse has been designed, realized and deployed at the highly isolated German Neumayer Station III in the Antarctic to simulate the harsh condit...

This paper will show the methodology used for developing a greenhouse design concept for moon and Mars, derived from the EDEN ISS simulation facility in Antarctica. This document details the preliminary design of a future planetary greenhouse, adapted from the Mobile Test Facility (MTF) which was built and operated as part of the EDEN ISS project....

Almost exactly four years (March 2015 to May 2019) was the duration of the EDEN ISS project. Four years of intensive work, ups and downs - but all rewarded with the succesfull deployment of the research greenhouse in Antarctica. These four years pushed the EDEN group to a new level by establishing essential know-how, not only on a technical level a...

EDEN ISS is a European project focused on advancing bio-regenerative life support systems, in particular plant cultivation technologies and procedures for space and planetary habitats. Essential Controlled Environment Agriculture technologies were designed, developed and integrated within a Mobile Test Facility, consisting of two interconnected 20...

Plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The Horizon2020 EDEN ISS project aims at development and demonstration of higher plant cultivation technologies, suitable for near term depl...

EDEN ISS is a European project focused on advancing bio-regenerative life support systems, in particular plant cultivation technologies and procedures for space and planetary habitats. Essential Controlled Environment Agriculture technologies were designed, developed and integrated within a Mobile Test Facility, consisting of two interconnected 20...

Plant cultivation in closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The European-funded Horizon H2020 EDEN ISS project has the goal to develop and demonstrate higher plant cultivation technologies and procedures, suitabl...

Dating back as far as the early 1900s, people have been constructing plant production systems in Antarctica. In the early years, these plant production systems were typically small and expeditioner driven. Current systems, such as the EDEN ISS Mobile Test Facility are more complex, use the latest in controlled environment agriculture technology and...

This presentation explains the functionality and importance of bio-regenerative life Support Systems for future human spaceflight. The Focus is here on space greenhouse Systems and plant cultivation in space. The presentation also Shows the current Status of the EDEN ISS greenhouse in Antarctica and explains the Research conducted in the facility i...

An important step towards reliable human space exploration scenarios is ground-based testing of essential technologies enabling the presence of humans on extraterrestrial bodies. Here, analogue testing of plant cultivation technologies as an integrated element of bio regenerative life support systems represents a useful undertaking. These ground-ba...

Sustained human presence in space requires the development of new technologies to maintain environment control, to provide water, oxygen, food and to keep astronauts healthy and psychologically fit. The cultivation of higher plants can contribute to all major aspects within biological life support systems and hits psycho-physiological impact on the...

With 60 days of deployment work, 257 days of isolation, more than 20 experiments, more than 15 system- and procedure tests – the EDEN ISS analogue mission clearly served as the main event during the year 2018. Starting with the sea ice offloading procedure of the Mobile Test Facility at the Atka bay of the Ekström ice shelf (Antarctica), the long-p...

The Future Exploration Greenhouse (FEG) is the heart of the international EDEN ISS project, which aims to investigate and validate techniques for plant cultivation in future bio-regenerative life support systems. The EDEN ISS project partners designed and built the Mobile Test Facility (MTF), which consists of two modified 20 foot shipping containe...

Plant cultivation in large-scale closed environments is challenging and several key technologies necessary for space-based plant production are not yet space-qualified or remain in early stages of development. The Horizon2020 EDEN ISS project aims at development and demonstration of higher plant cultivation technologies, suitable for near term depl...

Designing the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) for exploration missions to the interplanetary space is a complex task beginning from the definition of the needs (e.g. diet, safety, radiation level,..) up to the selection of technology possibilities. In this context a major issue is the influence of crew number and mission durat...

The international EDEN ISS project aims to investigate and validate techniques for plant cultivation in future bioregenerative life support systems. To this end the EDEN ISS project partners aim to design and build the Mobile Test Facility, which consists of two modified 20 foot shipping containers. One of these shipping containers is designated th...

In the next 10 to 20 years humankind will return to the Moon and/or travel to Mars. It is likely that astronauts will eventually build permanent settlements there, as a base for long-term crew tended research tasks. It is obvious that the crew of such settlements will need food to survive. With current mission architectures the provision of food fo...

Der Anbau von Pflanzen während bemannter Raumfahrtmissio - nen zum Mars und zu anderen weit entfernten Orten im Sonnen - system ist essentiell für das Überleben der Besatzung. Pflanzen produzieren Sauerstoff, binden Kohlendioxid und produzieren wertvolle Lebensmittel. Darüber hinaus verbessern Pflanzen auch die Stimmung von Astronauten. Dafür benöt...

The international EDEN ISS project aims to develop and validate technology as well as investigate food safety and plant handling procedures for higher plant cultivation. Such technology, science and operational protocols are important for bioregenerative life support systems suitable for use on orbit as well as within future Moon and Mars habitats....

December 17th - CapeTown - South Africa: The EDEN team finishes its last preparations for the upcoming EDEN ISS mission. The next day, the adventure will begin with the inbound flight to the Russian Novo Airbase; Location: Antarctica. From there, the team flies to the German Neumayer Station III, the group’s new test ground for the developed closed...

The inclusion of higher plants in bio-regenerative life support systems has been suggested to contribute to a nutritious menu, increase food acceptability and provide psychological benefits to the crew. In 2017, the EDEN ISS project will deploy a greenhouse module to the Neumayer Station III in Antarctica. This system will be used to advance bio-re...

Humans have been present in space for five decades and the dream of travelling and exploring space is even older. The next major step after a prolonged human presence on low Earth orbit is a prolonged human presence on other solar system bodies like Moon, Mars or even beyond. Since mid-2011 one research field of the System Analysis Space Segment (S...

In light of upcoming plans for human Moon/Mars missions, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and its partners are developing a greenhouse to be tested at the German Neumayer station III in Antarctica: the EDEN ISS project. One critical component of future human exploration of unknown worlds will be the supply of edible food for crewmembers. Thus, dev...

EDEN ISS is a European project to investigate cultivation techniques of plants in space for future bio-regenerative life support systems. The technologies will be tested in a laboratory environment as well as at the highly-isolated German Antarctic Neumayer Station III. A small and mobile container-sized test facility will be built in order to prov...

The development of plant production facilities for extreme environments presents challenges not typically faced by developers of greenhouses in more traditional environments. Antarctica represents one of the most inhospitable environments on Earth and presents unique challenges to facility developers with respect to environmental regulations, logis...

This poster describes experiments performed in the EDEN laboratory at the DLR Institute of Space Systems in Bremen, Germany. For the experiment Micro-Tina super dwarf tomatoes were cultivated using a nutrient solution derived from urine. This so called C.R.O.P. solution is produced by microorganisms which are metabolizing urine products to nutrient...

Der Anbau von Pflanzen während bemannter Raumfahrtmissionen zum Mars und zu anderen weit entfernten Orten im Sonnensystem ist essentiell für das Überleben der Besatzung. Pflanzen produzieren Sauerstoff, binden Kohlendioxid und produzieren wertvolle Lebensmittel. Darüber hinaus verbessern Pflanzen auch die Stimmung von Astronauten. Dafür benötigen P...

EDEN ISS is a European project to enhance plant cultivation technologies for future crewed exploration missions and for the International Space Station. The project began in March 2015 and is co-funded by the European Union. The project consortium consists of 13 organizations from 6 countries in Europe and Canada. This presentations describes the c...

This presentation describes the results of the Greenhouse Module for Space Systems project carried out by DLR and its partners within the framework of the Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) program. The presentation gives an overview of the final design, which was further detailed in a concurrent engineering design study. Ba...

- 40 °C, heavy snow storms, high wind speeds (~30m/s), total isolation, and six months of almost complete darkness throughout the day. These are only some of the challenges the EDEN team will face during its EDEN ISS space analogue mission, which will start at the end of 2017 at the German Neumayer Station III in Antarctica. It is this human missio...

This poster describes experiments performed in the EDEN laboratory at the DLR Institute of Space Systems in Bremen, Germany. For the experiment Micro-Tina super dwarf tomatoes were cultivated using a nutrient solution derived from urine. This so called C.R.O.P. solution is produced by microorganisms which are metabolizing urine products to nutrient...

Provision of fresh produce to overwintering Antarctic crews is a challenge. The fact that at least 46 different greenhouses or plant production systems have existed at one time or another in Antarctica demonstrates the desire to produce food in-situ, even in this harsh environment. The EDEN ISS project will deploy an advanced plant growth system to...

SpaceX founder Elon Musk outlines his plans for a human presence on Mars, ESA pushes its ambitions for an international Moon village, and DLR establishes the Orbital Hub concept as a possible ISS successor. In this sense, 2016 marked an outstanding year for human spaceflight. The EDEN team contributed to these ambitions with technical solutions and...

In 2011, the DLR Institute of Space Systems launched its research initiative called EDEN - Evolution & Design of Environmentally-closed Nutrition-Sources. The research initiative focuses on Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS), especially greenhouse modules, and how these technologies can be integrated in future human-made space habitats. E...

The cultivation of higher plants occupies an essential role within bio-regenerative life support systems. It contributes to all major functional aspects by closing the different loops in a habitat like food production, CO2 reduction, O2 production, waste recycling and water management. Fresh crops are also expected to have a positive impact on crew...

Designs for an Antarctic plant production system to be deployed at Germany's Neumayer Station III are presented. Characterization and testing of several key controlled environment agriculture technologies are ongoing at the German Aerospace Center's Institute of Space Systems. Subsystems under development at the Evolution and Design of Environmenta...

In 2011, the DLR Institute of Space Systems launched a research initiative called EDEN - Evolution and Design of Environmentally-closed Nutrition-Sources. The research initiative focuses on bioregenerative life support systems, especially greenhouse modules, and technologies for future crewed vehicles. The EDEN initiative comprises several projects...

Humanity’s plans to further explore space require the development of Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) fully incorporated into the habitats on Moon and Mars. These concepts aim to decrease the (re-)supply mass by (re-)generating essential resources for humans through biological processes. Within a BLSS, the cultivation of higher plants c...

Technologies for deployment into a mobile plant production unit are presently undergoing test at the German Aerospace Center’s Institute for Space Systems. Developing subsystems include LED lighting, aeroponic nutrient delivery, ion-selective sensors and stacked growth systems. These systems will soon be integrated into a sea-container to undergo a...

A Concurrent Engineering (CE) study at DLR has investigated the Vertical Farming concept. A Vertical Farm (VF) is the cultivation of plants in skyscrapers. Here, a significant increase in production of fresh vegetables and fruits per square meter footprint compared to conventional greenhouse can be achieved by implementing so-called Controlled Envi...

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in exploration of the interior of the solar system. A number of missions are currently under way, in planning as well as in space, with the primary goal to expand our knowledge on the planets Mercury and Venus. Chemical propulsion missions to Mercury in particular require an extended cruise phase prior to a...

Long exploration missions to the Moon and Mars will require the growth of food on site to sustain the crew because current launchers are unable to send the required mass of consumables into orbit at an affordable cost. Growing fresh food will also be of prime importance for the crew dietary and psychological requirements. ESA expertise on advanced...

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in exploration of the interior of the solar system. A number of missions are currently under way, in planning as well as in space, with the primary goal to expand our knowledge on the planets Mercury and Venus. Chemical propulsion missions to Mercury in particular require an extended cruise phase prior to a...

The cultivation of higher plants occupies an essential role within bio-regenerative life support systems. It con-tributes to all major functional aspects by closing the different loops in a habitat like food production, CO2 reduction, O2 production, waste recycling and water management. Fresh crops are also expected to have a positive impact toward...

In 2011, the DLR Institute of Space Systems launched a research initiative called EDEN —Evolution & Design of Environmentally-closed Nutrition-Sources. The research initiative focuses on bio-regenerative life support systems, especially greenhouse modules, and technologies for future human-made space habitats. The EDEN initiative comprises several...