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Comparison of Physico-Chemical Properties Between Two Varieties of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed Oil from Pakistan
Abstract
The present research work was aimed to evaluate and quantify the physico-chemical attributes between two varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed oil. The oil yield from two locally grown peanut varieties namely var. Banki and 334, using Soxhelt extraction method, was found to be 34.62 and 32.43 %, respectively. The seed kernel of the peanut varieties tested contained fiber, ash and protein 3.70, 3.90, 2.30, 2.50, 24.62 and 26.19 %, respectively. The physico-chemical attributes of the extracted oils were found to be refractive index (40 ºC) 1.4623, 1.4536; free fatty acids 2.65, 3.55 % as oleic acid; peroxide value 2.50, 3.50 meq/kg; iodine value 93.45, 91.96 g of I/100 g; saponification value 193.20, 188.00 mg of KOH/g of oil; unsponifiable matter 1.20, 1.50 %; p-ansidine value 1.54, 1.87, respectively. The colour of the tested oils varied from 1.42-1.51R + 14.00-15.00 Y. The seed oils mainly contained g-tocopherol (709.1-712.2 mg/kg) followed by a-tocopherol (173.9-193.2 mg/kg) and d-tocopherol (7.1-8.4 mg/kg). The peanut seed oils were characterized by high level
of oleic acid (46.10-47.70 %) followed by linoleic acid (27.60-30.40 %), palmitic acid (12.70-13.50 %) and stearic acid (5.10-5.70 %). Generally, most of the physico-chemical attributes of the peanut seed oils varied insignificantly between the two varieties tested.
... It measures the extent to which triacylglycerol in oil has been decomposed by lipase and other actions such as light and heat. The amount of free fatty acids present is a measure of the quality and stability of the oil [20]. It is well known that FFAs are more susceptible to lipid oxidation leading to rancidity and production of offodour. ...
... The reduction in SV is expected because during the neutralisation step of the processing, free fatty acids in the oil were converted to soap using KOH and the soap stock removed, hence, the reduction in this parameter for the processed oil. The values obtained in this study were higher than the range of 188.00-193.25 mg of KOH/g earlier reported for groundnut oils obtained from two varieties of groundnuts [20] and 162.40 ± 0.07 mg KOH/g reported for desert date kernel oil [26] but compared well with 221.50 ± 0.21-220.20 ± 0.20 mg KOH/g reported by Nkafamiya et al. [21] for different species of groundnut oils. ...
... The refractive index of oil has been reported to increase with increase in the number of double bonds [20]. Rudan-Tasic and Klofutan [27], also observed that a high value of refractive index is an indication of high number of carbon atoms. ...
The effect of processing on physicochemical properties of freshly extracted crude groundnut oil was determined. Crude groundnut oil was extracted following the traditional method and half of it was processed as done industrially. Chemical properties [acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value, total phenol (TP), p-Anisidine value, total tocopherol (TT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS)] and physical properties (refractive index, surface tension, smoke point, flash point, viscosity and specific gravity) were determined following the AOAC and other standard methods. Analysis of the results indicated that the processing of the crude groundnut oil, although improved the physical appearance and reduced free fatty acid by 56% hence, could improve its stability but it also compromised the levels of antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols in the oil that reduced by 16.4%. TAC, an antioxidant parameter also reduced by 92% while TBARS increased by 15.1%. It can be concluded that processing of groundnut oil could either improve its stability or compromise it, hence, there is need for the stability study of processed groundnut oil.
... Peanut seed oil is used for cooking and margarine production, as well as in surfactant cleansing and cosmetics agents. It is comprised of about 80% unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid (C18:1), an average of 50%, and linoleic acid (C18:2) around 30% of the total fatty acids (Cecil et al. 2013). ...
... (Table 2). The oil content from peanut seed kernels determined in this study was found to be greater than the value (20.8%) reported in literature from Nigeria and lower than the value (44%) reported from Turkey (Cecil et al. 2013). The differences in the oil yield among different regions might be attributed to variations of the varieties, farming environment, ripening stage, harvesting time of the seeds, and extraction method. ...
A field experiment was carried out at El-Khattara region (Sharkia Governorate, Egypt) during the 2009 season to study the effect of potassium (K) fertilization, gypsum addition rates, and foliar spraying with boron (B) and combinations of them on growth, yield, yield components, oil quality, and uptake of some macro- and micronutrients by peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Giza 6) grown on a sandy soil. Biological yield (pod
+ hay) as well as hay and seed yields were increased significantly as a result of K and gypsum application, but there was no significant increase under foliar spraying with B. The greatest values of 7788, 6585, and 954 kg fed−1 for biological, hay, and seed yields corresponded to 20.8 kg K fed−1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed−1 without foliar spraying with B. For hay, the greatest value of N uptake was obtained with 20.8 kg K fed-1+ 1.0 ton
gypsum fed−1 , whereas the greatest values for P and K uptake (70.1 and 131 kg fed-1) were obtained when 20.8 kg K fed−1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed−1 was applied under spraying with B. For seeds, the greatest value of K uptake was obtained when 20.8 kg K fed-1+ 1.0 ton gypsum fed−1 was applied, whereas for N and P uptake the greatest values (60.8 and 15.2 kg fed−1) were obtained when 20.8 kg K fed−1+ 0.5 ton gypsum fed-1
were applied under spraying with B. The oil yield of peanut seeds using the Soxhelt extraction method was found to be in the range of 23.1 to 35.2%. The greatest B uptake in hay was obtained without spraying with B, whereas in seeds it was obtained under spraying with B. In both of them was obtained upon application of 20.8 kg K fed-1+ 0.5 ton gypsum fed−1. Apparent K recovery (AKR) and K-use efficiency (KUE) were markedly decreased with increasing K addition rates.
... Peanut oil is used for cooking and making margarines, as well as a surfactant-cleansing and cosmetic agent. It contains up to 80% unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid (C18:1), 50% and linoleic acid (C18:2), 30% of total fatty acids (Cecil et al., 2013). Calcium (Ca) is a critical element in growth and development of peanut seeds and is the main limiting of the peanut production in many parts of the world (Norman et al., 2005). ...
... The increase ranged from 231 to 372 g kg -1 . The oil content from peanut seed determined in this study was found to be higher than the value of about 208 g kg -1 reported in literature in Nigeria and lower than the value 441 g kg -1 reported in Turkey (Cecil et al., 2013). The differences in the oil yield among different regions might be attributed to the variations of the varieties, farming environment, ripening stage, the harvesting time of the seeds and the extraction method used. ...
The interaction effects of potassium fertilization (K) and gypsum applications (G) in different rates with or without foliar spraying with magnesium (Mg) on growth, yield quality and uptake of some macronutrients by a new variety of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Giza 6) grown on sandy soil were investigated under field conditions at El-Khattara region (Sharkia governorate, Egypt) during 2010 season. Potassium fertilizer was used at rates (0, 50 and 100 kg K ha-1) and gypsum at 0, 1.2 and 2.4 tonne (t) ha-1. The results confirmed that, biological yield (pod + hay) and hay were increased significantly as a result of K and G application. Seed yield was slightly increased by G or Mg foliar spray. The highest values of biological and hay yields (17.6 and 15.2 t ha–1, respectively) were due to 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 with Mg foliar spray. Seed yield of 2.24 t ha–1 was obtained due to 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 without Mg spray. Highest N uptake in hay (550 kg ha-1) was obtained by 50 kg K ha1 + 2.4 t G ha-1 with Mg spray, while highest P and K uptake in hay (165 and 290 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained by 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 with Mg spray. Highest N uptake in seeds (129 kg ha-1) was obtained by 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 with Mg spray, while highest P and K uptake (38.6 and 30.5 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained by 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 without Mg spray. Seed oil content ranged between 231 and 372 g kg-1. The highest Mg uptake in hay was obtained by 100 kg K ha-1 + 2.4 t G ha-1 with Mg spray. While in seeds it was obtained by 50 kg K ha-1 + 1.2 t G ha-1 without Mg spray. Apparent K recovery (AKR) and potassium use efficiency (KUE) were markedly decreased with increasing K addition rates.
... But lack of government focus, little awareness among farmers, low input usage, non-availability of short duration cultivars and certified seeds restricts the production of groundnut crop in the country (Naeem-ud-din et al., 2012). Groundnut because of its high oil extraction rate, less input intensive nature and suitability to existing cropping system is the best choice for attaining selfsufficiency of edible oil in Pakistan (Ali and Nigam, 1993;Cecil et al., 2013). ...
Çukurova’da birinci ürün olarak yetiştirilen NC-7 yerfıstığı çeşidinde potasyum yaprak gübresi uygulamasının verim bileşenleri ve verime etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 2000-2001 yıllarında 2 yıl süre ile tarla denemesi kurulmuştur. Potasyum yaprak gübresi (Agripotas) 300 ml/da/20 lt su dozunda, çiçeklenme başlangıcı, çiçeklenme sonrası ve çiçeklenme başlangıcı + çiçeklenme sonrası olmak üzere üç farklı zamanda yapraktan püskürtülerek verilmiştir. Buna göre NC-7 yerfıstığı çeşidinde tohum oranı % 55.20 - 70.80, 100 tohum ağırlığı 79.22 - 105.33 g, meyve verimi 258 - 547 kg/da arasında bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre yerfıstığında potasyum elementinin farklı gelişme dönemlerinde yaprak gübresi olarak verilmesinin verim ve verim bileşenleri üzerine etkili olmadığı söylenebilir. Ancak potasyum yaprak gübrelemesinin bazı ekstrem durumlarda olumlu etkileri görülebilir. Bitkiler için makro elementlerden olan K2O gübre ihtiyacının normal koşullarda yaprak gübresi şeklinde uygulanarak bitki ihtiyacının karşılanmasının zor olduğu, ancak bitkinin kökten alabileceği formda topraktan verilmesinin daha uygun olacağı kanaati oluşmuştur.
Depuis les années 60 le tournesol traditionnel représentait le chef de file des « huiles poly-insaturées ». Depuis l’apparition des premières variétés riches en acide oléique (18:1), les sélections naturelles ou traditionnelles de variétés nouvelles de tournesol oléique ont trouvé leur place et leur justification sur le plan nutritionnel, par la qualité diversifiée de leurs acides gras, mais aussi par la préservation des qualités de l’insaponifiable (riche en vitamine E et en phytostérols). Une complémentarité entre les tournesols linoléique et oléique pourrait être tout à fait intéressante par l’utilisation d’huiles combinées, en vue d’un équilibre diététique mono/poly-insaturé dont l’effet serait d’assurer l’expression optimale des paramètres de protection vis-à-vis de l’athérothrombose à l’origine des maladies cardiovasculaires. Le développement du « tournesol-mid-oléique » (mid-range-oleic) pourrait également apporter une source d’oléique et de linoléique naturellement plus équilibrée. Cependant, il restera à satisfaire les besoins en alpha-linolénique (importance de la balance n-6/n-3) qui pourraient être apportés par le colza.
To improve nutritional quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), it is necessary to know the importance of genetic effects. Epistasis is not considered in most genetic models. In the presence of epistasis, estimates of additive and dominance variation are biased to an unknown extent. This may affect progress of a breeding program by causing inappropriate breeding methods to be chosen. The objectives of this study were to determine the significance of epistasis in inheritance of protein and oil contents and oil quality parameters, and to estimate additive and dominance variances for the traits not influenced by epistasis. Three testers, Chico (L1), ICGV 86300 (L2), and their F1 hybrid (L3), were each crossed to 15 cultigens. The experiment was conducted in the 1992-1993 postrainy and 1993 rainy environments at the ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. Characters studied were protein, oil, eight fatty acid contents, and five derived parameters. The deviations, cultigen x L1 + cultigen x L2 - 2 cultigen x L3, were tested to detect epistasis. Environment interacted more strongly with epistatic gene action than with additive or dominant gene action. Epistasis affected the expression of 11 traits in both environments. The additive x additive epistasis was detected for oleic acid in both environments. Additive gene action was detected for eicosenoic and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio in the rainy environment. Dominant gene action was detected for P/S in the rainy and for eicosenoic in both environments indicating incomplete dominance for these traits.
Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L. ) oil from seeds of six varieties; boro red, boro light, mokwa, ela, campala and guta as well as oil from three geographical zones in Nigeria; northern, eastern and western were investigated. Gas chromatography analysis showed high concentrations of oleic and linoleic acids in the oil samples. Capric (0.0%) and Lauric (8.1%) acids were absent and highest, respectively in the mokwa variety and hence diagnostic. More so, the comparative chemical analysis of peanut oil from the three zones and some selected refined vegetable oil; sunola, grand, olive and corn oil, indicated that western and grand oil had high iodine value 1.74±0.1 and 2.63±0.1, respectively, compared to others. The northern oil had high acid and fat value than the others (4.49 and 133%, respectively). Furthermore, the saponification value of the local vegetable oil was found to be significantly higher than the refined vegetable oil (P < 0.05), the eastern oil having the highest (140.25mgKOH/g). However, the peroxide values for both the local and refined oil were less than the standard peroxide value (10mEqKg<sup>-1</sup>) for vegetable oil deterioration. Minerals were present and no rancidity was observed in all the samples. In conclusion, the groundnut oil from Nigeria may have a higher shelf life, and serve as a useful substitute in nutrition and industrial applications.
Oil, protein, ash, and carbohydrate contents, iodine value, and fatty acid and sterol compositions were studied in seeds of Arachis trinitensis, A. chiquitana, A. kempff-mercadoi, A. diogoi, A. benensis, A. appressipila, A. valida, A. kretschmeri, A. helodes, A. kuhlmannii, A. williamsii, A. sylvestris, A. matiensis, A. pintoi, A. hoehnei, A. villosa, and A. stenosperma. Oil content was greatest in A.stenosperma (mean value = 51.8%). The protein level was higher in A. sylvestris (30.1%) and A. villosa (29.5%). Mean value of oleic acid varied between 30.6% (A. matiensis) and 46.8% (Arachis villosa), and linoleic acid oscillated between 34.1% (A. villosa) and 47.4% (A. appressipila). The better oleic-to-linoleic (O/L) ratio was exhibited by A. villosa (1.38). Some species showed higher concentration of behenic acid. The greatest level of this fatty acid was found in A. matiensis (6.2%). Iodine value was lower in A. valida (99.2). The sterol composition in the different peanut species showed higher concentration of beta-sitosterol (mean values oscillated between 55.7 and 60.2%) followed by campesterol (12.4-16. 5%), stigmasterol (9.7-13.3%), and Delta(5)-avenasterol (9.7-13.4%). The chemical quality and stability of oils (iodine value and O/L ratio) from wild peanut studied in this work are not better than those of cultivated peanut.
Samples (10 g) of foods and tissues were homogenized in isopropanol and acetone. Low polarity lipids were obtained in the epiphase after the addition of hexane and water to the filtered extract. After separation, the hypophase was extracted twice with hexane and the combined epiphases were evaporated. The residue, which contained 97% of the vitamin E in the sample, was dissolved in hexane and aliquots (20 μl) were chromatographed on a 25 cm column of 5μ LiChrosorb Si60 with 0.2% isopropanol or 5% diethyl ether in moist hexane. A spectrofluorometer set at 290 nm excitation and 330 nm emission was used as a detector. Up to 2 mg lipid could be injected and 4 ng tocopherol produced a detectable peak. Four tocopherols (α, β, γ and δ) and three tocotrienols (α, β and γ) were measured in a variety of tissues and foods. Plastochromanol-8 and the antioxidant BHA were also detected in some samples. A preparative (1 cm diam) column was used to isolate tocotrienols from rubber latex and wheat flour and the purity and identify of the specimens, which were used as standards, were confirmed by mass spectroscopy. As esters of tocopherol are not fluorescent, foods containing added tocopheryl acetate were analysed after saponification.
Application of chemical methods to analyses of polymers is made difficult by their limited solubility and chemical resistance. However, chemical methods often can be used for determining trace concentrations of impurities such as metals, monomer ratios of copolymers, trace concentrations of polymers, and end groups in polymers. The method selected for the preparation of the sample usually governs the success of the analysis for metals in polymers. Procedures used include dry and wet ashing and solution techniques. Chemical methods can be used to determine the monomer ratio of copolymers, if solubility difficulties can be overcome and the functionality being determined is not chemically resistant to the reagent. The copolymer of ethylene and ethyl acrylate can be analyzed by a chemical method. The recent problem of determining trace concentrations of polymers is motivated by the increased use of polymers for packaging foods. The determination of low concentrations of polyethylene in liquid fats is one example of a method of this type. The successful application of chemical methods to the determination of end groups in polymers is usually dependent upon the molecular weight of the polymer, the sensitivity of the method and the reactivity of the end group. End groups that have been determined include hydroxyl and epoxy.
Microwave blanching of peanuts was proposed as an attractive alternative to traditional techniques of blanching, because of energy and time savings. However, the occurrence of a processing-related off-flavor has been reported. This study examined the effect of processing factors during microwave blanching on the MC and sensory characteristics of the peanuts. The peanuts reached a range of internal temperatures during microwave blanching treatments between 4 and 11 min. A total offnote attribute was introduced to the peanut lexicon and was used successfully to differentiate the effects of microwave treatments. The microwave-associated off-flavor was related (but not identical) to cardboardy/stale flavor, and was related inversely to the positive flavor attributes roasted peanutty, sweet aromatic and sweet taste. Peanuts reaching the highest internal temperatures and greatest moisture losses during blanching exhibited the most total offnote flavor; however, temperatures as high as 113C did not produce significantly increased total offnote intensity.
TheMoringa peregrina kernel contains 1.8% moisture, 54.3% oil, 22.1% protein, 3.6% fiber, 15.3% carbohydrate and 2.5% ash. The composition and
characteristics of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters of the fatty acids shows
the presence of 14.7% saturated fatty acids and 84.7% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: palmitic
9.3%, palmitoleic 2.4%, stearic 3.5%, oleic 78.0%, linoleic 0.6%, linolenic 1.6%, arachidic 1.8% and behenic 2.6%.
The proximate composition and functional properties of fullfat and defatted beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.) flour were evaluated. Functional properties studied were foam capacity and stability, water and oil absorption, bulk density, emulsion capacity and nitrogen solubility. Defatting increased the crude protein, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrate and mineral contents. Defatted flour showed comparatively better foam capacity and stability, water absorption and emulsion capacities but diminished bulk density and oil absorption capacity. Nitrogen solubility was pH dependent with a minimum at pH 4 and maximum at pH 8. Maximum nitrogen solubility (95%) was recorded for defatted flour while that for the fullfat flour was 60%. The proximate composition and functional properties of the samples suggest that beniseed flour would have useful application in fabricated foods.
The physico-chemical properties of Spondias mombin seed oil and the viscosity-temperature profiles of six seed oils from other plants which grow in the wild: Balanites aegytiaca, Lophira lanceolata, Sterculia setigera, Khaya senegalensis, Ximenia americana and Sclereocarya birrea, were investigated. The oil content of S. mombin seed was significant at 31.5% (w/w). The oil appeared stable as deduced from its low peroxide and acid values of 6.0 mEq kg(-1) and 1.68 mg KOH, respectively. The X. americana oil was denser than the other ones, with a value of 0.9625 g cm(-3) at 30 degrees C. The kinematic viscosities of the oils and their temperature dependence in the range 30-70 degrees C suggested a potential industrial application of the oils as lubricating base stock. Specifically, the kinematic viscosities of the oils were in the range 59.8-938.2 cst at 30 degrees C with X. americana having the highest value. At 70 degrees C, the reduction in viscosities of the oils was marked: reduction by over 70% of their values at 30 degrees C for S. setigera, K. senegalensis, X. americana and S. birrea oils.
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