S. Levine's scientific contributions

... Compelling evidence has documented an association between testosterone and dominance using both animal and human subjects. The association between T and dominance is observed in primates with a more developed social structure, such as rhesus macaques (Rose, Holaday, & Bernstein, 1971), squirrel monkeys (Coe, Smith, Mendoza, & Levine, 1983), mountain gorillas (Robbins & Czekala, 1997), bonobos (Marshall & Hohmann, 2005), and chimpanzees (Anestis, 2006; Muehlenbein, Watts, & Whitten, 2004). Similar influences of T on dominance and status seeking in humans have been shown in a large collection of studies (Archer, 2006; including human. ...

... This is a noncontentious proposition for biological anthropologists, especially when considered in the context of nonhuman primate mother-infant separation studies which demonstrate that, due to the primate infants relative immaturity at birth and delayed maturity, even short-term separations between the mother and her offspring are known to have lasting, and potentially devastating, physiological consequences (see Reite and Field, 1985 for reviews). Pioneering research conducted on the underlying physiological aspects of attachment was begun by Harlow (1958Harlow ( , 1959; see also Blum, 2002) and further investigated amongst bonnet macaques, squirrel monkeys, pigtail monkeys (Seiler et al., 1979;Coe and Levine, 1981;Laudenslager et al., 1982;Coe et al., 1985;Reite et al., 1989). These researchers demonstrated exquisitely that short-term separations of infants from their mothers (for sleep or for other daytime periods) leads to an array of potentially life-threatening physiological changes such as adrenal-cortisol surges, immune dysfunction, and breathing abnormalities, while leaving infants alone to sleep induced serious impairments to sleep architecture, and amongst some infants cardiac arrhythmias, as well as a variety of depressive syndromes and immune deficiencies. ...