Ragaei El Mallakh's scientific contributions

... For example, macrosocial change and political instability—especially when combined with economic uncertainty or decline—may interplay with the breakdown of civil society as well as fragmentation of social cohesion in community response in the face of upheaval or risk, as has been witnessed to varying extent in Russia and eastern Europe (Rhodes et al., 1999b; Laetitia, Carael, Brunet, Frasca, & Chaika, 2000). Generalised instability and uncertainty brought about by social change, civil or armed conflict and political transition may at once feed a loss of social trust and shared identity among individuals and communities and an increase in anxiety and stress, conditions which have been shown to be ripe for transitions towards injecting drug use and which may maximise vulnerability in HIV risk reduction response (Pederson, 2002; Hankins, Friedman, Zafar, & Strathdee, 2000; Delor & Hubert, 2000; Quam, 1994). ...

... New initiatives were not encouraged". Mallakh et al. (1984) and Noreng (1980) argue that one of problems was that Norwegian government policy prevented labour from moving to more productive firms and sectors. It was not only prevented from moving to and from manufacturing, but from less to more productive uses within manufacturing. ...