Henry S. Richardson's research while affiliated with Georgetown University and other places
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Publications (42)
With the world grappling with continued spread of monkeypox internationally, vaccines play a crucial role in mitigating the harms from infection and preventing spread. However, countries with the greatest need - particularly historically endemic countries with the highest monkeypox case-fatality rates - are not able to acquire scarce vaccines. This...
Countermeasures for mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), primarily vaccines, have been in limited supply in many countries during outbreaks. Equitable allocation of scarce resources during public health emergencies is a complex challenge. Identifying the objectives and core values for the allocation of mpox countermeasures, using those values to pro...
Discussion of medical researcher teams' ancillary-care obligations has long been dominated by partial-entrustment theory, developed in 2004 by the author of this article, in collaboration with Leah Belsky. Critics of the limited scope of the special ancillary-care obligations defended by that theory, however, argue that a better theory would take f...
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note...
The Fair Priority Model offers a practical way to fulfill pledges to distribute vaccine fairly and equitably.
Interacting innocently with others, we can become morally entangled with their affairs, despite neither party having intended this. This route to obligation-underexplored by moral philosophers-is of great practical importance to those engaged in medical research on human subjects. Medical researchers encounter all sorts of medical needs in their hu...
In various contexts, it is thought to be important that we reason together. For instance, an attractive conception of democracy requires that citizens reach lawmaking decisions by reasoning with one another. Reasoning requires that reasoners survey the considerations that they take to be reasons, proceed by a coherent train of thought, and reach co...
Biobanks and archived data sets collecting samples and data have become crucial engines of genetic and genomic research. Unresolved, however, is what responsibilities biobanks should shoulder to manage incidental findings and individual research results of potential health, reproductive, or personal importance to individual contributors (using “bio...
Existing attempts to explain why secondary researchers might have any obligation to return findings to the contributors of genetic samples falter because of the lack of any direct interaction between the secondary researchers and the contributors. The partial-entrustment account of these obligations defended here circumvents this problem by explain...
This paper develops and explores the idea of moral entanglements: the ways in which, through innocent transactions with others, we can unintendedly accrue special obligations to them. More particularly, the paper explains intimacy-based moral entanglements, to which we become liable by accepting another’s waiver of privacy rights. Sometimes, having...
This review essay on three recent books on John Rawls’s theory of justice, by Catherine Audard, Samuel Freeman, and Thomas
Pogge, describes the great boon they offer serious students of Rawls. They form a united front in firmly and definitively
rebuffing Robert Nozick’s libertarian critique, Michael Sandel’s communitarian critique, and more general...
This comment on the case presented in ‘Cholera and Nothing More’ argues that the physicians at this public-health centre did
not have an ordinary clinician's obligations to promote the health of the people who came to them for care, as they were instead
set up to serve a laudable and urgent public-health goal, namely, controlling a cholera outbreak...
It is often debated whether what we ought, politically, to do is determined by standards that are independent of any actual political process or whether, by contrast, judgments reached in actual democratic processes have constitutive importance in determining what we should do. This paper argues that this is not an exclusive disjunction and that, c...
Summary Points
Medical researchers, particularly those working in developing countries, as well as their sponsors, have some ancillary-care obligations. Ancillary-care obligations are positive obligations to provide care that participants need but that is required neither to successfully answer the researchers’ scientific question nor to avoid or m...
Frances Kamm has for some time now been a foremost champion of non-consequentialist ethics. One of her most powerful non-consequentialist themes has been the idea of inviolability. Morality's prohibitions, she argues, confer on persons the status of inviolability. This thought helps articulate a rationale for moral prohibitions that will resist the...
Recent work on incidental findings, concentrating on the difficult problems posed by the ambiguous results often generated by high-tech medicine, has proceeded largely independently from recent work on medical researchers' ancillary-care obligations, the obligations that researchers have to deal with diseases or conditions besides the one(s) under...
Three principal factors affect the stringency of medical researchers’ obligation to provide antiretroviral treatment to participants in non-HIV/AIDS studies that are conducted in developing countries: (1) the centrality of HIV/AIDS to the study design, (2) the extent of the researcher–participant interaction, and (3) the cost relative to the study...
Martha Nussbaum has powerfully argued in Frontiers ofJustice and elsewhere that John Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory cannot usefully be deployed to deal with issues pertaining to justice for the disabled. To counter this claim, this article deploys Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory in order to deal with issues pertaining to justice for...
Philip Pettit’s Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government has provided a systematic basis for republican theory in the idea of freedom as non-domination. Can a pure republican view, which confines itself to the normative resources thus afforded, adequately address the full range of issues of social justice? This article argues that while th...
Investigation of participants in clinical trials may identify conditions unrelated to the study. Researchers need guidance on whether they have a duty to treat such conditions.
Researchers do not owe their subjects the same level of care that physicians owe patients, but they owe more than merely what the research protocol stipulates. In keeping with the dynamics of the relationship between researcher and subject, they have limited but substantive fiduciary obligations.
The notion that it is useful to specify norms progressively in order to resolve doubts about what to do, which I developed initially in a 1990 article, has been only partly assimilated by the bioethics literature. The thought is not just that it is helpful to work with relatively specific norms. It is more than that: specification can replace deduc...
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is often touted as providing not just an important base of information useful in evaluating government programs, but a general standard of public choice that will help insure the wise and intelligent use of our limited resources. This article argues that (wholly apart from its deficiencies in other respects) CBA cannot p...
I am going to be discussing a mode of moral responsibility that anglophone philosophers have largely neglected. It is a type of responsibility that looks to the future rather than the past. Because this forward-looking moral responsibility is relatively unfamiliar in the lexicon of analytic philosophy, many of my locutions will initially strike man...
This article details how Martha Nussbaum has heightened the potential tension between love and respect, flagged by Kant, by strengthening what each requires. She elaborates the particularism and disruptiveness of love while insisting on a cosmopolitanism of respect. The article suggests that dealing with this tension will require developing a more...
Dewey's voluminous writings, spanning decades and reflecting the contrasting national moods of different historical periods, abound with tensions, not to say contradictions. In highlighting and working with a conflict within Dewey's commitments, then, I do not mean to be catching him out or correcting a mistake. The tension on which I focus is one...
Citations
... In the 1970s, Japan developed a highly attenuated live vaccine, LC16m8, at the Chiba Serum Institute, aiming to replace first-generation vaccines such as Lister and Dryvax. The virus in LC16m8 is attenuated due to the lack of the B5R envelope protein gene, and its replication ability in vaccine recipients is limited (23). LC16m8 showed no severe adverse reactions in 100,000 infants and was proven to have the same immunogenicity as its parent strain. ...
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... In such trials, the risks of the intervention being tested cannot be attributed solely to research participation, because those risks will have been deemed acceptable from an individualized clinical perspective. Such clinical risks should not be counted as research risks, and thus such trials should be deemed of minimal research risk (8), reflecting the embedded nature of a research trial into practice. Allocation concealment is an important feature of many clinical trials to attribute any observed efficacy to a particular study intervention. ...
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... Such vaccines would be valuable in responding to future pandemics caused by previously unknown viruses. Ensuring equitable access to vaccines is another critical challenge, as highlighted by the disparities in COVID-19 vaccine distribution, particularly in low-and middle-income countries [19]. Strategies to address these inequalities include enhancing global production capacities, strengthening supply chains, and promoting international cooperation and resource sharing. ...
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... Although researchers do not directly intend PCTassociated CFs, they can hardly bury their heads in the sand when the latter arise by appealing to the notion that their research data were obtained without the morally required consent due to waivers or modifications (Kim and Miller 2016;Richardson and Cho 2020). In other words, without the conduct of PCTs no CFs would be discovered, in the short or longterm. ...
... These meanings could be different according to the aims and objectives of the researcher or actor [21,22]. Regardless of the multiplicity of well-being's meanings in the literature [23][24][25][26], in this study, we focus on specific parts of well-being that could be improved by technology [24,[27][28][29]]. Another issue is that due to the diversity of policymakers and stakeholders, urban planning, has limited capacity for intervention. ...
... Partial answers are important only insofar as they refer to their potential dissolution in the final answer. This final answer is certainly contingent upon the context and therefore 'fallible' (Putnam, 1995: 21; Richardson, 1999: 120). Indeed, Richardson reminds us that Dewey did not see any end as 'final' but as always potentially subject to revision, arguing that Dewey's philosophy could be extended to 'allow robust enough deliberation about ends so that the possible existence even of an ultimate end could at least be a live question' (1999: 121). ...
... The professionalized intimacy of relationships between researchers and participants, often lasting years, creates a special bond [23,29], described by one attendee as a kind of marriage. Due to this relationship -itself a kind of moral entanglement [30] -researchers owe participants a duty of care and access to services even after the study ends. This goes beyond a simple exchange of fair market value. ...
... 134-135. See alsoRichardson, 2012, for the more general thought that acts that connect one person to another might give rise to special duties of care. lives to avoid killing innocent bystanders." ...
Reference: A Theory of Rights
... With regard to the aspirational dimension of constitutions, republican constitutionalism does not necessarily endorse programmatic statements or policy aims as part of the constitution. But in a derivative sense, it can be argued that on the basis of the republican ideal of independence (Richardson 2006), a republican constitution might involve an aspirational dimension in an attempt to guarantee citizens' capacity to act publicly. As Cass Sunstein has argued, '[f]or people to be able to act as citizens, and to be able to count themselves as such, they must have the kind of independence that such minimal protections [against starvation, homelessness and other extreme deprivation] ensure' (Sunstein 2001: 223). ...
... [10][11][12] The specification of criteria in such a checklist is important, as it may have far-reaching consequences for the choice of services-this should take place through a robust public deliberation and participatory procedure. 13 BMJ Global Health step 4: collection of evidence Health authorities are advised to generate an evidence base on criteria. The evidence collection on safety and effectiveness of services is relatively well developed. ...
