C F SCHMIDT's research while affiliated with University of Pennsylvania and other places

... 23 All brain territories used a normal rhesus monkey perfusion rate of 50 mL/100 g/ minute. 24,25 The difference in coolant fluid injection location (middle cerebral artery in Wang et al. versus internal carotid artery in the current study) necessitated a different approach for the modeling of the perfused blood temperature. For the human model, the perfusion temperature was set to a constant value since coolant is injected into the internal carotid artery, which is the major supply of the cerebral hemisphere. ...

... Xie et al. determined the cut-off value for SpO2 as 90% in their study, and reported that the mortality rate was high in patients with SpO2 below this value [30]. In our study, the SpO2 value was determined as 95% in the grouping determined according to the mortality variable by CHAID analysis, and this value is the limit value that has been proven and generally accepted in the medical literature [31]. Another interesting point in our study is that the mortality rate was found to be "zero" in the group with SpO2 value greater than 95 in patients younger than 56 and with a SI value less than 0.93. ...

... In the 1950s, this concept was proposed with cerebral perfusion remaining constant over a large range of blood pressure values (i.e., 60-150 mmHg), known as Lassen's curve (Lassen, 1959). These early investigations relied on the Kety-Schmidt technique, where it takes upward of 20-min to obtain a single assessment of cerebral blood flow (Kety & Schmidt, 1945). However, the development of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) allowed for beat-to-beat assessments between cerebral blood velocity (CBv) and blood pressure (Aaslid et al., 1989). ...

... As hypercapniainduced CBF increase is an important compensation mechanism to deliver more oxygen to the brain during opioid overdose, this suggests children may have less capacity to protect their brains from hypoxia. 21 ...

... Some propose that defects in bronchial vascular function contribute to asthma, particularly exercise, cold, and dry air-induced bronchoconstriction (Wagner, 1998). Bronchial arteries receive excitatory sympathetic and inhibitory parasympathetic innervation (Bruner and Schmidt, 1946;De Letona et al., 1961). In contrast to most other vascular smooth muscle beds in which temperature is maintained at 37 1C, bronchial vascular temperature is expected to vary considerably, particularly during exercise. ...

... A study by Kety and Schmidt47 showed that CBF could not be altered during the athletic rest-to-exercise transition. Recent temporal resolution methods showed a ~20% CBF rise due to endurance and moderate exercise intensities [46][47][48][49] . Indeed, CBF is subdued with high exercise intensities and significantly surpass rest levels due to exhaustion 50,51 . ...

... 114 Hyperventilation (HV), i.e. voluntary over-breathing unrelated to exercise, is a provocation technique 115 that is widely used clinically to trigger epileptiform discharges and absence seizures in individuals 116 with suspected IGE (Foerster, 1924;Rosett, 1924). HV induces a decrease in the partial pressure of 117 carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the blood i.e. hypocapnia that persists for several minutes after the cessation 118 (Blinn & Noell, 1949;Kety & Schmidt, 1946). Hypocapnia promotes the association of H + and 119 bicarbonate ions in the blood, resulting in an elevation in pH (potential of hydrogen)respiratory 120 alkalosis. ...

... While respiratory depression followed by decreased blood oxygen levels is the major factor for oxygen decreases in both locations, a stronger response in the SC space is likely due to additional contribution of fentanyl-induced skin vasoconstriction [18,33]. The subsequent brain oxygen increase induced by fentanyl may result from cerebral vasodilation and increased global cerebral blood flow due to the post-hypoxic accumulation of CO2, a powerful vasodilator [34][35][36], and redistribution of arterial blood from periphery to brain due to peripheral vasoconstriction [37]. Xylazine also decreased brain oxygen levels, but this effect was monophasic, much weaker, less rapid, but more prolonged than that induced by fentanyl. ...

... That said, other strategies including pharmacological administration of transient dilatory agents that do not alter neuronal activity could be used for calibration. Multiple studies have examined hypercapnia as isometabolic and have reported no significant change in neuronal metabolism (rCMRO 2 = 1) during low grade (5%-7%) CO 2 delivery (29)(30)(31)(32)(33). In this study, we delivered 5% and 8% CO 2 to the animals for calibration in awake animals. ...

... SGLT1 and SGLT2 are the most studied sodium-dependent transporters expressed in the brain and endothelial cells of the BBB, although their functionality remains a topic of debate [12]. SGLT1 has been found in cortical, pyramidal, and Purkinje neurons, as well as in layers CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus [13], and in endothelial cells of the BBB (14,16). SGLT2 has been described in the hippocampus, cerebellum [12], and in BBB endothelial cells [14]. ...