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B I O D I V E R S I T A S
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 24, Number 7, July 2023 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 4034-4045 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240741
Comparative study of the application fish apartments in Situbondo and
Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia
WAHYU ISRONI1,, ZULKISAM PRAMUDIA2,3, ANJAS SASANA BAHRI4, MEGA ASRI RISQIANA3,5,
NURUL MAULIDA1, TIA DWI IRAWANDANI6
1Departement of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Faculty, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dharmahusada Permai 330,
Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-31-5911541, email: wahyu.isroni@fpk.unair.ac.id
2Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
3Coastal and Marine Research Center, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
4Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Perikanan Malang. Jl. Cengger Ayam I/5, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
5Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kagoshima University. Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
6Departement of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
Manuscript received: 6 February 2023. Revision accepted: 23 July 2023
Abstract. Isroni W, Pramudia Z, Bahri AS, Risqiana MA, Maulida N, Irawandani TD. 2023. Comparative study of the application fish
apartments in Situbondo and Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4034-4045. Fisheries resources which are common
property in their utilization are vulnerable to overfishing conditions due to exploratory actions. In addition, the use of destructive fishing
gear and habitat degradation has a great impact on fisheries productivity which continues to decrease. Fish apartments as alternative
artificial habitat have been successfully applied in Probolinggo, especially for coral organisms. This study compares the application of
fish apartments in two different locations, Karang Katon Probolinggo and Karang Mayit Beach Situbondo. Through descriptive and
valuative approaches, the survey results showed that in Karang Katon there were 5 species, the highest composition level is Acanthurus
achilles (51.56%). Karang Mayit Beach there were 3 species, the highest composition level is Chaetodon octofasciatus (60.56%). The
highest abundance is Acanthurus achilles (34.4 ind/m2) in Karang Katon and Chaetodon octofasciatus (42.2 ind/m2) in Karang Mayit
Beach. The diversity index in Karang Katon -1.280, while in Karang Mayit Beach -0.853. The dominance index in Karang Katon 0.343,
while in Karang Mayit Beach 0.496. Based on this research, the analysis showed positive results for both different locations, indicating
it can be used as new habitats for sustainability and increased productivity of fisheries resources.
Keywords: Composition, diversity index, dominance index, fish apartment, Probolinggo, Situbondo
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is known as an archipelagic country consisting
of around 17,504 islands with a coastline of approximately
81,000 km, the land connected by the ocean (Kench and
Mann 2017; Djunarsjah and Putra 2021; Tranggono et al.
2021). Indonesia's sea area is 62% of the national area, not
including the EEZ of 2.7 million km2. Indonesia's oceans
are so wide with abundant fisheries resources that if
properly utilized for development (Pramoda et al. 2021).
Indonesia has more than 8500 species of fish, which are
categorized based on their habitat (Hasan et al. 2023). It is
predicted that development in Indonesia will advance
rapidly (Tranggono et al. 2021).
Fisheries resources in their utilization are common
property or open access representing a fundamentally
problematic situation (Primyastanto et al. 2013; Arthur
2020). Open access resources are available to all comers
(Acheson 2015). This condition has the potential to cause
inefficient levels of fishing effort because fishermen must
compete with one another for fish and cause overfishing if
the concept of environmental friendliness and sustainability
is not applied (Fuller et al. 2013). Its common property
always triggers exploitative actions in its utilization
(overfishing) due to unclear ownership rights (Acheson
2015; Sapriani et al. 2021). This can raise symptoms of
dissipated resource rent, namely the loss of the resource
chain that should be obtained from optimal resource
management (Homans and Willen 1997; Fauzi 2005).
The production of large pelagic fish has decreased
every year (Gomez-Campos et al. 2011). Based on the
Situbondo District Statistics Center (2018), the results from
fisheries catch have increased more than twofold in 2017
(13,83 tons) when compared to 2016 (5.5 tons), this can
mean two meanings, the number of fish that is more
abundant or the number of fish caught is higher. Because a
different case occurred in Probolinggo where there was a
decrease in catches in 2017 (19.26 tons) when compared to
2016 (19.74 tons). The decrease of fisheries resources is
not only due to exploitative actions that cause overfishing,
but the use of fishing gear that is not environmentally
friendly such as trawl bottom trawling, and decreased
carrying capacity of waters due to the degradation of
important fisheries habitat (Jia and Zhuang 2009; Wang et
al. 2010; Yu et al. 2015; Hasan et al. 2021). In ecology, the
habitat especially coral for some aquatic organisms
functions as a spawning ground (Mahendra et al. 2020;
Sektiana et al. 2022), nursery ground (Whitfield and
Pattrick 2015) and feeding ground (Brandl et al. 2020;
Higgins et al. 2022). Thus, the existence of an optimal
ISRONI et al. – Comparative study of the application fish apartments
4035
habitat is very important to support sustainable fisheries
resources (Yu et al. 2015).
One of the fast alternative innovations to making
habitat for aquatic organisms especially fish is the
application of fish apartments (Isroni 2019; Layman and
Allgeier 2020; Paxton et al. 2020; Brochier et al. 2021;
Vivier et al. 2021). The fish apartment is a means to
preserve the environment and increase fisheries resources
(Yu et al. 2015). Fish apartment consists of a building with
a hollow structure, consisting of solid matter and placed in
the water column (Isroni et al. 2019). The function as an
assembling place for aquatic organisms, especially fish
(Higgins et al. 2022). Fish apartments are manipulated to
increase the complexity of damaged coral reefs thereby
increasing natural productivity, by providing new artificial
for aquatic organisms (Gratwicke and Speight 2005) so that
they can contribute to the food chain process, including the
organisms that are target of production (Xu et al. 2017).
Other advantages, fish apartment can protect and restore
habitats for small or juvenile aquatic organisms as a
nursery ground (Hamel et al. 2021), and also protects
against waves, strong currents, and predators. The
existence of the fish apartments will also increase the
complexity of essential habitat, so the ecological functions
are similar to coral reef ecosystems (Isroni et al. 2019).
The application of fish apartment requires technical
considerations regarding the potential location also
monitoring of the existing condition of the surrounding fish
production. According to Bambang et al. (2011), the
placement or installation of fish apartments must have
several technical criteria that need to be considered in
relation to the conditions of the aquatic environment. In
addition, previous research on the application of fish
apartments has been successfully carried out in
Probolinggo (Isroni 2019). However, the application of fish
apartment Situbondo has not been evaluated. This study
will analyze the comparison of application fish apartments
based on different locations. This study will analyze the
oceanographic, accessibility, catch productivity and most
important is community through composition, diversity and
dominance of the fish in two different locations, namely
Situbondo and Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia.
Furthermore, this study also analyzes the business
feasibility in Situbondo for additional consideration.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
This research was conducted for one year, starting from
the application of the fish apartments. There are two
locations in East Java, Indonesia used for the application of
fish apartments, Karang Katon in Probolinggo District and
Karang Mayit Pasir Putih Beach in Situbondo District. The
details of location fish apartment application can be seen in
Table 1 and Figure 1.
Fish apartment
The main material for the construction of fish apartment
buildings is made of polypropylene or PP type plastic, as
can be seen in Figure 2. The choice of plastic as the main
material is due to the nature of the material which is easy to
shape, easy to ship, not easily damaged or rotted and easy
to assemble. According to Bambang et al. (2011), PP type
plastic is a transparent plastic that is not clear or cloudy,
and is stronger and lighter in nature with low vapor
permeability. Has good resistance to lipids, stable to high
temperatures and is quite shiny. Plastic is best when used
as food or beverage packaging. PP also has a fairly high
melting point (190-200°C) and a crystallization point (130-
135°C) and very high chemical resistance.
Table 1. Details of location fish apartment application
Location
Coordinates
Water depth
Administrative area
Location description
Karang Katon
113°12’45.70” E, 7°41’23” S
15 m
Probolinggo District
Moderate water flow, sandy mud substrate,
gentle breeze wave
Karang Mayit Beach
113°49'46.31" E, 7°41'26.83" S
13 m
Situbondo District
Moderate water flow, sandy mud substrate,
gentle breeze wave
Figure 1. The location of fish apartments in East Java, Indonesia: A. Karang Katon (Probolinggo), B. Karang Mayit Beach (Situbondo)
A
B
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Figure 2. Fish apartment contruction has the main material of polypropylene; A. fish apartment partition, B. fish apartment design
(Isroni et al. 2019)
Figure 3. Fish apartment contruction design; A. partition, B. submodule, C. module, D. Colony
The construction of the fish apartment is a frame that is
arranged to form a cube called a partition, the parts
arranged vertically and horizontally have the same size, 35
cm x 35 cm. Partitions are arranged vertically with a height
of about 140-175 cm or consist of 4-5 partitions forming
submodules. The four submodules are combined to form a
module and are given concrete ballast with a weight of 3 kg
and a size of 1100 mm x 125 mm x 125 mm. Groups of 4-6
modules are strung together using poles and guidelines.
Connected using a strap and given a can filled with cast
cement with a weight of 50 kg, called a colony. Several
colonies (50-60 colonies) placed in a certain area are called
groups. The fish apartment construction design in more
detail can be seen in Figure 3.
Data collection
The data consist of primary and secondary data. The
primary data is the collection of data directly at the
research location using field observation techniques,
interviews and questionnaires. The types of interviews
conducted in this study were structured interviews by
providing closed questions and providing a choice of
answers, and unstructured interviews by providing open
questions and respondents being able to detail the answers.
Secondary data is a method of collecting data obtained
from agencies or literature studies. Secondary data include
the data collected from relevant references such as journals,
article reviews, books and other valid resources.
Data analysis
The analytical method used in this study is a descriptive
approach using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) and a
valuative approach using community structure analysis of
catch productivity, scoring analysis, spatial maps and
business feasibility.
The Underwater Visual Census obtains data in the form
of photo or video documentation, recording species and
individual fish in and around the fish apartments, collecting
data on catches, monitoring the development and maintenance
of the fish apartments.
Community structure analysis included fish species
composition, abundance, diversity index, dominance index.
Fish species composition aims to determine the
percentage of the total species caught, the composition of
fish species is calculated by the following formula (Yang et
al. 2021):
Where: KJ: Composition of species, ni: Number of
individuals of each species, N: Number of individuals of all
species.
Abundance is the number of individuals and the number
of species found in the area of observation. The abundance
of reef fish can be calculated using the formula (Odum 1971):
A
B
C
D
A
B
ISRONI et al. – Comparative study of the application fish apartments
4037
Where: X: Abundance of fish, Xi = Number of fish at
the location, n = Observation transect area (m2).
Diversity index is used to get a mathematical
description of the population of organisms (Odum 1971).
Diversity can be calculated by the following formula:
Where: H’: Shannon Wiener species diversity index, Pi:
The proportion of the ratio of the number of individuals
species i (ni) to the number of individuals (N), i: 1, 2, … n,
S: Number of fish species
Domination index can be seen from the uniformity and
diversity index values. Small uniformity and diversity
index values indicate a high dominance of a species over
other species. The dominance index formula is as follows
(Odum 1971):
Where: C: Shannon Weiner domination index, pi:
Proportion of the i species (n) to the total number of fish ,
(N): n/N, s: Number of fish species.
The index value is based on between 0-1 with the
following criteria: (i) 0 < C < 0.5: Low dominance, (ii) 0.5
< C = 0.75: Moderate dominance, (iii) 0.75 < C < 1.0: High
dominance.
The productivity of the catch is obtained by comparing
the catch before and after the existence of the fish
apartment. Increases and decreases are expressed in
percent.
Scooring analysis was carried out to determine potential
points for placing fish apartements. Spatial map analysis is
carried out so that all GIS information or data in an area
can be stored, manipulated, and analyzed simultaneously
via a computer. According to Mulyanto (2011), there are 3
stages of spatial map analysis. The first stage, the required
input is the initial data or database, which is collected
during the survey and entered into the computer. The
second stage, process, GIS functions to call, manipulate
and analyze data stored on the computer. The last stage,
output, namely data that has been analyzed by GIS
provides information to users as a basis for decision
making.
Business feasibility analysis is divided into short-term
and long-term analysis. Short-term analysis includes total
revenue, profit, revenue cost (R/C) ratio, payback period.
Total revenue is formulated as follows:
Where: TR: Total revenue (IDR), P: Product (kg), Q:
Product prize (IDR/kg).
Profit or net income/benefit is calculated by the
following formula:
Where: TR: Total revenue, TC: Total cost (fixed cost +
variable cost)
Revenue cost (R/C) ratio is the ratio between total
revenue and total costs incurred, calculated using the
following formula:
Where: TR: Total revenue, TC: Total cost (fixed cost +
variable cost)
Criteria: R/C > 1 means the business is feasible, R/C <
1 means the business is not feasible
Payback periode (PP) is the period of return on
investment capital that will be paid through profits earned
by a business. PP is a method of knowing how quickly
investment returns, calculated using the formula:
Long term analysis includes net present value, internal
rate of return, B/C (benefit cost) ratio.
Net present value NPV is the difference between
revenue and expenditure that has been presented in value,
formulated as follows:
Where: Bt: Benefit in year t, Ct: Cost in year t, n:
Economic life of a fishing business, i: Prevailing interest
rate.
Criteria: NPV > 0: business is selected, NPV < 0:
business is not selected/not feasible.
Internal rate of return (IRR) is the interest rate which
illustrates that the present value of benefits and costs is
equal to 0, formulated as follows:
Where: i’: the interest rate at the first inteIDRolation,
i”: the interest rate at the second inteIDRolation, NPV’: the
NPV value at the first discount rate, NPV”: the NPV value
at the second discount rate.
Criteria: IRR > interest rate: business is selected, NPV
< interest rate: business is not selected/not feasible.
B/C ratio is the ratio between total profit and total
expenditure the formulation is as follows:
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Criteria: B/C>0 then it is feasible, PI<0 is not feasible
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Existing condition of fish apartment
Based on the survey results, physically the structure of
the fish apartments in two locations, namely Karang Katon
(Probolinggo) and Karang Mayit Beach (Situbondo), is still
solid with moss and algae growing, after 1 year of
application (Figure 4).
Community structure
The composition of fish species based on UVC survey
results, in Probolinggo found 5 species of fish namely
Caesio cuning (redbelly yellowtail fusilier), Acanthurus
achilles (achilles tang), Acanthurus albipectoralis (whitefin
surgeonfish), Sphyraena jello (banded barracuda), Apogon
novemfasciatus (seven striped cardinalfish). While the
composition of the fish on Situbondo, there were 3 species
of reef fish. These species include Acanturus nicricauda
(eye-line sturgeon), Chaetodon octofasciatus (butterfly
fishes), Lates calcarifer (Asian sea bass). Comparison of
fish composition can be seen in Figure 5. Picture of each
species can be seen in Table 2.
Abundance based on UVC survey results, in
Probolinggo the highest abundance was a A. achilles and
the lowest was A. novemfasciatus, while in Situbondo the
highest abundance was C. octofasciatus and the lowest by
L. calcalifer. Comparison of fish abundance can be seen in
Figure 6.
Figure 4. Primary photo of UVC results related to the physical condition of the existing fish apartment after one year of application. A.
Karang Katon (Probolinggo). B. Karang Mayit Beach (Situbondo)
Figure 5. Comparison of fish apartments composition in
Probolinggo and Situbondo
Figure 6. Comparison of the abundance of fish apartments in
Probolinggo and Situbondo
Gain
A
B
ISRONI et al. – Comparative study of the application fish apartments
4039
Table 2. Picture of each species in the different location
Species
Picture
Caesio cuning (redbelly yellowtail fusilier)
Acanthurus achilles (achilles tang)
Acanthurus albipectoralis (whitefin surgeonfish)
Sphyraena jello (banded barracuda)
Apogon novemfasciatus (sevenstriped cardinalfish)
Acanturus nicricauda (eye-line sturgeon)
Chaetodon octofasciatus (butterfly fishes)
Lates calcarifer (Asian sea bass)
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The diversity index based on the results of the UVC
survey, in Probolinggo showed a value of-1.280, while in
Karang Mayit Situbondo Beach it was-0.853. Comparison
of fish diversity can be seen in Figure 7.
Catch productivity
The productivity of the catch can be known through the
response of reef fish to fish apartments in two locations, the
survey results show a positive pattern. The detail of
difference in catch productivity in two different locations
can be seen in Table 3.
Aspects of oceanographic parameters
The depth of the waters in Probolinggo was obtained
from bathymetric sonding data in the study area with
coordinate positions of 113°12’45.70” E and 7°41’23” S at
a depth of 15 m. Meanwhile, Situbondo, with the
coordinates of 112°40’40.80” E, 8°26’23.00” S at a depth
of 13 meters. Both are in the category of ideal waters
(Bambang et al. 2011). Bathymetry is used to understand
the character of the environment, bathymetry data after
being processed will produce a contour map and is used to
know the location of the seabed which tends to be
relatively flat so that it can be used for placing fish
apartments.
The dominance index based on the results of the UVC
survey, in Probolinggo obtained a value of 0.343, while in
Situbondo it obtained a value 0.496. Comparison of fish
dominance can be seen in Figure 8.
The slope of Probolinggo in this study has a slope with
a percentage of 6-11%, while Situbondo has a slope of 4-
10%. Both are in the bottom category of sloping waters
suitable for placing fish apartments (Adiwijaya 2016). The
currents in this study were also measured, in Probolinggo
the results were 0.1-0.4 m/s classified as moderate currents,
while in Situbondo the results were the same 0.1-0.4 m/s,
also included in moderate currents (Yusuf et al. 2012).
Waves were measured using the ECMWF which resulted in
a maximum wave height of 1.2 m, a minimum wave of
0.05, and a significant wave of 0.569 m at Probolinggo.
Meanwhile, a maximum wave height of 1.1 m and a
minimum wave of 0.04 m were obtained at Situbondo.
Both of these locations have sea wave values belonging to
the Gentle Breeze on the Beaufort scale. Gentle Breeze is a
scale with a value of 4 and belongs to a low wave height
(Risanti and Marfai 2020).
Figure 7. Comparison of the diversity of fish apartments
Probolinggo and Situbondo
Figure 8. Comparison of the dominance of fish apartments
Probolinggo and Situbondo
Table 3. Difference in catch productivity in two different locations
Aspects analyzed
Probolinggo
Situbondo
Percentage increase based on
fish category
Increasing the percentage of fish categories in
the area of herbivorous, omnivorous and
carnivorous fish apartments based on the age at
which the fish apartments were placed. The
percentage of the plankton feeder reef fish
category was dominated by juvenile fish with
the percentage of 63.90%, the other is large
fish.
Increasing the percentage of fish categories in the
area of herbivorous and carnivorous fish
apartments based on the age at which the fish
apartments were placed. The percentage of the
plankton feeder reef fish category was dominated
by juvenile fish with a percentage of 90.46%, the
other is large fish.
Fish dominance based on fish
category
Plankton feeder fish: family of Caesionidae
Plankton feeder fish species C. octofasciatus and
A. nicricauda
Herbivorous fish: family of Achanturidae
Herbivorous fish: species L. calcaliver
Carnivorous fish: family of Sphraenidae
-
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Temperatures were measured in the afternoon and
evening which showed a range of 28-31.3°C at
Probolinggo, and a range of 28-32°C at Situbondo. Both
are included in the good category according to Messmer et
al. (2017), namely in the range of 28-31°C, also required
by Riegl et al. (2015), concerning water quality standards
for marine biota in coral reef areas is 28-32°C. The
brightness was measured using a Secchi disk, at
Probolinggo it showed 5-7 m or 50-70%, while at
Situbondo it was 7-9 m or 70-90%. The brightness for
marine life in good coral reef areas is >5 m (Kurnia 2019).
pH measurements at Probolinggo showed results of 7.8-8.1,
while those at Situbondo showed 7.4-7.8. The pH that
meets seawater quality standards for the survival of marine
biota is around 8.0 (Plaisance et al. 2021; Jha et al. 2023).
Salinity was also observed, at Probolinggo the results were
33.3-34 ppt, while at Situbondo the results were 31.1-33.4
ppt. Salinity that meets seawater quality standards for the
survival of marine biota is 33-38 ppt with average of 35 ppt
(Rugebregt and Nurhati 2020).
The bottom substrate was sampled to determine the
percentage of sediment fraction in the waters. Both
locations consist of the same fractions namely gravel, sand
and mud. This type of sandy sediment is suitable for fish
apartment substrate (Bambang et al. 2011). More details
regarding aspects of oceanographic parameters are
tabulated in Table 4, which can be seen below.
Aspect of determining other potential locations
Apart from oceanographic parameter aspects, there are
other technical aspects to determine potential locations for
fish apartments. The accessibility aspect of the two
locations seen from the distance of the fish apartment for
installation and monitoring shows that the points are
affordable, 4 m for Probolinggo and 320 m for Situbondo.
Community aspects through interviews to get input
regarding potential location points for fish apartments, as
well as positive support from the community.
Business feasibility analysis
Business feasibility analysis of fishing with handline
fishing gear in the fish apartment area, detailed in advance
the costs required. Costs consist of investment costs, fixed
costs and variable costs. More details can be seen in Table
5. Analysis of short-term business feasibility includes total
revenue or receipts obtained in the fishing unit business in
the fish apartment area with handline fishing gear, which
results from selling fish through grilled stalls and
collectors. Annual average revenue of IDR 110,250,000.00.
More details can be seen in Table 6.
Profit is the difference between the total revenue and
total cost. The average profit earned in one year is IDR
69,283,333.00. More details can be seen in Table 7.
R/C (revenue cost) ratio for the handline fishing gear
business in the fish apartment area in Situbondo District is
2.69. This means that the business can be said to be
feasible and profitable because the R/C value is greater
than 1 (R/C>1). The greater the R/C value, the more
feasible the business. In other words, the R/C Ratio value
of 2.69 means that for every IDR 10,000 spent, the
Handline fishing business earns IDR 269,000 in revenue.
Payback periods, the faster the payback time, the better
the business is to continue. Payback Periods calculation
results show that the time required to be able to return all
investment costs incurred for the handline fishing business
in the fish apartment area is 2 months and 3 days. This
shows that the business is feasible to run because
investment capital can be obtained in less than 1 year.
Analysis of short-term business feasibility, net present
value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), B/C (benefit-
cost) ratio, the results of the analysis can be seen in Table
8.
Table 4. Aspects of oceanographic parameters in two different locations for the criteria of habitat live
Parameters
Measurement results
Criteria
Reference
Probolinggo
Situbondo
Probolinggo
Situbondo
Depth
15 m
13 m
Ideal
Ideal
10-25 m (Bambang et al. 2011)
Slope
6-11%
4-10%
Sloping
(Suitable)
Sloping
(Suitable)
4-10% (Adiwijaya 2016)
Current
0.1-0.4 m/s
0.1-0.4 m/s
Moderate
(Suitable)
Moderate
(Suitable)
<0.5 m/s (Yusuf et al. 2012)
Wave
Max: 1.1 m
Min: 0.04 m
Max: 1.2 m
Min: 0.05 m
Gentle breeze
(Suitable)
Gentle breeze
(Suitable)
Including scale 4 (Risanti and Marfai
2020)
Temperature
28-31.3°C
28-32°C
Ideal
Ideal
28-31 °C (Messmer et al. 2017)
28-32 °C (Riegl et al. 2015)
Brightness
5-7 m
7-9 m
Ideal
Ideal
>5m (Kurnia 2019)
pH
7.8-8.1
7.4-7.8
Still ideal
Still ideal
Around 8.0 (Plaisance et al. 2021; Jha et
al. 2023)
Salinity
33.3-34 ppt
31.1-33.4 ppt
Ideal
Ideal
33-38 ppt. average 35 ppt (Rugebregt
and Nurhati 2020)
Bottom
substrate
Sandy mud
Sandy mud
Ideal
Ideal
Sandy mud (Bambang et al. 2011)
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Table 5. Cost requirements for handline business analysis around
fish apartments
Component
Volume
Value (IDR)
Investment
Fiberglass boat
1 unit
8,000,000
Outboard engine size 15 PK
1 unit
5,000,000
Handline fishing gear
1 set
150,000
Total
13.150.000
Fixed
Ship deprecation costs
15 years
533,333
Engine deprecation costs
10 years
500,000
Ship maintenance costs
1 year
2,000,000
Engine maintenance costs
1 year
1,000,000
Fishing equipment maintenance costs
1 year
50,000
Total
4.083.333
Variable
Bait (@50.000/day)
7 months
10,500,000
Supplies (Food, etc) (@50.000/day)
7 months
10,500,000
Fuel (@75.000/day)
7 months
15,750,000
Total
36.750.000
Table 6. The average revenue of handline fishing gear in the fish
apartment area
Description
Volume
Unit
Revenue
(IDR)
Number of catch per day
15
kg
300,000
Catch day
210 (7 months)
day
110,250,000
Table 7. The average profit of handline fishing gear in the fish
apartment area
Description
Amount (IDR)
Total revenue
110,250,000
Fixed costs
4,216,667
Variable costs
36,750,000
Profit
69,283,333
Table 8. Summary of the long term feasibility of handline fishing
gear in the fish apartment area
Description
Value
NPV
IDR 302,373,601
IRR
0.38%
B/C Ratio
26.30
Based on Table 8, the average NPV value of handline
fishing gear in the fish apartment area is IDR
302.373.601,67. The NPV of the business is positive, this
indicates that the business is feasible to continue. The
higher the NPV of the business, the better the business is.
The average IRR value for handline fishing gear in the
fish apartment area is 0.38%. The criterion is if the IRR >
the interest rate prevailing at that time then the project will
be selected, if the IRR < the interest rate prevailing at that
time then the project will not be selected.
The B/C (benefit cost) ratio value is 26.30. This shows
that the handline business around the fish apartment area is
feasible and profitable, because B/C>0. The greater the B/C
value, the more feasible the business will be.
Discussion
Many studies related to coral damage have been carried
out, which is an important habitat for marine organisms,
coral damage can be due to natural factors such as climate
change, waves, floods and earthquakes, while other factors
are human factors, such as destructive activities on coral
reefs, the use of fishing gear that destroys coral reefs, coral
harvesting for calcium sources (Lamb et al. 2015; Isroni et
al. 2019; Takeshige et al. 2021). In the last half-century, the
degradation of coral reefs in Indonesia has increased from
10% to 50% (Burke et al. 2002). Case studies on coral
damage at several points around the Paiton Probolinggo
PLTU show that as much as 726 m2 of the total observed
area of 1.400 m2 experienced bleaching due to temperature
changes (Jaelani and Afifi 2016). Another case related to
coral taking, in the Situbondo area has reached a dangerous
level of more than 80% (Ainurohim et al. 2010). Damaged
corals result in reduced catches, smaller fish catches, and
the loss of several fish species in these waters (Edinger et
al. 1998; Ragnarsson et al. 2017).
Based on the research results, the existing condition of
the fish apartment physically for 1 year in Situbondo same
if compare with Probolinggo, which showed good and
sturdy condition, as well as overgrown with moss and
algae, which indicated that a new ecosystem was starting to
form. Fish apartments can be used for artificial corals,
which will engineer upwelling and carry nutrients, thereby
influencing phytoplankton growth (Yu et al. 2015). The
existence of nutrients will trigger and increase the growth
of phytoplankton, then zooplankton, as the basis for
forming a food chain (Araujo et al. 2022).
When compared with survey data related to catch
productivity which shows the presence of plankton feeder
fish in both locations. The existence of herbivorous fish in
two locations, shows that the initial organisms that make up
the ecosystem are producer organisms, namely algae
attached to the fish apartment, so herbivorous fish use the
fish apartment as a place to feed ground, besides the
presence of gastropods, mollusks and echinoderms live and
settle in fish apartment. So, in the future, it will certainly
stimulate higher consumer animals (carnivores) to come.
Artificial reefs not only provide spawning, nursery and
adult habitats but also increase fish abundance, many
research that artificial reefs have been proven to attract fish
and increase catch rates (McLean et al. 2015). This is
consistent with what happened to the fish apartment in
Probolinggo, namely from the Sphyraenidae family.
Although carnivorous fish have not been found in fish
apartments in Situbondo, according to the fish apartments
that were successfully implemented in Probolinggo, and in
terms of the pattern of ecosystem formation, fish
apartments in Situbondo should after this invite the
presence of more omnivorous or carnivorous fish.
ISRONI et al. – Comparative study of the application fish apartments
4043
Observation of community structure was carried out to
determine the effect on organisms, especially reef fish. The
composition of reef fish in both locations was divided into
two major groups, namely indicator fish and major fish. In
Probolinggo the dominating indicator fish were A. achilles,
A. albipectoralis, and A. novemfasciatus, followed by the
major fish, namely S. jello and C. cuning, while at
Situbondo the indicator fish were dominated by C.
octofasciatus and A. nicricauda, followed by the major
fish, namely L. calcalifer. Indicator fish are fish that
usually present healthy corals, it indicate the quality of the
waters is still good and not polluted (Hamel et al. 2021).
Major fish are small-sized fish, colorful fish species,
commonly called ornamental fish. The presence of major
fish whose characteristics are clustered will affect the
overall ecological index of reef fish (Kojansow et al. 2022).
Based on the survey, the composition of fish apartments in
Probolinggo is indeed higher when compared to fish
apartments in Situbondo. However, both represent indicator
fish and major fish. The presence of indicator and major
fish indicates that the fish apartment can carry out its
function as an assembling place for fish (Isroni et al. 2019).
The highest abundance of fish in the fish apartment of
Situbondo, is from the fish species C. octofasciatus. That
difference if compared with fish apartments in Probolinggo
were most abundant by A. achilles, besides that fish were
also found in the same genus, namely A. nicricauda, in
Situbondo. C. octofasciatus is an obligate collarivore or
obligate coral feeder so its abundance is closely related to
coral cover, especially hard corals (Madduppa et al. 2014).
Acanturus nicricauda was also found, the abundance in
Situbondo was found quite a lot after C. octofasciatus.
Sturgeon fish or Acanthurus indeed varied and belongs to
the circumtropical species that live in coral reef ecosystems,
this species plays a dominant ecological role as herbivores
(Marshell and Mumby 2015), and small number of these
species are also zooplankton eaters (Friedman et al. 2016;
Rowlett 2018). Acanthurus is a kind of planktivorous fish
(Goren et al. 2009). That is also different with fish
apartment in Probolinggo, C. cuning is the second of high
abundance fish after A. Achilles, including semi-pelagic
associated with corals (Ackiss et al. 2013). C. cuning is the
main catch of fishermen in Sulawesi Indonesia (Kojansow
et al. 2022). C. cuning consume phytoplankton and
zooplankton so that include plankton feeder (Valenzuela et
al. 2021). The two species above play an important role in
the formation of ecosystems. It means, the fish apartment
in Situbondo also can become an artificial reef for habitat
preservation.
The lowest abundance of A. novemfasciatus in
Probolinggo is due to its habitat on a muddy bottom, and L.
calcarifer which is also the lowest in Situbondo does not
live coral, and only eats small fish (Isroni et al. 2019).
Correlating to the results of fisheries catch survey, in which
no carnivorous fish were found in Situbondo, because L.
calcarifer does not live at coral and the abundance is low,
from here it can be seen that the presence of fish in fish
apartments stimulates carnivorous fish. S. jello is found in
Probolinggo but not found in Situbondo, which has the
nickname sea wolf because of its cruelty and aggressive
behavior when preying. S. jello inhabits coral reefs as a
safe shelter for it (Hosseini et al. 2009).
Diversity is high if the diversity index value (H') is >3;
moderate 1<H'<3 and low if H'<1 (Magurran 1998). Fish
apartments in Probolinggo include to moderate, however,
fish apartments in Situbondo include to low index of
diversity, which might be influenced by many factors,
especially different aquatic environments, both locations
have different depths of fish apartments application,
although both have an ideal location seen from the survey
results of oceanographic parameters. However, both
locations do not have a high diversity it possible due to the
relatively short time spent on fish apartments, but it is not
impossible that the abundance of fish species in two
locations has the potential to stimulate and trigger more
complex and diverse food chain dynamics than before.
According to Rizwan et al. (2017), many factors is
threatened fish diversity, like human activity, but the most
significant factors are habitat modification, overharvest and
introduced species. The diversity index is influenced by
species richness and the evenness of the individuals that
make up a community. The higher the species richness, the
higher the diversity index and vice versa.
The dominance index of both locations is low, namely
in the range 0 < C < 0.5. High dominance if the dominance
index value (C) is 0.75 < C < 1.0 ; moderate 0.5 < C = 0.75
and low if 0 < C < 0.5 (Odum 1971). Dominance index
describes the size of the number of individuals between
species/genus in a community. The more even distribution
of individuals between species, the balance of the ecosystem
will increase (Rizwan et al. 2017).
Based on oceanographic data and accessibility, although
the application of a fish apartment in Situbondo is different
when compared to the application of a fish apartment in
Probolinggo, it is also included in the ideal category for
application of a fish apartment. Furthermore, regarding the
analysis aspect of the catch productivity of fisheries and the
community structure, the application of fish apartments in
Situbondo is successful and has a high potential to continue
to increase. However, further monitoring is needed to
determine the future existing condition of the fish apartment
in Situbondo. In addition, analysis of business feasibility
use handling fishing gear has good or profitable results.
This result also corroborates the fact that fish apartments
can become artificial habitats and serve similar ecological
functions as natural reefs, this is also in accordance with
other research about artificial reefs (Jones et al. 2020). So,
fish apartment can be a location for new food chain
dynamics and ecosystems, thereby spurring the sustainability
of fishery resources and increasing fishery productivity.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
We thank all parties who collaborated to complete this
study, especially the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Office
of East Java Province, Indonesia.
B I O D I V E R S I T A S
24 (7): 4034-4045, July 2023
4044
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