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* Corresponding author : pranitabanerjee96@gmail.com
Effects of Glass Fibre on the Strength and
Properties of Concrete
Pranita Banerjee*, Mohammad Saad Habib, Sachin Kuckian, Yasser Al Balushi and Samya
Al Hashami
Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East College, Oman
Abstract. In the modern world, people are building very complicated civil
engineering buildings. As the most important and commonly used material,
concrete is often asked to have very high strength and enough workability. In
the area of concrete technology, people are trying to make these kinds of
concrete with unique properties. This study investigates the possibility of
using glass fibre at different percentages as a partial replacement of fine
aggregate. The procedure was followed as per the BS EN requirements.
There did not seem to be a drastic change in the compressive strength as
compared to the M30 grade concrete. The results of these factors are
compared to those of standard C30-grade concrete. The flexural strength
increased as the amount of glass fibre increased. The slump value decreased
as the amount of glass fibre increased. Thus, a lower percentage of glass fibre
would be an appropriate solution to deal with major parameters of concrete
like compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability. The utilisation
of the waste glass fibre in concrete would be a good option to some extent
and a way for a sustainable approach.
1 Introduction
As the number of buildings and roads has grown, the amount of concrete used has grown at
a very fast rate. Because people are using more concrete, the fine and coarse stones that are
the main natural ingredients in concrete are quickly running out. Everywhere in the world,
the construction industry meets problems and big challenges, such as lack of workers, quality
of output, protecting the environment, public transportation, water management, raw
materials, durability and design life of building products, resistance to chemicals, etc. [10].
So, we need cement alternatives that can be mixed in without making the cement less
effective. A better idea would be to add things to the product that can make it work better.
Using rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, and other products, several studies have been done.
Think about how a new ingredient will combine with other elements in the short and long
term, as well as how it will affect the material's compressive strength, flexural strength,
workability, durability, permeability, tensile strength, bond, and homogeneity. Performance
needs are also affected by mixing, mixing time, transportation methods, placement, the use
of additives, curing methods, and weather conditions. Glass fibre is an industrial waste, and
how to get rid of it has become a big environmental problem in recent years. Adding this to
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© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
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a concrete mix will not only help with proper disposal, but it will also improve the qualities
of concrete, which is used for many different things. Glass-fibre-reinforced concrete can be
used in a wide range of building projects, especially when the structure needs to be strong
but the work needs to be light and smooth. In these situations, replacing concrete with glass
fibre can help a lot to get the results you want while keeping costs down. When glass fibre
was added to concrete, it didn't change how strong it was under pressure, but i t did make it
stronger in other ways. It was also found to have less slump value and workability. In this
study, normal C30-grade concrete is made by replacing up to 1.5% of the fine aggregate with
glass fibres that are 25 micrometres wide and 5 cm long. The fibres are easy to find because
they come from businesses that make glass. So, using these fibres not only makes the concrete
stronger but also makes it easier to get rid of industrial waste. Also, it is known that the
threads prevent things from drying out, shrinking, cracking, and shrinking in plastic. In this
study, the glass fibre used is 25 micrometres wide, 5 cm long, and has a specific gravity of
1.2 at 250 °C. Even a small amount of glass fibre can change the design mix a lot. In this
study, the glass fibre used is 25 micrometres wide, 5 cm long, and has a specific gravity of
1.2 at 250 °C. Because these fibres take up so much room, it is almost impossible to use them
for more than 2% of the weight of fine aggregate. Even a small amount can change the design
mix in a big way. GFC stands for "Glass Fibre Concrete." It is made with Portland cement,
fine aggregate, water, and glass fibre that can stand up to alkalis, and chemicals. In many
countries, it is called GFC, which stands for Glass Fibre Concrete. Among the many good
things about the GFC are: Ability to Make Lightweight Panels: GFC panels have the same
mass as concrete, but they can be made much thinner than concrete panels, which makes
them lighter. GFC also has high compressive, bending, and pulling strength. When there are
a lot of glass fibres, the concrete has high tensile strength. When there are a lot of polymers,
the concrete is flexible and doesn't crack easily. Proper scrim reinforcing makes things
stronger and is necessary for tasks where cracks can't be seen. The ratio of cement to water
is 0.45. The chosen ratio was 1:1:2. Fine aggregate: coarse gravel Randomly, samples of
concrete were made with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of the fine material replaced by glass fibres.
Samples for compression tests were made in 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cast iron cubes, and
samples for bending tests were made in 700mm x 150mm x 150mm moulds. After 24 hours,
the samples were put in tanks to cure for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Three cubes were
made for every 1% of glass strands. In the same way, the workability of each percentage of
glass fibre is reported by taking the average of three slump test results.
2 Literature Review
[5] The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of C20, C30, C40, and C50 alkali-
resistant glass-fibre concrete were investigated and it was discovered that fibres with a high
aspect ratio are much less manageable. [2] explained how replacing some of the fine
aggregates in foamed concrete with GRP waste ground fibre might boost strength without
increasing weight. It was discovered that the fire resistance of the concrete had been greatly
enhanced. [14] Glass fibre concrete is an innovative technology. The strength of concrete
should always be improved. Micro reinforcing fibres are used to increase the tensile strength,
crack resistance, and other qualities of concrete. This style of concrete is also frequently seen
in the exteriors of buildings and other architectural contexts. [25] The mechanical properties
of geopolymer concrete composites. These composites included glass fibres, fly ash, and
alkaline liquids. Fly ash was used in place of Portland cement, and a 0.4-to-1 ratio of alkaline
liquid to fly ash was used in the experiment. Increasing amounts of fibreglass (0.01%, 0.02%,
and 0.03%) were added to the mixture. Based on the results of the trial, the geopolymer
concrete composite material was superior to both geopolymer concrete and OPC. To further
explore the mechanical properties of GPC with fibreglass, another experiment was conducted
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in an oven at 60 °C. GPC was shown to have higher flexural, compressive, and split tensile
strengths than GPC cured at ambient temperatures. The following tables show the results of
several different GFRC trials. [7] Comparisons of compressive and flexural strengths can be
seen in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. [7] Compressive strength comparison.
Author
Type of
concrete
Grade of
concrete
No of
days
Compressive strength
With GF (MPa)
Without GF
(MPa)
Yogesh Murthy, et
al (2012)
OPC with
waste GF
(replacement
for
aggregate)
M30
28
38.22
24.26
Chandramouli K,
et al (2010)
OPC along
with AR GF
(additional)
M30
28
48.56
28.49
Satish Kumar, et
al (2012)
Geopolymer
concrete
(used as
100%
replacement
for OPC)
-
28
27.58
36.33
K. Vijay, et al
(2012)
Geopolymer
concrete
(used as
100%
replacement
for OPC)
-
28
25.87
38.28
Table 2. [7] Flexural strength comparison.
Author
Type of
Concrete
Grade of
concrete
No of
days
Flexural strength
With GF (MPa)
Without GF (MPa)
Yogesh
Murthy, et al
(2012)
OPC with
waste GF
(used as a
replacement
for
aggregate)
M30
28
4.5
4.1
Chandramouli
K, et al
(2010)
OPC along
with AR GF
(additional))
M30
28
4.78
4.12
K. Vijay, et al
(2012)
Geopolymer
concrete
(used as
100%
replacement
for OPC)
-
28
5.31
5.4
Performance is based on concrete's longevity and strength. Improve the quality of your
concrete by increasing the amount of aggregate and binder, cutting down on the amount of
water, switching to a better curing technique, and compacting the mix well. [19] The
toughness and durability of concrete are also affected by its pore size and composition.
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Concrete's attributes of rigidity, high compressive strength, and durability resulted in a
conclusion that concrete is the most commonly utilised material in building worldwide.
Continuously deformed steel bars and pre-stressed tendons are frequently used as
reinforcement. The aggregate, cementitious material, water, and a few other materials used
in concrete can be altered to make it stronger and longer-lasting. For these and other reasons,
concrete is often cited as a versatile building material. [6] Researches on way to improve the
strength and durability of building materials while keeping up with contemporary standards.
Both synthetic and natural fibres are suitable for this purpose. The percentage of fibres in the
concrete ranged from 0.025 percent to 0.075 percent of the material's total mass. Fibre is
added to concrete to increase its tensile and ductile strengths, as found in a study. [17]
Fibreglass reinforcing bars are inserted into pre-existing concrete for reinforcement.
Concrete technology has recently incorporated the use of glass fibres, among other fibres. To
create fibre-reinforced concrete, a fibrous substance is mixed with the concrete. Those
filaments are short. These fibres have no discernible pattern or orientation. The utilization of
fibres is demonstrated in this study. There is a wide range of different types and sizes of these
fibres on the market. Crack resistance, tensile strength, and durability can all be enhanced by
the use of concrete fibres. extensibility. The fibre helps hold the concrete particles together
even after extensive cracking. [26] Compressive strength of concrete (C25 grade) with
fibreglass added and shows that replacing cementitious material with glass fibre did not
influence compressibility or flexural strength to a great extent. [5] It was found that in
polymer concrete consisting of 20% polymer and 80% fine aggregate, the rupture modulus
was roughly 22 MPa. The rupture modulus was raised by 20% and the fracture toughness
was lowered by 55% when roughly 1.5% chopped glass fibre was added to the concrete mix.
Fibreglass' beneficial effects include greater deformation force and higher toughness. [21]
Various fibres impacted the durability of concrete. The results found concluded that freshly
produced concrete lost some of its workability when glass fibre was added to the mix. Wavy
or curly fibres have a greater slump than straight fibres. [27] According to another research,
glass fibre-reinforced concrete is a viable material that can be used to increase both the
compressive and tensile strengths of the mixture and should not be discarded simply because
it is considered waste by the glass industry. The "Review on the Performance of Glass Fibre
Reinforced Concrete 283, " demonstrates that it is possible to accurately predict the flexural
capacity of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. Long beams reinforced with FDRP
bars can be controlled using deflection criteria, while GFRP bars have a low modulus of
elasticity. [16] The addition of AR glass fibres to concrete improves its resistance to acid.
Glass fibre-reinforced concrete was shown to have reduced chloride permeability in
comparison to conventional concrete. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect
of fibreglass on the mechanical characteristics and strength of concrete. It was found that the
mixture bled significantly less, leading to greater consistency and a lower possibility of
cracks. Different types of concrete saw increases of up to 20% in tensile and flexural strength
and approximately 25% in compressive strength. [28] Studies show that the quality of glass-
fibre in reinforced concrete is extremely important because of their significance in the overall
process of making concrete, the effects on permeability, durability, and strength were the
primary foci of the research. If regular stirrups may be omitted, glass fibres become a more
attractive reinforcement material. Adding fibres to concrete is done primarily to increase the
composite's resistance to cracking, abrasion, and tensile stress. [16] Concrete is weak under
tension, its tensile strength might be increased by adding glass fibres, which would not allow
the particles to separate easily. Glass fibres added to the concrete mix boost the material's
compressive strength by a small amount after 28 days. The amount of glass fibre used in
concrete has been found to have a positive effect on the material's compressive strength,
flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength. The high surface area of glass fibres makes
them susceptible to chemical assault, but the air they trap within their structure makes them
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good thermal insulators (their thermal conductivity is on the order of 0.05 w/(mk)). Virgin
or pristine fibres are glass fibres that have not been processed in any way other than during
manufacturing. When fibres are unprocessed and at their thinnest, they have the greatest
degree of pliability. Scratching the surface of glass weakens it because the material lacks a
distinct shape and its characteristics are uniform along and across the fibre. Humidity affects
tensile strength. The incorporation of moisture aggravates already-present microscopic
fissures and surface flaws and weakens the material. Glass fibres improve a material's
strength by making it more difficult to distort, and they improve toughness by making it more
difficult for cracks to spread.
3 Methodology
Using the cement grade C30 described above, four different kinds of concrete mixtures were
made. One of the concrete mixtures did not have any glass fibre in it, while the other three
did. The Euro code was used to describe how to make concrete, and all the steps that were
taken were in line with the Euro code. When doing the compressive strength test on the
samples, BS EN 12390-3:2002 is used. When doing the bending strength test on the samples,
BS EN 12390-5:2002 is used. Concrete mixes with glass fibre were made by replacing some
of the fine aggregates with glass fibre.
Table 3. Material Specification.
S.no.
Ingredient
Specification
1
Cement
• PCC grade 43,
• Specific gravity: 3.15
• Fineness: 4%
2
Fine aggregate
• Crushed angular
• Specific gravity: 2.65
• Fineness modulus: 6
3
Coarse aggregate
• Natural sand
• Specific gravity: 2.65
• Fineness modulus: 2.77
Concrete with glass fibre replacing 5%, 10%, and 15% of the fine aggregate mass was made
in addition to ordinary concrete (no glass fibre present). The proportion of water to cement
is 0.45. The selected proportion was 1:3:2. Random proportions of cement, fine aggregate,
and coarse aggregate were combined to make concrete samples in which various amounts of
glass fibre were substituted for the fine aggregate. Cast iron cubes 150 mm on a side were
used for the compression tests, whereas cubes 700 mm on a side were used for the flexural
tests. First, per the detailed plans and calculations, the necessary ingredients for the concrete
mix were sourced. Cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate were among the
materials deployed. Cement sand and coarse aggregate were the initial dry ingredients put
into the concrete mixer before it was spun for many minutes. All of the dry ingredients were
properly blended thanks to the mixing. Water was added after the mixture had been stirred
for several minutes. The water was not supplied all at once but rather in stages over several
minutes. This ensured that water was able to reach all areas of the machine and effectively
mix the ingredients. After the concrete mixture was thoroughly combined, the machine was
put in a stop position and rotated such that the aperture faced downward. A tray was placed
under the machine to catch the mixture as it was produced. The blocks were made by pouring
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ready-mixed concrete into moulds that had been greased before the concrete mix was
prepared. After pouring the concrete mixture into a third of the mould, it was compacted
using tamping. Similar methods of construction were used for the subsequent two tiers. After
the mould was filled and tamped, the tamping rod was rubbed over the top to smooth out the
surface and remove any stray bits of concrete. The same batch of concrete was used to make
three separate moulds. After placing the moulds on the vibrating table, the material was
allowed to settle and achieve optimal compaction.
Fig. 1. Dry mixing of glass fibre with coarse and fine aggregates.
[11] Dry mixing of the components is extremely important as the replacement of fine
aggregate by glass fibre and size distribution glass effects various on packing density,
hardened density and water absorption.
Fig. 2. Casting the Concrete mixture in moulds and compaction in the laboratory using the vibrating
table.
It is well known that compaction method influences the physical properties of compacted
concrete specimens. In this research the vibration method has been used for compacting the
concrete samples that have been cast into moulds. [13] Vibratory compacting is concerned
with the transition of a concrete mixture to a liquid state under the influence of vibration.
This causes a significant decrease in viscous resistance forces and the appearance of the
process of particles approaching, primarily under the influence of gravity via the action of
dynamic forces. Hence, for this study the method of vibration was adopted for the compaction
of concrete.
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Fig. 3. Concrete moulds prepared by mixing glass fibre.
The above samples were prepared with varying amount of glass fibre added to the concrete
mix. Three sets of samples were prepared, each having different proportion of glass fibre. All
the samples were cast into 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cast iron cubes.
Fig. 4. Completed Concrete blocks prepared with glass fibre Concrete.
Concrete in moulds was given a full day to settle and dry. After 24 hours, the moulds were
unscrewed and opened, and the exposed Concrete blocks were cured in the tank for another
14 days and 28 days.
Fig. 5. Curing the Concrete blocks.
After 14 days, two blocks of each prepared concrete mixture were removed from the curing
tank, and the remaining blocks were removed after 28 days. The concrete blocks were
subsequently evaluated. The blocks were inserted in the compression and flexure testing
machines. The results were documented, and the values for each block was computed.
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4 Results and Discussions
In order to compare the results acquired by testing the blocks of varying the amount of glass
fibre added. The blocks were tested after 14 and 28 days of curing respectively, figure 6
displays the compressive strength test results.
Fig. 6. Compressive strength test results for Concrete samples prepared with varying amount of fine
aggregate replaced with glass fibre after curing for 14 and 28 days respectively.
Fig. 7. Flexural strength test results for Concrete samples prepared with varying amount of fine
aggregate replaced with glass fibre.
As depicted in figure 7, the compressive strength of concrete does not change significantly
after 14 and 28 days. Fibres cannot withstand compression; this was anticipated. Glass fibre
has the most significant impact on flexural rigidity. The results of flexural strength after 28
days of curing under a two-point load are shown in Table 5. The table reveals that the flexural
strength of a beam composed of 15% glass fibre is nearly 20% greater than that of a beam
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0% 5% 10% 15%
Compressive Strength in MPa
% Glass Fibre
Compressive strength vs glass fibre percentage with and without glass
fibre
14 Days (MPa) 28 Days (MPa)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 5% 10% 15%
Flexural Strength in MPa
% Glass Fibre
Flexural strength test results for concrete samples prepared with varying
amount of fine aggregate replaced with glass fibre.
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composed of no glass fibre. [11] Random orientation of fibres, the fibre's ability to absorb
some of the flexural load, good bonding between the fibre and the concrete, and a high length-
to-diameter ratio, which causes the fibres to act as reinforcing agents, may all account for the
significant increase in flexural strength with an increase in fibre content.
Fig. 8. Comparison between Compressive Strength and Workability of Concrete with and
without glass fibre.
As the percentage of fibre in the concrete increased, the workability decreased significantly.
[9] The decrease in a slump as glass fibre content increases could be attributed to the
aggregates' inability to freely slip past the adjoining aggregates due to their geometry.
5 Conclusion
This study examines the utilisation of glass fibre, a gladdby Product of the glass
manufacturing industry, in concrete. The research is still in its infancy, but preliminary
findings indicate that the alternative material should meet the basic requirements for
concrete. Although the concrete's compressive strength did not significantly increase, its
flexural strength increased by nearly 20% in comparison to the beam without fibres. As the
percentage of fibre increased, the degradation value decreased. The causes of these
behaviours are discussed. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the use of glass fibre in
concrete not only improves the properties of concrete and can lead to minor cost savings, but
also provides a straightforward outlet for the efficient disposal of this environmental hazard.
It was also observed that the addition of glass fibre to the composite composition diminished
the material's workability. GFC is considerably lighter than standard concrete. Depending on
the additives used during manufacturing, GFC can yield a wide range of textures and colours.
GFC is appropriate for interior countertops, floors, fireplace mantels, exterior window
surround elements, and facade wall panels. GFC mixtures are shorter and more randomly
distributed. GFC has several obvious advantages over conventional concrete and natural
stone : it is lightweight, which reduces shipping and installation costs ; it is simple to achieve
different colors, textures, and shapes ; and the glass fibres dispersed throughout the material
make it more resistant to cracking and breaking. Furthermore, GFC can be manufactured
more quickly and affordably than precast stone, natural stone, and concrete. However, GFRC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0% 5% 10% 15%
Strength in MPa
% Glass Fibre
Comparison between Compressive Strength and Workability
Slump Value (mm) Compressive Strength
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cannot withstand structural loads as well as precast stone, natural stone, or concrete. In
addition, unlike concrete, GFC must be prefabricated using moulds and cannot be cast on-
site. For the duration of a project's existence, GFRC can reduce installation and cost concerns.
It is a versatile material that architects, engineers, contractors, and building owners continue
to favor for good reason.
6 Scope of Further Study
The micro-level interaction of glass fibre with Concrete, as well as its durability, is being
investigated. Furthermore, the interaction of glass fibre with Concrete is being studied to see
if new complex chemical compounds can be formed.
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