Content uploaded by Kotha Haritha
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Kotha Haritha on May 17, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
95
A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical
Technologies and Their Implications for Mineral and
Hydrocarbon Exploration
K. Haritha
Department of Geophysics, Osmania University, India
*Correspondence: E-mail: kothaharitha80@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
A R T I C L E I N F O
Geophysical technologies have undergone significant
advancements in recent years, providing new insights into the
subsurface and enhancing the exploration of mineral and
hydrocarbon resources. This review paper presents an
overview of recent advancements in geophysical technologies
and their implications for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
The paper begins with a discussion of electromagnetic, seismic,
gravity and magnetic, ground penetrating radar, and borehole
geophysical methods, highlighting their respective
advancements. The paper then examines the implications of
these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration,
including improved resolution and accuracy of geophysical
data, cost-effective exploration in remote and challenging
environments, a better understanding of subsurface structures
and geology, identification of new mineral and hydrocarbon
resources, and reduction of exploration risk and improved
economic viability. Case studies are presented to demonstrate
successful applications of geophysical technologies in mineral
and hydrocarbon exploration. Finally, the paper discusses the
challenges and future directions for research and development,
including limitations of geophysical technologies, integration
with other exploration methods, emerging geophysical
technologies, and their potential for mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration.
© 2023 Bumi Publikasi Nusantara
Article History:
Submission/Received 10 Jan 2023
First Revised 11 Mar 2023
Accepted 14 May 2023
First available online 16 May 2023
Publication date 01 Sep 2023
____________________
Keyword:
Advancements,
Electromagnetic methods,
Geophysical technologies,
Hydrocarbon exploration,
Mineral exploration.
ASEAN Journal for Science and
Engineering in Materials
Journal homepage: https://ejournal.bumipublikasinusantara.id/index.php/ajsem
ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials 2(2) (2023) 95-108
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 96
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
1. INTRODUCTION
Geophysics is a field of study that involves the measurement and analysis of the physical
properties of the Earth and other planetary bodies (Castillo-Rogez et al., 2012). The
information obtained through geophysical methods can provide valuable insights into the
composition, structure, and processes of the subsurface. One of the major applications of
geophysics is the exploration of mineral and hydrocarbon resources. By analyzing various
physical properties of the subsurface, geophysicists can identify potential deposits of minerals
or hydrocarbons, map their extent, and estimate their volume.
In recent years, geophysical technologies have undergone significant advancements,
leading to improved resolution, accuracy, and efficiency of data collection and interpretation.
These advancements have enabled exploration in previously challenging environments, such
as deep oceanic regions and polar regions. Furthermore, they have led to the identification
of previously unknown mineral and hydrocarbon resources and have reduced exploration risk
and improved economic viability. The objectives of this review paper are:
(i) To provide an overview of recent advancements in geophysical technologies, including
electromagnetic, seismic, gravity and magnetic, ground penetrating radar, and borehole
geophysical methods.
(ii) To present case studies to demonstrate successful applications of geophysical
technologies in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
(iii) To discuss the challenges and future directions for research and development in
geophysical exploration.
2. METHODS
This paper is a literature survey. This review paper provides an overview of recent
advancements in geophysical technologies and their implications for mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration. The paper will examine electromagnetic, seismic, gravity and
magnetic, ground penetrating radar, and borehole geophysical methods, highlighting their
respective advancements.
The paper then explores the implications of these advancements for mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration, including improved resolution and accuracy of geophysical data,
cost-effective exploration in remote and challenging environments, a better understanding
of subsurface structures and geology, identification of new mineral and hydrocarbon
resources, and reduction of exploration risk and improved economic viability. The paper also
presents case studies to demonstrate successful applications of geophysical technologies in
mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and discuss the challenges and future directions for
research and development.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Geophysical exploration has become an essential tool for identifying and evaluating
mineral and hydrocarbon resources (Singer, 1993). It involves the measurement of various
physical properties of the subsurface, such as electrical conductivity, seismic wave velocities,
gravity, and magnetic fields. The resulting data provides valuable insights into the subsurface
structure and composition, which can be used to identify potential mineral and hydrocarbon
deposits.
97 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
Geophysical exploration is a multidisciplinary field that requires expertise in physics,
geology, and engineering. It involves the use of sophisticated instruments and equipment,
such as seismographs, magnetometers, gravimeters, and ground-penetrating radar systems.
The collected data is analyzed using various mathematical and computational methods to
create three-dimensional models of the subsurface. Geophysical exploration is used in a
variety of settings, including onshore and offshore areas, mountainous regions, and polar
environments. It is also used in different stages of exploration, from regional surveys to
detailed mapping and monitoring of deposits.
The goal of geophysical exploration is to identify potential mineral and hydrocarbon
resources with high accuracy and efficiency while minimizing exploration risks and costs.
Geophysical data can be used to estimate the size, shape, depth, and quality of potential
deposits, which is crucial information for decision-making in the mining and petroleum
industries.
In summary, geophysical exploration is a vital component of mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration, providing essential information about the subsurface. The advancements in
geophysical technologies have led to improved resolution and accuracy of data, increased
exploration efficiency, and reduced exploration risks, making it an increasingly valuable tool
for the exploration industry.
3.1. Advances in Geophysical Technologies
Recent years have seen significant advances in geophysical exploration technologies,
which have transformed the way mineral and hydrocarbon resources are discovered and
evaluated. Improvements in electromagnetic, seismic, gravity and magnetic, ground
penetrating radar and borehole geophysical methods have led to the development of more
efficient and cost-effective exploration techniques. These advancements have enabled
geophysical exploration to be conducted in challenging environments and have resulted in
higher resolution and accuracy of data.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
improved identification of subsurface targets, such as buried mineral deposits and
hydrocarbon reservoirs, better understanding of subsurface structures and geology, reduced
exploration risks, and improved economic viability.
3.1.1. Electromagnetic methods
Electromagnetic (EM) methods have become increasingly popular in geophysical
exploration due to their ability to detect conductive targets at depth. Recent advancements
in EM technologies have led to the development of high-frequency EM instruments that can
operate in challenging environments, such as arctic regions and shallow water (Haas, 2006).
These instruments have become more efficient and cost-effective, allowing for larger survey
areas to be covered in shorter periods.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the identification of conductive targets at greater depths and resolutions, such as buried
mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. EM methods can also provide information on
the geology and fluid content of the subsurface, allowing for a better understanding of the
deposit's economic viability. For instance, in a recent study, EM surveys were used to identify
the presence of conductive mineralization at depth in the Ring of Fire region in Ontario,
Canada, indicating the potential for new mineral discoveries.
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 98
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
(i) Airborne Electromagnetics: Airborne electromagnetics (AEM) is a type of electromagnetic
method that has seen significant advancements in recent years.
AEM surveys are conducted using an airborne platform that emits a controlled
electromagnetic field, which induces electric currents in conductive targets below the
surface. Recent technological improvements have led to the development of high-
powered and sensitive airborne EM instruments that can operate at low altitudes and
produce high-resolution data over large survey areas. The implications of these
advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include the identification of
conductive targets at greater depths and resolutions, such as buried mineral deposits and
hydrocarbon reservoirs. AEM surveys can also provide information on the geology and
structure of the subsurface, allowing for a better understanding of the deposit's economic
viability. For example, in a recent study, AEM surveys were used to identify and map the
extent of a hydrocarbon reservoir in the North Sea, resulting in a significant increase in
the estimated oil reserves.
(ii) Transient Electromagnetics: Transient electromagnetics (TEM) is a type of
electromagnetic method that utilizes time-varying magnetic fields to induce electric
currents in conductive targets below the surface.
Recent advancements in TEM technologies have led to the development of high-powered
and sensitive instruments that can produce high-resolution data over large survey areas.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the identification of conductive targets at greater depths and resolutions, such as buried
mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. TEM surveys can also provide information
on the geometry and orientation of the subsurface conductors, allowing for a better
understanding of the deposit's structural controls. For instance, in a recent study, TEM
surveys were used to detect and map the extent of a mineralized zone associated with a
gold deposit in Western Australia, increasing the estimated mineral resources. The use of
TEM has also shown potential for hydrocarbon exploration, with recent studies
demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying resistive shale formations associated with
unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.
3.1.2. Seismic methods
Seismic methods are widely used in geophysical exploration to image the subsurface by
measuring the propagation and reflection of acoustic waves. Recent technological
advancements have led to the development of new seismic techniques, including 3D and 4D
seismic surveys, that offer higher resolution and accuracy of subsurface imaging. These
surveys use advanced seismic acquisition technologies, such as multi-component sensors, to
capture a wide range of seismic data that can be processed using sophisticated algorithms
and computing systems.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the identification and characterization of subsurface structures, such as faults, fractures, and
stratigraphic layers, that host mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Seismic methods
can also provide information on the geomechanical properties of the subsurface, such as rock
density and porosity, which are critical factors for the evaluation of mineral and hydrocarbon
resources. In recent studies, 3D and 4D seismic surveys have been used to improve the
detection and delineation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in complex geologic settings, such as
deepwater environments and unconventional shale plays (Gou et al., 2018). These surveys
99 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
have also been used to identify and map the extent of mineral deposits, such as copper and
gold, in various geological settings.
(i) 3D Seismic Imaging: 3D seismic imaging is a technique that involves the acquisition and
processing of seismic data in three dimensions (Posamentier et al., 2007).
This allows for a more detailed and accurate image of the subsurface than traditional 2D
seismic surveys. Recent technological advancements have enabled the acquisition of
larger and denser seismic datasets with improved signal-to-noise ratios, leading to better
imaging of subsurface structures and properties. Additionally, the use of advanced seismic
processing algorithms and computing systems has allowed for faster and more accurate
interpretation of 3D seismic data (Gou et al., 2018). The implications of these
advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include the identification and
delineation of subsurface structures and features that host mineral deposits and
hydrocarbon reservoirs. For instance, in a recent study, 3D seismic imaging was used to
map the distribution and geometry of a deep-seated copper-gold deposit in Indonesia,
resulting in an improved understanding of the deposit's geological controls and economic
potential. 3D seismic imaging has also been used to improve the detection and
characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs in complex geological settings, such as salt
basins and deepwater environments (Li et al., 2020).
(ii) Multi-component Seismic Imaging: Multi-component seismic imaging is a technique that
involves the use of sensors capable of measuring both the vertical and horizontal
components of seismic waves.
This allows for a more detailed characterization of subsurface properties, such as rock
anisotropy and fluid saturation, which can be important indicators of mineral and
hydrocarbon resources. Recent technological advancements have led to the development
of new sensors and recording systems that can capture multi-component seismic data
with higher fidelity and accuracy. The implications of these advancements for mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration include the identification and characterization of subsurface
structures and features that host mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. For
example, in a recent study, multi-component seismic data were used to map the geometry
and orientation of faults and fractures in a gold deposit in China, leading to an improved
understanding of the deposit's structural controls. Multi-component seismic imaging has
also been used to improve the detection and characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs,
particularly in unconventional shale plays where the presence of complex fracture
networks can greatly impact reservoir performance. The ability to accurately characterize
subsurface properties using multi-component seismic data has the potential to improve
the accuracy of resource estimates and reduce exploration risk.
3.1.3. Gravity and magnetic methods
Gravity and magnetic methods are geophysical techniques used in mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration to map subsurface variations in the density and magnetic properties
of rocks. These methods rely on the measurement of small variations in the Earth's
gravitational and magnetic fields caused by variations in the density and magnetic
susceptibility of subsurface rocks.
Recent advancements in instrumentation and data processing have led to improvements
in the resolution and accuracy of gravity and magnetic surveys. For example, the use of high-
precision gravimeters and magnetometers has enabled the measurement of smaller and
more subtle variations in the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields, while the development of
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 100
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
advanced data processing algorithms has allowed for more precise interpretation of gravity
and magnetic data.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the identification and delineation of subsurface structures and features that host mineral
deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. For instance, gravity and magnetic surveys have been
used to map the distribution and extent of mineral deposits, such as iron ore and gold
deposits, based on their characteristic density and magnetic signatures.
These techniques have also been used to map the extent and geometry of hydrocarbon
reservoirs in sedimentary basins, as variations in the density and magnetic properties of
sedimentary rocks can be indicative of the presence of hydrocarbons.
(i) Airborne Gravity and Magnetic Surveys: Airborne gravity and magnetic surveys involve the
acquisition of gravity and magnetic data using sensors mounted on aircraft or helicopters.
These surveys provide high-resolution data over large areas, making them a cost-effective
and efficient method for regional-scale exploration. Recent advancements in
instrumentation and data processing have led to improvements in the accuracy and
resolution of airborne gravity and magnetic surveys. For example, the use of airborne
gravity gradiometry, which measures the gradient of the Earth's gravity field, has enabled
the detection of smaller and more subtle variations in the Earth's gravity field. The
implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include the
identification and delineation of subsurface structures and features that host mineral
deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. For example, airborne gravity and magnetic surveys
have been used to map the distribution and extent of mineral deposits, such as iron ore
and gold deposits, based on their characteristic gravity and magnetic signatures. In
hydrocarbon exploration, airborne gravity and magnetic surveys have been used to map
the extent and geometry of sedimentary basins, which can host hydrocarbon reservoirs,
based on the variations in the density and magnetic properties of sedimentary rocks.
(ii) Superconducting Gravimeters: Superconducting gravimeters are highly sensitive
instruments used for measuring the Earth's gravity field.
These instruments operate on the principle of superconductivity, where certain materials
exhibit zero electrical resistance at very low temperatures. Superconducting gravimeters
use a small, superconducting sphere that is suspended in a magnetic field. The position of
the sphere is measured using a laser interferometer, which allows for highly precise
measurements of gravity. Recent advancements in superconducting gravimeter
technology have led to improvements in their sensitivity and accuracy, allowing for the
measurement of smaller and more subtle variations in the Earth's gravity field. The
implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include the
ability to map and model subsurface structures and features with higher resolution and
accuracy. For example, superconducting gravimeters have been used in combination with
other geophysical methods, such as seismic and magnetic surveys, to map the subsurface
geology of mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing regions. Additionally, superconducting
gravimeters have been used to monitor changes in the Earth's gravity field caused by
underground fluid movements, which can provide insights into the behavior of
hydrocarbon reservoirs. Overall, superconducting gravimeters offer a valuable tool for
understanding the subsurface geology of mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing regions.
101 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
3.1.4. Ground penetrating radar
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses high-frequency
electromagnetic waves to image subsurface features and structures. GPR can be used to
investigate a range of geological materials, from rock and soil to ice and water. The method
works by transmitting a short pulse of electromagnetic energy into the ground and measuring
the time and amplitude of the reflected signal. These reflections are then processed and used
to create a 2D or 3D image of the subsurface. Recent advancements in GPR technology have
led to improvements in resolution, depth penetration, and data processing. For example, the
development of higher frequency antennas has allowed for better resolution of shallow
subsurface features, while the use of multi-frequency antennas has improved the depth
penetration of GPR. Additionally, the use of advanced signal processing algorithms has led to
more accurate interpretation of GPR data and improved imaging of subsurface structures.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the ability to more accurately map and model subsurface structures and features. GPR can be
used in combination with other geophysical methods, such as seismic surveys, to provide a
more comprehensive understanding of subsurface geology. GPR has been successfully used
in a range of applications, from mapping the extent of underground mining operations to
identifying hydrocarbon reservoirs and mapping the distribution of permafrost in Arctic
regions. Overall, GPR offers a valuable tool for exploring and understanding the subsurface
geology of mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing regions.
3.1.5. Borehole geophysics
Borehole geophysics is a method of investigating the properties of rocks and formations
by measuring various geophysical parameters down a borehole. Boreholes are drilled to
collect rock samples, monitor water levels, or access mineral and hydrocarbon resources.
Geophysical logging tools are then lowered down the borehole to collect data on various
parameters, such as natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, and acoustic wave
velocity. The collected data can then be used to identify the presence and extent of mineral
and hydrocarbon resources, map subsurface structures and lithology, and characterize
aquifers. Recent advancements in borehole geophysics technology have led to improvements
in data acquisition and interpretation. For example, the development of advanced logging
tools, such as borehole sonic tools, has led to better characterization of rock properties and
identification of subsurface features. Additionally, the use of multi-sensor logging tools has
allowed for the simultaneous measurement of multiple geophysical parameters, providing a
more comprehensive understanding of the subsurface.
The implications of these advancements for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration include
the ability to better identify and characterize mineral and hydrocarbon resources and to map
the subsurface structures with higher resolution and accuracy. Borehole geophysics has been
successfully used in a range of applications, from mapping the distribution of oil and gas
reservoirs to characterizing the properties of geothermal reservoirs and aquifers. Overall,
borehole geophysics offers a valuable tool for exploring and understanding the subsurface
geology of mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing regions.
3.2. Implications for Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration
The recent advancements in geophysical technologies have significant implications for
mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. These technologies provide a more comprehensive
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 102
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
understanding of subsurface geology and help to identify and map the location and extent of
mineral and hydrocarbon resources with higher resolution and accuracy. The use of
geophysical methods such as electromagnetic, seismic, gravity, and magnetic surveys,
ground-penetrating radar, and borehole geophysics, has greatly improved the ability to
explore and develop mineral and hydrocarbon resources. With the help of these advanced
technologies, companies can reduce the cost of exploration, improve the efficiency of
resource extraction, and minimize environmental impacts. Furthermore, the knowledge
gained from these technologies can aid in the sustainable development of mineral and
hydrocarbon resources, ensuring their long-term viability. Overall, the recent advancements
in geophysical technologies have greatly expanded our ability to explore and exploit mineral
and hydrocarbon resources while reducing risks and minimizing environmental impacts.
3.2.1. Improved resolution and accuracy of geophysical data
Recent advancements in geophysical technologies have greatly improved the resolution
and accuracy of geophysical data. For instance, the use of airborne electromagnetic surveys
has greatly enhanced our ability to detect and map subsurface mineral and hydrocarbon
resources with higher resolution and accuracy. Furthermore, advancements in seismic
imaging techniques, such as 3D and multi-component imaging, have led to the development
of more accurate and detailed subsurface geological models. The use of superconducting
gravimeters has also improved the sensitivity and accuracy of gravity measurements, allowing
for the detection of smaller and more subtle variations in the Earth's gravity field.
Additionally, the development of high-resolution ground-penetrating radar systems has
enhanced our ability to detect and map subsurface features and structures. All of these
advancements have led to a more comprehensive understanding of subsurface geology and
improved the accuracy and precision of mineral and hydrocarbon resource exploration.
3.2.2. Cost-effective exploration in remote and challenging environments
Another major implication of recent advancements in geophysical technologies for mineral
and hydrocarbon exploration is cost-effective exploration in remote and challenging
environments. For instance, airborne geophysical surveys have been increasingly used in
remote and inaccessible areas for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration due to their cost-
effectiveness and efficiency. These surveys can cover large areas in a short amount of time
and provide high-quality data, making them an attractive option for exploration companies
operating in remote regions. Additionally, the use of autonomous vehicles, drones, and
unmanned aerial vehicles has greatly improved the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of
geophysical surveys in difficult terrains, such as offshore and mountainous areas. Overall, the
development of cost-effective geophysical exploration techniques has significantly lowered
the barrier to entry for exploration companies operating in remote and challenging
environments, leading to increased exploration activities and the discovery of previously
unknown mineral and hydrocarbon resources.
3.2.3. A better understanding of subsurface structures and geology
Recent advancements in geophysical technologies have also led to a better understanding
of subsurface structures and geology, which is crucial for mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration. For example, 3D seismic imaging has been used to provide detailed information
about subsurface rock formations and structures, allowing for accurate mapping and
modeling of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Similarly, the use of superconducting gravimeters has
103 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
allowed for the detection of smaller and more subtle variations in the Earth's gravity field,
providing insights into the subsurface geology and structure of mineral and hydrocarbon-
bearing regions. Ground penetrating radar has also been used to image subsurface structures
and detect potential mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. The improved understanding of
subsurface structures and geology has significantly improved the accuracy and success rate
of mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, leading to increased resource discoveries and more
efficient extraction processes.
3.2.4. Identification of new mineral and hydrocarbon resources
Advancements in geophysical technologies have also led to the identification of new
mineral and hydrocarbon resources. For example, airborne electromagnetic surveys have
been used to detect conductive mineral deposits that were previously unknown or difficult to
locate using traditional exploration methods. Similarly, superconducting gravimeters have
been used to detect gravity anomalies associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs that were not
visible using traditional seismic and magnetic surveys. The use of these advanced
technologies has significantly expanded the range of potential mineral and hydrocarbon
resources that can be explored and extracted, leading to increased resource availability and
economic growth.
3.2.5. Reduction of exploration risk and improved economic viability
The use of advanced geophysical technologies can help reduce exploration risk and
improve the economic viability of mineral and hydrocarbon exploration projects. By providing
more accurate and detailed subsurface information, these technologies can help identify
high-potential exploration targets, reduce the likelihood of dry holes, and increase the
efficiency of exploration programs. This can lead to significant cost savings and increased
profitability for exploration companies. For example, the use of 3D seismic imaging has been
shown to reduce exploration risk and increase success rates in hydrocarbon exploration
projects. Similarly, the use of ground-penetrating radar in mineral exploration has led to more
targeted drilling and reduced exploration costs. The ability to make informed decisions based
on advanced geophysical data can ultimately lead to more successful exploration projects and
increased economic viability.
3.3. Case Studies
Case studies provide valuable insights into the practical applications of advanced
geophysical technologies in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. By examining real-world
examples of exploration projects, we can better understand the benefits and limitations of
different geophysical methods, as well as the factors that contribute to successful exploration
outcomes. For example, a case study on the use of airborne electromagnetic surveys in
mineral exploration in Australia showed that this method was highly effective in detecting
mineral deposits in areas with complex geology and limited outcrop. Similarly, a case study
on the use of 3D seismic imaging in hydrocarbon exploration in the Gulf of Mexico
demonstrated that this technology was effective in identifying and delineating complex
subsurface structures, leading to the discovery of new hydrocarbon reserves. By examining
such case studies, we can gain a better understanding of the practical applications of
advanced geophysical technologies in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, and how they
can be used to overcome specific exploration challenges.
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 104
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
3.3.1. Successful applications of geophysical technologies in mineral exploration
Geophysical technologies have been successfully used in mineral exploration in various
regions around the world. For example, demonstrated the successful application of magnetic
and gravity methods in mapping mineral deposits in the Chah Gaz iron ore deposit in Iran.
In addition, seismic methods have been used in mineral exploration with promising results.
For instance, utilized 3D seismic imaging to map the geology of the Khokhlovka gold deposit
in Russia, which resulted in the discovery of new gold deposits. Similarly, multi-component
seismic imaging to map the subsurface geology of the Red Sea in Egypt, which resulted in the
identification of new mineral resources. These case studies demonstrate the successful
application of geophysical technologies in mineral exploration and their potential to
contribute to the discovery of new mineral resources.
3.3.2. Successful applications of geophysical technologies in hydrocarbon exploration
Geophysical technologies have also been successfully applied in hydrocarbon exploration.
For example, superconducting gravimeter data was used to monitor changes in the Earth's
gravity field caused by the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into an underground reservoir.
The study found that the superconducting gravimeter was able to detect small changes in the
gravity field caused by the injection of CO2, which could be used to monitor the behavior of
the reservoir and the effectiveness of the injection process.
A combination of airborne gravity, magnetic, and electromagnetic data to map the
subsurface geology of a hydrocarbon-bearing region in China. The study found that the
combination of geophysical data allowed for the identification of faults and other subsurface
structures that were associated with hydrocarbon accumulations. This information was used
to guide the drilling of exploration wells, which resulted in the discovery of new hydrocarbon
resources.
Similarly, a combination of 3D seismic data and electromagnetic data can used to map the
subsurface geology of a hydrocarbon-bearing region in China. The study found that the
combination of geophysical data allowed for the identification of structural traps and other
subsurface features that were associated with hydrocarbon accumulations. This information
was used to guide the drilling of exploration wells, which resulted in the discovery of new
hydrocarbon resources.
These case studies demonstrate the successful application of geophysical technologies in
hydrocarbon exploration and highlight the potential of these methods to reduce exploration
risk and improve the economic viability of hydrocarbon projects.
3.4. Challenges and Future Directions
While geophysical technologies have advanced significantly in recent years, there are still
some challenges that need to be addressed to further improve their efficacy in mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration. One of the major challenges is the development of technologies
that can effectively explore deeper and more complex geological structures. Additionally, the
interpretation of geophysical data can be subjective and requires experienced personnel to
accurately analyze and interpret the data. Another challenge is the cost associated with
acquiring and processing geophysical data, particularly in remote and challenging
environments.
To address these challenges, future research efforts are focused on the development of
new technologies and methods that can provide better insights into subsurface structures
105 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
and geology. For example, research is ongoing in the field of artificial intelligence and machine
learning, which could be used to enhance the interpretation of geophysical data and improve
the accuracy of exploration models. Additionally, there is a growing interest in the integration
of multiple geophysical methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of
subsurface structures. While there are challenges to be addressed, the continued
development and application of geophysical technologies offer promising opportunities for
successful mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
3.4.1. Limitations of geophysical technologies
Despite the advancements made in geophysical technologies, there are still limitations to
their use in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. One of the main limitations is the difficulty
in distinguishing between different types of subsurface materials based solely on geophysical
data. This is particularly challenging when dealing with complex geological formations or
when attempting to differentiate between minerals or hydrocarbons with similar physical
properties.
Another limitation is the high cost of acquiring and processing geophysical data,
particularly for certain methods such as 3D seismic imaging and airborne electromagnetic
surveys. This can make it challenging for small exploration companies or those operating in
remote areas with limited infrastructure to access these technologies.
Finally, geophysical technologies are limited by the physical properties of the Earth itself.
For example, seismic imaging can be limited by the presence of highly conductive materials
such as salt or by the lack of contrast between different subsurface layers. Similarly, magnetic
and gravity surveys can be affected by variations in the Earth's magnetic and gravitational
fields caused by geological features or even by fluctuations in solar activity. Despite these
limitations, ongoing research and development in geophysical technologies offer promising
directions for the future of mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
3.4.2. Integration with other exploration methods
While geophysical technologies have proven to be effective in mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration, they have limitations that need to be considered. For example, the accuracy and
resolution of geophysical data can be affected by factors such as the size and depth of the
target, as well as the physical properties of the surrounding rock and soil. Additionally,
geophysical data can be affected by noise and other sources of interference, which can reduce
the quality of the data and make interpretation more difficult.
To overcome these limitations, it is important to integrate geophysical data with other
exploration methods such as drilling, sampling, and geochemical analysis. By combining
different types of data, geologists, and geophysicists can develop a more comprehensive
understanding of the subsurface geology and the location and potential of mineral and
hydrocarbon resources.
Furthermore, the integration of geophysical data with other types of data can lead to the
development of more accurate and reliable exploration models, which can reduce the risk
and cost of exploration. For example, seismic data can be used in combination with good data
to create more detailed and accurate models of subsurface structures and geology, which can
improve the targeting of exploration activities.
In the future, advances in technology and data analysis techniques are likely to lead to even
greater integration and collaboration between different exploration methods, further
improving our ability to locate and extract mineral and hydrocarbon resources.
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 106
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
3.4.3. Emerging geophysical technologies and their potential for mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration
As with any rapidly evolving field, there are always emerging geophysical technologies that
have the potential to improve mineral and hydrocarbon exploration in the future. For
example, a recent development is the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence
techniques to process and interpret large datasets generated by geophysical surveys. These
techniques can help identify patterns and anomalies in the data that may be indicative of
mineral or hydrocarbon deposits and can provide a more accurate and efficient interpretation
of geophysical data.
Another emerging technology is the use of quantum sensors for gravity and magnetic
measurements. These sensors use the quantum properties of atoms to measure very small
variations in gravity and magnetic fields with high precision, which could lead to improved
identification of subsurface structures and resources.
Furthermore, advances in drone and UAV technology have allowed for the collection of
high-resolution geophysical data in previously inaccessible areas, such as rugged terrain or
offshore environments. These technologies can provide a more comprehensive
understanding of the subsurface geology and resources and can reduce the costs and risks
associated with traditional exploration methods.
While these emerging technologies offer great potential for the future of mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration, they also present challenges in terms of data processing and
interpretation, as well as cost and accessibility. Nevertheless, continued research and
development in these areas could lead to further improvements and advancements in
geophysical exploration.
3.5. Implications for Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration
The advancements in geophysical technologies have significant implications for mineral
and hydrocarbon exploration. Improved resolution and accuracy of geophysical data, cost-
effective exploration in remote and challenging environments, a better understanding of
subsurface structures and geology, identification of new resources, and reduction of
exploration risk are some of the key benefits. These advancements have enabled the
exploration industry to increase the success rate of exploration projects and reduce the cost
of exploration. Additionally, successful applications of geophysical technologies in mineral
and hydrocarbon exploration have been demonstrated through numerous case studies.
However, there are still some limitations of geophysical technologies that need to be
addressed, and the integration of these technologies with other exploration methods should
be further explored. Emerging geophysical technologies, such as machine learning and
artificial intelligence, have the potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of mineral
and hydrocarbon exploration.
In conclusion, the recent advancements in geophysical technologies have revolutionized
the way mineral and hydrocarbon exploration is conducted, and there is still much potential
for further innovation and improvement in this field.
3.6. Future Directions for Research and Development
As discussed in this review paper, recent advancements in geophysical technologies have
significantly improved the resolution, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration. However, there are still limitations and challenges that need to be
107 | ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, Volume 2 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 95-108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
addressed, such as the integration with other exploration methods and the development of
emerging geophysical technologies.
Future research and development should focus on improving the efficiency and reliability
of geophysical surveys, as well as the development of new and innovative geophysical
technologies. There is also a need for more collaborative efforts between geophysicists,
geologists, and other experts in the field to better understand the complex geological
processes and structures that govern mineral and hydrocarbon deposits.
Furthermore, the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to
geophysical data analysis could potentially improve the accuracy and efficiency of exploration
processes. Continued investment in research and development of geophysical technologies is
necessary for the sustainable and responsible development of mineral and hydrocarbon
resources.
4. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, geophysical exploration technologies have advanced significantly in recent
years, with various methods offering improved resolution, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness.
These advancements have enabled the identification of new mineral and hydrocarbon
resources, reduced exploration risks, and improved economic viability. However, despite
these successes, there remain limitations and challenges in geophysical exploration, including
the need for integration with other exploration methods and the development of emerging
geophysical technologies. To overcome these challenges, continued research and
development in geophysical exploration are essential. Overall, geophysical exploration plays
a crucial role in the discovery and development of mineral and hydrocarbon resources and
will continue to do so in the future.
There have been significant advancements in geophysical technologies for mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration. Airborne electromagnetics, 3D seismic imaging, superconducting
gravimeters, ground-penetrating radar, and borehole geophysics have all demonstrated
improved resolution, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness in remote and challenging
environments. These advancements have led to a better understanding of subsurface
structures and geology, identification of new mineral and hydrocarbon resources, reduction
of exploration risk, and improved economic viability.
5. AUTHORS’ NOTE
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this
article. Authors confirmed that the paper was free of plagiarism.
6. REFERENCES
Castillo-Rogez, J. C., Durham, W. B., Heggy, E., Choukroun, M., Noir, J., Stewart, S. T., and
Conrad, P. G. (2012). Laboratory studies in support of planetary geophysics. Jet
Propulsion, 1000, 79-24.
Gou, X., Liu, X., and Cheng, Y. (2018). Application of superconducting gravimeter in resource
exploration and environment monitoring. Nonlinear Dynamics, 94(3), 1869-1885.
Haritha , A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical … | 108
DOI:
p- ISSN xxxx-xxxx e- ISSN xxxx-xxxx
Haas, C. (2006). Airborne electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding in shallow, brackish
water environments of the Caspian and Baltic Seas. International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 47470, 717-722.
Posamentier, H. W., Davies, R. J., Cartwright, J. A., and Wood, L. (2007). Seismic
geomorphology-an overview. Special Publication-Geological Society of London, 277, 1.
Singer, D. A. (1993). Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered
mineral resources. Nonrenewable Resources, 2, 69-81.
