Towards a Resilient City: An Adaptive Planning Model for a Healthy & Happy City

Abstract

The urban resilience process maximizes the response capability to disasters' effects. Planning resilient cities requires identifying multidisciplinary attributes for increasing resistance and adaptability. Hence, urban planning models with new trends are needed to deal with cities with adaptive approaches to produce powerful plans to create resilient healthy happy cities. This paper aims at widening the understanding of readjusting planning for resilient cities to identify healthy and happy attributes. Moreover, to provide an adaptive planning model for a healthy, happy, resilient city, descriptive exploratory analysis methods used to evaluate factors that affect planning for the quality of life and satisfaction. The suggested approach performs a complete review of the outstanding situation of two case studies (Madinaty, Zayed City), in this paper One-way ANOVA test used in statistically significant differences between the means of positive and negative healthy-happy indicators through respondents' satisfaction This study elaborates a new adaptive planning matrix that addresses what cities should move toward a more resilient state while conserving the quality of life and increasing residents' satisfaction.

Full text

Towards a resilient city
1
Towards a resilient city: An adaptive planning model for a
healthy & happy city
ABSTRACT
The urban resilience process maximizes the response capability to disasters' effects. Planning
resilient cities requires identifying multidisciplinary attributes for increasing resistance and
adaptability. Hence, urban planning models with new trends are needed to deal with cities. with
adaptive approaches to produce powerful plans to create resilient healthy happy cities. This
paper aims at widening the understanding of readjusting planning for resilient cities to identify
healthy and happy attributes. Moreover, to provide an adaptive planning model for a healthy,
happy, resilient city, descriptive exploratory analysis methods used to evaluate factors that
affect planning for the quality of life and satisfaction. The suggested approach performs a
complete review of the outstanding situation of two case studies (Madinaty, Zayed City), in
this paper One-way ANOVA test used in statistically significant differences between the
means of positive and negative healthy-happy indicators through respondents' satisfaction This
study elaborates a new adaptive planning matrix that addresses what cities should move toward
a more resilient state while conserving the quality of life and increasing residents' satisfaction.
KEYWORDS: Resilience; Adaptive planning; Healthy city; Happy city
Introduction
Cities perform complex relationships with multiple increasing functions. Therefore, it is
important to implement evolutionary planning which can produce synergy effects [1].
To mitigate the risk of a disaster, it is necessary to provide a better and more resilient
urban future for cities. This study proposes an adaptive planning model to explore cities as
complex systems. The need to enhance resilience and adaptability of the city spatial
system. An integrated approach with multiple indicators could cover different goals of
planning for healthy and satisfactory city.
Contextual framework
Is a healthy and happy city a dream? Or could it be tomorrow’s reality? Holistic development
should meet the present needs and enhance the ability of well-being achievement , as it
describes the capacity of systems to continually change to a better state [2].
Achieving the objective of creating resilient communities requires a fundamental
change how planning is conceptualized and practiced [3]. Hence, there is an urgent need to
formulate new approaches for transformation into a healthy, happy, and resilient city as
adoptive planning could help provide multiple functions.

Towards a resilient city
2
Problem statement
The exponential and unplanned growth of cities leads to multiple complexities, which cannot
be solved effectively by technical solutions alone. This requires multiple approaches with a
variety of parameters at different levels and across all sectors to achieve coherence and long-
term solutions. However, many aspects of resilience city, from the urban perspective are not
fully understood. In addition, there is a large research lack on urban resilience effects. Thus,
this study evaluates urban resilience and explores the temporal and spatial characteristics and
the influencing factors comprehensively.
The main questions investigated in this study are:
• How do we determine resilient parameters?
• What are healthy city indicators?
• Could a healthy city partially be a resilient city?
A dynamic and actionable spatial model is needed for explaining and measuring required
models that can formulate future scenarios.
Objectives and hypothesis
Adaptive planning with new approaches is essential to develop a resilient city. The main
objective of this research is to formulate an adaptive planning model that can manage the future
of city plans complexity. Following are the secondary objectives of this study:
A- Debate and explore different visions and indicators for Healthy-Happy Cities in order
to support and strengthen Healthy-Happy City capacities and skills.
B- Demonstrate and learn from the practices of Healthy- Happy- Resilient Cities and
highlight important contributions of such practices to improve health and wellbeing of
individuals.
c- Integrate the Happy / Healthy paradigms into the adaptive planning model in order to
fulfill resilience.
Thus, this study integrates multiple approaches: resilience - happiness - healthy indicators in
order to achieve resilience. Resilience and healthy-happy parameters are analyzed to examine
the convenience of merging multiple approaches for adaptive planning.
Methods
Theoretical and practical significance of integrating healthy, happy city approaches leads to
a resilient city-state. Section 1 of the study introduces a contextual framework and study
methodology to prove the hypothesis while Section 2 presents a theoretical approach with
main terminologies and a literature review. Section 3 contains an analytical approach for
multiple resilience and happiness models, and Section 4 details of domains and attributes that
influence happiness, health and resilience of a city. Section 5 presents the applied approach
to formulating the Homeless and Housing Resource Center (HHRC) planning model and
gives two case studies. The concluding section summarizes the findings and makes policy
recommendations. Overall, the study develops two levels of analytical investigations. An
expert’s online questionnaire measures statistically tested attributes within the Delphi
technique for data gathering during repetitive rounds leads to results accuracy [4].
Second, a detailed resident questionnaire aims to assess HHRC attributes for
measuring the level of resilience in both case studies within the Greater Cairo Region (Zayed

Towards a resilient city
3
and Madinaty). Statistical techniques were used to measure happy and healthy city indicators.
The methodology contains three main approaches shown in 3 parts (Figure 1).
Understanding a city’s complexity: literature review
As resilience becomes an alternative to sustainability, it is required to develop novel
frameworks for achieving resilience. Resilience can be defined as the socio ecological capacity
which manage hazardous pressures. With high efficiency in responding, adapting, and restoring
alternatives to improve the main city functions for balanced infrastructure and lifestyle. There
are five aspects of great livable cities: complete neighborhoods, accessibility and sustainable
mobility, a diverse and resilient local economy, vibrant public spaces [5].
Planning for resilience
Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable is one of the 17
goals in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda (United Nations, 2015) to be achieved

Towards a resilient city
4
by 2030. Planning for resilience requires methods of working with data and systems which can
be easily translated to decision-makers to develop evidence-based and easily-communicated
scenarios that can inhance the resilience planning process [6]. The quantitative measurement
of cities’ resilience is key to urban management and planning. Thus, governments should work
on developing new approaches and involve different stakeholders to build resilient city and
community wellbeing life.
Moving toward resilience
Many studies have classified the urban resilience framework into five dimensions (Figure 2)
[7].
Addressing the complex problem of urban resilience requires active collaboration among
governments, experts, and communities in all planning stages. Urban planning strategies are
needed to maximize accessibility for people mobility. Accessibility is important for all levels
of mobility of the disability, community have a right to realize their potential for movement in
the community [8].
This shows that resilience parameters could lead to developing healthy happy city approaches.
City between resilient and vitality: a theoretical approach
Happiness is a collective concept; happy city is a green city with low rate of carbon emission
to protect residents [9]. Accordingly, happiness can be introduced as a basic quality in urban
life [10]. While a city's resilience is sometimes weighed against vitality and happiness,
especially in a pandemic, this research focused on collaborating comprehensively on happy-
healthy- resilient city approaches.
Reviewing resilient approach
In the context of promoting resilient cities by highlighting the link between the built
environment, public health, and community resilience, the next section provides an approach
for building resilience through healthy-happy indicators in urban planning.
Global studies have shown that the quality of a city is a key factor for happiness so happiness
parameters can be created for citizens’ happiness at the planning scale.
These studies were selected in order to address different patterns with multiple approaches.
From this section, we can conclude the parameters for each approach.

Towards a resilient city
5
China
China added a new planning system of four stages considering financial planning and strategic
management as the main dimensions. This system consists of the following:
1) Governance and community ability to deal with disasters and pressures.
2) Changing and adapting into resilient state with ability to survive.
3) Responding to changes and meeting new urban challenges.
This system highlighted important factors in evaluating the resilience level, particularly
improving the supporting facilities and augmenting infrastructure. As shown in (Figure 3) [11].
Sicily – Italy
To improve the level of resilience of the city, Sicily's government established a planning-based
approach which developed multiple supporting alternatives to enhance urban resilience in
existing urban pressures [12]. The important urban resilience spatial and temporal patterns and
factors will enhance the adaptability to urban risk and the potential for sustainable urban
development. shown in (Figure 4)

Towards a resilient city
6
Reviewing healthy and happy approaches
Nature boosts productivity as the more access we have to parks and nature, the better we feel,
and the longer we live. Just having a view of trees or a park from a work or study space reduces
stress and improves mental performance. Nature may lead us to more sustainable thinking [13].
Malaysia
Malaysia found that exposure to nature leads people to care more about the future. Thus,
investments in green and healthy places are not just good for population health; they make for
happier space visitors, more productive employees, and more connected and supportive local
relationships [14]. A Multidimensional family happiness indicator was developed in this study,
the family wellbeing was classified into six dimensions: 1- Economic situation, 2- Family
relationship, 3- Community relationship, 4- Health and safety, 5-Religion, 6-Housing and
environmental conditions. These indicators were examined and validated. The results showed
most important key indicators in family wellbeing: Economic situation, Health and safety,
Community involvement, Family relationship.
Dubai
The interest of well-being concept or happiness approach in city development knowledge-
based, practical methods, as well as the focus of the United Nations’ World Happiness Report
[15]. However, several researchers begins in measuring happiness by multiple ways using
various types of artificial intelligence (AI) methods conducted from different data categories
such as socio - economic, geospatial, behavioral or emotional data. The ABCDE model of
happiness developed for Dubai city [16] helps focus on the affective emotional need of people
for basic daily needs that lead to increase in happiness. It is based on Gross National
Happiness Index (GNH) classification mechanism (Table 1).
Table 1. GNH index [17]
Living
Standards
Ecological
diversity
Wellbeing
Health
Community
vitality
Education
Assets
Wild life
damage
Life
satisfaction
Mental
Donations
literacy
Housing
Ecological
issues
Positive
emotions
Self-
reported
health
Community
relations
schooling
Household
income
Urbanization
issues
negative
emotions
And
another
entry
Family safety
knowledge
This index aimed at psychological satisfaction with life or positive/negative emotions
by giving a location and temporal description of wellbeing across a geographical area. Smart
Dubai went a little further and used machine learning to develop a Happiness algorithm [18].
The previous method utilized different types of large datasets for city and community.
Here, some key lessons can be learned from the previous approaches that quality of
healthy city indicators may even be of higher significance than that of quantity-strong
indications. The previous section provided a basis for urban planners to contribute to closing
the health gap and promote community resilience through improved public health.

Towards a resilient city
7
Finally, we conclude that healthy happy city indicators are mostly common with resilience
indicators.
Concluding domains and attributes
The process of conducting domains starts from primary selection to optimization and ends with
formulation of merging approaches such as urban agglomeration and indicator aggregation.
(Figure 5)
Concepts
Cities have economic, social, and ecological aspects which are important components
of urban resilience. This study applied a quantitative research method to analyze
happiness/healthy city indicators, their effect on the quality of life and satisfaction. The
effective analysis process combines the benefits of expert analysis with elements of the visions
of specialists and experts [19].
Domain’s verification
A Delphi survey done into two-rounds to conclude the main domains of the concept of healthy
/happy/resilient cities. Using the Delphi questionnaires of two rounds sent to three groups of
experts: group A with 5- 10 years of experience, group B with 10-15 years of experience, and
group C with more than 15 years of experience. The Delphi survey explored multiple opinions
within the suggested three city approaches to achieve consensus about the hypothesis and
concluding domains and attributes for HHRC. In this study we used 5point Likert scale to
evaluate each attribute’s importance. Integrators are asked to rank their answers on a five Likert
scale and results ranked as follows:
(1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: neutral, 4: agree and 5: strongly agree). This scale was
used to represent recorded scores for domains and attributes. One-way ANOVA (analysis of
variance) test compares the means of two or more independent groups to determine whether
there is statistically significant difference between the associated population means. Weights
for each conducted domain were assigned as shown in Table 2.

Towards a resilient city
8
Table 2. Ranking Domains results
Domains
Urban -
Infrastructure UI
Socio – Cultural SC
Economic EC
Environmental
Ecological EE
Amenity /
Responses AI
Governmental
Facilities GF
Healthy / Happy / Resilient common Attributes
1. Extended
workplaces
2. Improving health
care
1. Wellbeing
principles
1. Healthy food less
rates
1. Accessibility
1. Administr
ative services
2. Access to exist
transportation
3. Elderly activities
2. Economy skills /
facilities
2. Access to nature
2. Walkable access.
2. smart
facilities
3. Recreational
activities
4. Family
relationships
3. Years of healthy
life.
3. Avoid Noise
pollution
3. Walking Time
3. Health-
care facilities
4. Green spaces /
Public spaces
5. Childcare facilities
4. Housing
affordability
4. Improve Air
quality
4. Bicycle routes
Parking spaces
4. regulations
quality
5. Recreational
Facilities
6. positive
interactions
5. Income
5. Water
consumption
5. Cyclists’ safety
5. High
speed services
6. Sports facilities
7. Life satisfaction
6. Remote Working
6. Waste Collecting
System
6. Security
7. Social interaction.
8. Social system
connectivity
7. Health life balance
7. crime rates
8. Walkability
9. Enabling effective
emotions
8. Recycle systems
8. Amenity
9. No. of
bedrooms/unit
10. Meaning & sense of
belonging
9. Positive nature
impact
9. Police station
10. No. of people in
household
11. Community
involvement
10. Temperature
Comfort
10. Emergency medical
care

Towards a resilient city
9
11. Housing conditions
11. Reduction of
emissions
12. Satisfaction with the
community
12. Provide energy
savings
13. Usable, active traffic
control
14. Comfortable
transportation
15. Livability and
Vitality
Extra Happy City Indicators
1. Place making
1. Community
services
1. Affordable
Services/Entertainment
1. Reduce car use
1. Sense of Safety
1. Political
system stability
2. Mixed uses
3. Changed land uses
2. Gender equality.
2. Economic
activities
2. Local Security
2. Smart
solutions
4. Increase banking
spots
3. Ability to live
3. Economy of
place work
2. Nature daily
interaction
3. Direct paths
3. Regulation
s
5. Free of charge to
spaces
4. Ability to learn,
4. Economic
revenue
4. Comfortable paths
4. Voting
Nodes
6. Quality landscape
5. Ability to play
5. Remote working
rate
5. speed limit
5. Volunteeri
ng spots
7. Joyful elements
Urban
6. Volunteer
activities.
6. Job security
6. smart-traffic control
6. Maintenan
ce system
8. Pedestrian-oriented
spaces
7. Outside visitors.
7. Business survival
7. Signaging
9. Bicycle-oriented
spaces
8. Festivals and Arts
8. Business
development
8. Bicycle parking
10. Tourist attractions
9. Cultural events
9. Income
inequality
9. Car parking
11. Flexible/frequent
Transportation
10. Concerts, Festivals
and exhibitions
10. Employment rates
10. Crossing points
12. Transportation nodes
11. Fuel problems
13. Attractive streets
12. Innovate Ability
14. Pedestrian’s
satisfaction

Towards a resilient city
10
15. Well provided arts in
the city
Extra Resilient city indicators
1. Reliable
transportation
1.Population & density
1.Economic capacity
1.Ecological vitality
1.Public service
efficiency
2. Transit hubs
2.Ability to adapt
3. Smart
transportation
3.Ability to change
4. Alternative routes
variety
2.City Capacity
5. Usable floor space
2.Conserving
nonrenewable
6. Safe Public Spaces
4.Ability to respond to
risks
Table 3. HHRC Domains / Attributes
Ranking Domains
Urban-
Infrastructure
Socio - Cultural
Economic
Environmental
Amenity
Responses
Government
Ordinal
Ecological
Facilities
Attributes Code
UI
SC
EC
EE
AR
GF
Assigning
proportional
weights due to
ranking [20]
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.T3
0.1

Towards a resilient city
11
HHRC. model formulation
This paper elaborates the abovementioned multidimension attribute matrix and proposes
actions for cities to move toward a more resilient state in the future. Results showed that six
attributes are not significant and will be deleted in the measuring spatial model. These attributes
are EE7: Health life balance – EC1: Well-being principles - EC16: Employment rates- AR13:
Direct paths - AR18: Bicycle parking – Gf 9: Voting Nodes. This matrix is a multi-measurable
attribute in quantitative and qualitative methods because some attributes could be calculated as
a numeric entity such as urban attributes from 1-9. This model is illustrated in Figure 6.
The validity of the Delphi method does not depend on participants number, rather it depends
on the scientific authentication of experts participating [21].
Verifying proposed model
Testing HHRC matrix
The quantitative study explored and examined residents’ daily life experiences in terms of the
HHRC matrix. The objective of the interviews was to determine the impact of significant
attributes on health well-being and resilience.
HHRC matrix was tested on two case studies and a random sample was taken from a
community of residents from two cities: Madinaty and Zayed City. The number of respondents
in each case was equal; 28 residents were randomly selected in each case. Resident’s
questionnaire aimed at testing and verifying the concluded attributes by measuring residents’
opinions. Data was collected through an online questionnaire into four pillars:
1. Basic information.
2. Evaluation of Happy city parameters.
3. Evaluation of Healthy city parameters.
4. Evaluation of Resilience city parameters

Towards a resilient city
12
Data collected, scored, and classified for each attribute in the average scores are
presented in Qualitative-evaluative criteria. Attributes value could be shown in two steps as
follows:
First: each parameter is referred to 1 or 0 value as true or false; second: If true, it was
ranked into (1-2-3 value) as (poor – fair - good). Sample characteristics: residential community
– sex – occupancy rate – residency – land use and service percentage.
Testing and verifying attributes within case studies
Two case studies have been selected (Madinaty, Sheikh Zayed) in Greater Cairo Region for
informal areas according to the following selection criteria: (Figure 7-9)
▪ Areas are located into different governorates.
▪ Areas are at equidistant from the Cairo capital.
▪ Representative population and living conditions characteristics.
▪ 28 persons were investigated in each case study: the questionnaire was designed in
evaluation parameters conducted from the analytical part.
▪ By reviewing master plans, we can calculate many attributes and indicative values.
▪ In this study, we limit assigning values to attributes due to the questionnaire.

Towards a resilient city
13
Zayed City- 6th October
Figure 8: Master Plan: Madinaty vitality of services multiple-Green areas open spaces
http://www.madinaty.com/En/utilities.asp

Towards a resilient city
14
Applying matrices for case studies
In the last ten years, concepts such as urban health and livability have become ever more
prevalent in urban planning studies. It is possible to understand why a place is livable, but it
is difficult to design a place ensuring that it will be healthy and livable. Accordingly, this
section aims to investigate mixed connections of three attributes of resilience, happiness, and
health in the two case studies.
A comprehensive evaluation of both case studies using the HHRC model resulted in a
quantitative measurement within the matrix shown in (Figures 10-11) that classified each
case study into three evaluation levels.

Towards a resilient city
15
Analysis of Zayed city’s matrix
Analysis of Zayed city matrix showed that it achieved high performance in the residents’
opinion in terms of urban infrastructure and fairness in the socio-cultural domain – a good
attribute that formulated to an ordinal scale of 2-3 values, as shown on the second and third
circles. Some attributes do not exist or exist poorly, which are formulated to 0-1 values shown
in the center and first circle. However, it lacked some attributes in governmental facilities and
environmental domains, which should be readjusted with development plans through a spatial
model.
Reading Madinaty city matrix
Reading of the Madinaty matrix showed that it achieved high performance in the residents’
opinion in all 6 domains of the fair – a good attribute formulated to an ordinal scale of 2-3
values, as shown in the second and third circles.
Some qualitative attributes should be calculated from the master plan in relation to
population such as U 1-6 and U13-16. This is shown in the next section in formulating adoptive
spatial model prototype. This evaluation ensured the objective and hypothesis of the study that
achieving healthy-happy attributes could achieve a partial or fully resilient city.
Model prototype
The proposed model shows the process of integrating healthy/happy attributes while
influencing the analysis of resilient domain factors of HHRC city (Figure 12). This model could
promote multiple modules (Explaining - measuring).

Towards a resilient city
16
Table 4. Input layers sample
Domain
Attribute Layer
Indicator Meaning and Attribute
Layer
Urban ecological
environment
resilience
Green coverage rate /
built-up areas (%)
indicates nature and landscape elements
Park green area
(m2/resident)
indicates vitality level in urban ecological
wastewater discharge
(tons)
indicates environmental pollution impact
Financial revenue
Indicates performance of public service
functions
Socio-environmental
resilience
employment ratio
Indicates development level
Universities students
Indicates city’s innovation ability
Number of hospital beds
/ 1000 people
Indicates urban& medical emergency
level
Bus number / 10,000
residents
Indicates urban transport system
comfortability
Percentage of
international Internet
users (%)
Indicates urban social connectivity level
(Author)
In this model, the revision of the city master plan became an essential opportunity to
redirect the city’s development into environmental and landscape protection, employing
adaptive strategies for health, vitality, and risk reduction. Some of these strategies are related
to decisions on land-use allocation. In particular, land-use regulations are oriented to enhance
the ecological dimension of the entire city master plan and not only through land-use zoning
and contributing to enhancing the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation policies

Towards a resilient city
17
Discussion
Some studies conducted happy city criteria and concluded the most relevant findings into well-
being principles, active mobility, places that matter sense of control, comfort, and agency [22].
As resilience refers to the ability of the system to achieve normal operations such as public
safety and social order as to address the challenge of making our cities the healthiest, happiest,
and most sustainable places [23].
Previous studies which examined happy city variables classified them into three sustainability
dimensions: Equality & urban conditions, Education& work, Health, and community. In this
study, a limited number of dimensions and indicators were considered. Though Gehl (2022)
[24] believes that urban planners should strive to create cities that are livable, safe, sustainable,
and healthy. A walking space should be useful, safe, comfortable, and interesting to a citizen.
Thus, walking is encouraged, increasing social interactions as people pass each other at a
walking space, resilient approach that encourages ecological, economic, and cultural diversity
to help communities and places stay strong over . A vision for a better future is important.
These dimensions must be considered as an organic whole. We conclude that cities must be
responsive to the context in which they operate, and what constitutes intelligence is dependent
on a variety of contexts [25].
Key findings
When discussing the concept of a resilient city, people may consider excluding vitality and
happiness. In this more inclusive study, we concluded many key components in order to
integrate Resilient -Happy-Healthy approaches in city planning.
The study concluded six domains that are interconnected indicators: urban
infrastructure, socio-cultural, economic, environmental/ ecological, amenity/responses, and
governmental facilities. However, the main factors influence urban resilience or happy healthy
attributes. Multiple indicators are needed for:
a) Increasing transportation efficiency.
b) Improving safety.
c) Increasing city attractiveness (social, environmental, and economic).
d) Improving Health and well-being opportunities.
e) Addressing equal concerns for community needs.
Hence, the evaluation of indicators 126 (attributes) was made, and a descriptive exploratory
analysis was used for the main aspects of wellbeing and satisfaction. The paper developed two
levels of investigation: the Delphi survey included three groups of experts and significantly
statistically tested where 6 attributes were excluded.
Covering four perspectives (domains) conducted from a theoretical approach:
Ecological environment, economic, social, and urban infrastructure services, then two domains
were added for covering amenity responses and governmental facilities. Participants also had
the opportunity to add new terms to the original list.
In the second round, a new question was added to assure their opinion in the hypothesis
and the number of the agreeing respondents was calculated.
In this research, 36 experts participated. The weight of the criteria was considered in a
range of 1-5 points showed in (very low, low, average, high, and very high).
One-way ANOVA test assures homogeneity with significance between tested groups
descriptive independent random normality results and excluded case analysis by analysis
conclude happy healthy resilient city attributes as shown in the appendices section.

Towards a resilient city
18
One-Way ANOVA is a parametric test [26]. Domains have been ranked due to expert
opinions. An adaptive spatial planning model was developed to improve the city's resilience.
The spatial model was formulated for providing the necessary resilient healthy-happy city
attributes for evolutional plans. This model was developed upon the 120 attributes and tested
within residents’ random sample in two case studies in Zayed City – Madinaty City. HHRC
matrix showed graphically the city attributes performance as the HHRC model formulated to
enhance planning stages and built future scenarios, through the proposed prototype designed
to be built on Geomedia GIS Software
Conclusion
As cities cannot easily copy good methods, appropriate approaches are needed to improve their
conditions [27]. Our key point is that cities must be responsive to the context in which they
operate, and what constitutes with variety of contexts that were not tested but included in the
proposed model HHRC, such as the political system.
Overall, this study shows that using this model helps not only to investigate the city's
resilient level in more detail but also helps the policymakers in their assessments. It can be
considered an effective tool aimed at promoting the identification of city contexts.
The advantage of using the HHRC multi approaches matrix is that it could enhance the
ability to achieve well-being and happier communities. Furthermore, the proposed framework
describes each city's positive and negative attributes. HHRC model showed that achieving
happy-healthy approaches could lead to a partially resilient city.
Limitations and future work
A limitation of this study is that it covers a small area and is not inclusive of more countries or
cities. Further, it considers only the urban population, not the rural one which comprises the
majority in Egypt. Factors affecting happy city can be identified by considering the relationship
between happiness measures and urban indicators. Qualitative attributes should be tested with
planning ratios and indicators. The proposed spatial model should be programmed by
Geomedia professional GIS program to building cities of the future.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank all participants, experts, and residents who participated in the study for
their valuable time in completing the questionnaire.
References
1- Tomanek R. Sustainable Mobility in Smart Metropolis. In A. B. Brdulak, Happy City -
How to Plan and Create best livable area for the people. Poland: Springer International.
2017.

Towards a resilient city
19
2- Keiner M. The future of sustainability. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006.
3- King D, Gurtner Y, Firdaus A, et al. Land use planning for disaster risk reduction and
climate change adaptation: Operationalizing policy and legislation at local levels.
Int J Disaster Resil Built Environ. 2016.
4- Habibi AA. Delphi Technique Theoretical Framework in Qualitative. Int J Eng Sci.
2014;3(4):8–13.
5- Kemperman A, Timmermans H. Green spaces in the direct living environment and
social contacts of the aging population. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014;129:44–54.
6- Langenheim N, White M, Barton J, et al. Designing with data for urban resilience. In
International conference on computers in urban planning and urban
management .Springer, Cham. 2017;113–133.

Towards a resilient city
20
7- Helliwell, J. L. World Happiness Report: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
United Nations. 2015.
8- Al-Azzawi A. AI & well-being: Can AI make you happy in the city. In Artificial
Intelligence in the Gulf. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. 2021;163–201.
9- https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/.(2022). Retrieved from
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/happiness/.
10- Al-Azzawi, A. (2019). Dubai happiness agenda: Engineering the happiest city on earth.
In Smart cities in the Gulf (pp. 195–221). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.
11- Twin A. Investopedia. Retrieved from Delphi Method:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/delphi-method.asp. 2021.
12- Magdi S. (2018). Towards sustainable slum development: A performance evaluation
approach for slum upgrading plans in Egypt, Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and
Arts (pp. 317–332) Taylor & Francis Group, London.
13- Ibiyemi AO, Adnan YM, Daud MN. The validity of the classical Delphi applications
for assessing the industrial sustainability-correction factor: An example study.
Foresight. 2016;18(6):603–624.
14- Helliwell JF. Global happiness policy synthesis. Global happiness policy report;
Sustainable development solutions network: New York. 2018.
15- WHO. Building healthy cities:inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Hungary: WHO
European Healthy Cities Network. 2017;43–45.
16- Gehl J. The Environment show. 2022. Retrieved from
https://www.environmentshow.com/
17- Shaheen L, Ibrahim MA. Smart happy city. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2021;253:527.
18- Kentstate university. 2021. Retrieved from university library:
https://libguides.library.kent.edu/spss/onewayanova
19- Mirzaei S, Zangiabadi A. Studying and complying dimensions, indicators and variables
related to a happy city. Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev. 2021;9(2):94–111.