No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Results of a small terrestrial mammal survey in the remote Boé region of Guinea‐Bissau, with discovery of two new shrew records for the country
Abstract
The Boé region in the south‐east of Guinea‐Bissau has remained untouched by large‐scale human influence and development due to its isolated location. The region consists mainly of savannah interspersed with gallery forests and hosts a unique and valuable biodiversity though very little is known of small terrestrial mammal diversity. In 2013, a terrestrial small mammal live trapping survey was conducted around Béli, a small village in the South of the Boé region. Five survey locations of three ecotypes were selected, and a combination of pitfall traps and live traps was used to capture and release small mammals. A selection of mammals that could not be identified as well as accidental mortalities in the traps were collected as voucher specimens and sent to Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands. Over 96 survey days, a total of 331 small terrestrial mammals were trapped from 21 unique species, which include two new species records for the country: shrew species Crocidura lamottei and Crocidura crossei . Extrapolation from species accumulation curves suggested an overall species richness of 22 species for the region, with substantial differences in community composition among sampled habitats. The results of this study are an important part of the scientific record for small terrestrial mammals in the Boé region and set a baseline reference for future conservation efforts.
... pers.). This was the reason why some investigators did not use this trap until recently in their small mammal studies (Westra et al. 2022;Torre and Palau 2023), but none of them has attempted to test the performance of this trap compared to the more traditional and standard live trapping models. Indeed, this trap model was not included as a sampling option for mice in recent trapping practical guides (Sikes and Animal Care and use Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists, 2016; Machtinger and Williams 2020). ...
... Our goal in this study was to perform a test of the efficacy of the Heslinga trap in field conditions, by comparing its performance with the medium-sized Sherman trap, a widely used live trapping model recommended for small mammal sampling in the study area and elsewhere (Machtinger and Williams 2020;Torre et al. 2021). Due to the similar design, the Heslinga and Longworth traps are expected to have similar performance, and the former could be used as an alternative to the latter working alone or in combination with other trap models to maximize capture probability (McCarthy et al. 2021;Westra et al. 2022;Torre and Palau 2023). If this was true (i.e., Heslinga = Longworth), we will expect a similar performance of the Heslinga trap when compared to the Sherman trap, as was observed in Longworth/Sherman comparisons (Morris 1968;Torre et al. 2018;Eleftheriou et al. 2020). ...
... The Heslinga trap showed a similar design than the Longworth trap, and despite specific tests between both model traps are needed, a similar performance could be expected. Actually, some authors used this trap as a natural substitute of the Longworth despite no field tests were performed to confirm its efficacy (Westra et al. 2022). Nonetheless, the Heslinga trap can be considered an improvement of the Longworth (Boekel 2014;Torre et al. 2021), and our results suggested that the former could outperform the latter. ...
Longworth and Sherman are widely used live traps in small mammal communities in temperate and tropical areas, and their performance has been tested over decades. The Heslinga trap looks like a green colored Longworth trap, but it can be considered a technical improvement of the latter model. Due to the similar design, the Heslinga and Longworth traps are expected to have similar performance, but no study has tested the efficacy of the Heslinga trap in field conditions. In this study we compared its performance against the medium-sized Sherman trap, a widely used live trapping model recommended for small mammal sampling, in 15 small mammal stations during four consecutive years (2019-2022) and eight sampling sessions conducted twice a year (21,600 traps-night). The Heslinga trap recorded more species than the Sherman (11 versus 8), but it also recorded more captures (63% vs. 37%) and recaptures (59% vs. 41%). However, the representativeness of the species in the communities was the same when estimated by each trap model. Nonetheless, differences in detectability by trap model suggested that the occupancy of common species could be underestimated by using Sherman traps. We showed that the Heslinga trap outperformed the Sherman trap regarding species diversity estimates, capture success, and sampling inaccuracies. These results are promising, and owing to the several advantages over the Longworth trap (i.e., stronger, durable, better concealment, and cheaper), the Heslinga trap could be a serious alternative to the more widely used trap.
A new Praomys species from Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda, Praomys degraaffi n. sp., is described in the P. jacksoni species-complex. It occurs at high elevations in montane forests of the Albertine Rift. The new species is compared with P. jacksoni from the same region and with the other species in the P. jacksoni species-com-plex. .
In this study, a new species of Grammomys, G. brevirostris, is described. The type specimen was collected in 1974 from Lemesikio, Loliondo, Loita Plains in Kenya. The new species is of approximately the same size as G. ibeanus, but differs from all known thicket rats in that it exhibits a short and broad rostrum, a long masseteric plate with a convex anterior margin, an isolated tubercle t1, a distinctive posterior cingulum on the first upper molar, and a reduced labial row of cusps on the 3 upper molar. I suggest that species richness in Grammomys thicket rats is probably underestimated, and that the entire genus is in critical need of a thorough taxonomic revision.
Missoup, A.D., Nicolas, V., Wendelen, W., Keming, E., Bilong Bilong, C.F., Couloux, A., Atanga, E., Hutterer, R. & Denys, C. (2012). Systematics and diversification of Praomys species (Rodentia: Muridae) endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Central Africa). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 327–345.
Our integrative approach combines two mitochondrial genes (16S and cyt b gene), two nuclear genes (exon 10 GHR and exon 1 IRBP) and craniometrical data to test the status and to infer phylogenetic relationships of the three Praomys Cameroon Volcanic Line endemics (P. hartwigi, P. morio and P. obscurus). The taxonomic rank of the principal genus group is assessed and the mode of diversification of species of the P. tullbergi complex in Afrotropical forests is discussed based on estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors and on tree topologies. This study documents for the first time the molecular and morphometrical distinctiveness of P. hartwigi and P. morio within the P. tullbergi species complex. Further studies including specimens of P. hartwigi from all its distribution range are needed to conclude on the status of P. obscurus. The monophyly of the genus Praomys is refuted. Times to the most recent common ancestors of major clades within the P. tullbergi species complex are estimated for the last 2.5 Mya and during the last 1 or 2 Mya for different species or forms. The lowland forest refuge hypothesis might well explain the diversification of P. misonnei, P. rostratus and P. tullbergi in the guineo-congolese forest block. The isolation of montane forests could have facilitated the divergence between the two montane forest forms P. hartwigi and P. obscurus and between populations of P. morio from the continent and those from the island of Bioko. Praomys populations (species) that inhabit the Cameroon Volcanic Line Praomys probably originated as lowland forms subsequently specialized to highland conditions.
In order to investigate dynamics and reproduction in Mastomys erythroleucus inhabiting a high rainfall area in coastal Guinea, West Africa, a small mammal study was carried out through a 1-year longitudinal survey. Sampling was by standardized trapping in houses, cultivations, forest and savanna. Identification of the small mammals was based on morphology, and by molecular technique for sibling species. As a part of a larger survey on reservoirs of Lassa virus in Guinea, 106/289 specimens were screened for arenavirus and were found negative. The most abundant species was M. erythroleucus (46%) which occurred in all habitats, with a preference for savanna close to the cultivations. Its reproduction was seasonal and lasted for 8 months, beginning in the early rainy season and finishing in the early dry season. It was syntopic with Lophuromys sikapusi (13%) and Praomys rostratus (10%), which probably migrated from forest/orchards to cultivations in the late rainy season. Reproduction was high in many species in the late rainy season, but P. rostratus seemed to reproduce actively in the dry season, in contrast to L. sikapusi. Pygmy mice, Mus (Nannomys) spp., were abundant in the early rainy season only. The high species richness (14) is explained by the combined influence of Sudanian-Guinean-Congolian habitats. The role of the absence of bush fires is also debated in that context.
This chapter is a brief introduction to inventory methods for mammals in terrestrial habitats, with a focus on trapping methods for terrestrial small mammals, bats and medium-sized (meso-) mammals. For large mammals we refer the reader to more detailed sources. We suggest guidelines for designing a study, introduce selected trapping and handling procedures, and make recommendations for field equipment and data recording. Practical notes and hints based on authors’ field experience are integrated in all sections of the chapter. Additionally, the authors review safety precautions and cover practical aspects for what to do “before launching” an expedition.
Aims In ecology and conservation biology, the number of species counted in a biodiversity study is a key metric but is usually
a biased underestimate of total species richness because many rare species are not detected. Moreover, comparing species richness
among sites or samples is a statistical challenge because the observed number of species is sensitive to the number of individuals
counted or the area sampled. For individual-based data, we treat a single, empirical sample of species abundances from an
investigator-defined species assemblage or community as a reference point for two estimation objectives under two sampling
models: estimating the expected number of species (and its unconditional variance) in a random sample of (i) a smaller number
of individuals (multinomial model) or a smaller area sampled (Poisson model) and (ii) a larger number of individuals or a
larger area sampled. For sample-based incidence (presence–absence) data, under a Bernoulli product model, we treat a single
set of species incidence frequencies as the reference point to estimate richness for smaller and larger numbers of sampling
units.
1 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique et Evolution, UMR 5202 du CNRS / USM 601, Labora-toire Mammifères et Oiseaux, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. Tel : (33) 1 40 79 35 05; Fax : (33) 1 40 79 30 63; E-mail : vnicolas@mnhn.fr ABSTRACT. Numerous studies have compared the efficiency of different types of traps for the survey of small mammals in temperate countries, but such comparative studies are strikingly fewer in tropical habitats. We com-pared the efficiency of three types of traps for sampling small mammals in an African rainforest : one type of inter-ception trap (pitfall traps with drift fences) and two types of baited traps (Sherman live trap and metal snap trap). We captured 1884 individuals belonging to 9 shrew and 11 murid rodent species. Pitfall traps were more efficient (higher number of species trapped and higher trap success) than baited traps for capturing shrews. In contrast, they were less efficient for capturing rodents, even if some rare species were captured in pitfall traps only. Sherman and snap traps have complementary qualities for the capture of rodents. Sherman traps are more effective for trapping smaller rodent species, while snap traps tend to be more effective for trapping larger ones. Moreover, light individ-uals of the largest species are better captured than heavy ones in Sherman, while no significant difference was observed for small species. No sex ratio difference was detected between populations sampled by each of the three types of traps. The three types of traps used in this study have complementary effects onto the capture of small mammals in African rainforest. An assortment of traps should always be employed in studies of small mammal communities in African rainforest in order to obtain a wider range of taxa, and thus a better representation of the community.
The aim of our study was to compare the shrew community diversity and structure in gradients of tropical forest degradation
and restoration. Four plots within each of six habitats of the Ziama Biosphere Reserve were surveyed, including primary forest,
secondary forest, cultivated fields, recently (less than 3years) abandoned fields, young (10–12years) forest restoration
plots, and old (34years) restoration plots. From August to November 2003, we pitfall-trapped 2,509 shrews representing 11
species. Shrew species richness and composition was similar in the six habitat surveyed, while shrew species abundance varied
between habitats. Canopy height and cover, density of stems and trees and understorey density were shown to constitute important
parameters influencing the abundance of several shrew species. After clear-cutting, restoration of key attributes of the forest
vegetation structure was possible in 10–34years, either by natural regeneration or by planting of seedlings. The relative
abundance of most shrew species was similar between restoring forest (i.e., young restoration plots or fallows) and primary
forest. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods of forest restoration, one of the most suitable
management practices to restore forest while preserving shrew biodiversity could be to perform an alternation of native seedling
plantation lines and fallows.
In 2006, an inventory of small mammals was conducted on the upper Seli River in central Sierra Leone on the southwestern fringe of the Loma-Man portion of the Guinea Highlands as part of the baseline surveys conducted for the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project (BHP). We recorded a total of 35 mammal species, including three shrews (Soricomorpha), 19 bats (Chiroptera), 11 rodents (Rodentia), one primate, and one carnivore. New or first well-documented species for Sierra Leone are the shrew Crocidura nigeriae, the bats Myonycteris torquata, Rhinolophus denti knorri, and the rare horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ziama endemic to Upper Guinea. Also reported are two bat specimens apparently representing an undescribed species of Neoromicia related to N. nana. We support the creation of a protected area as an offset for areas lost to the inundation of the BHP reservoir.
The most frequently used climate classification map is that of Wladimir Köppen, presented in its latest version 1961 by Rudolf Geiger. A huge number of climate studies and subsequent publications adopted this or a former release of the Köppen-Geiger map. While the climate
classification concept has been widely applied to a broad range of topics in climate and climate change research as well as in physical geography, hydrology, agriculture, biology and educational aspects, a well-documented update of the world climate classification map is still missing. Based
on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service, we present here a new digital Köppen-Geiger world map on climate classification, valid for the second half of
the 20 century.
German
Die am häufigsten verwendete Klimaklassifikationskarte ist jene von Wladimir Köppen, die in der letzten Auflage von Rudolf Geiger aus dem Jahr 1961 vorliegt. Seither bildeten viele Klimabücher und Fachartikel diese oder eine frühere Ausgabe
der Köppen-Geiger Karte ab. Obwohl das Schema der Klimaklassifikation in vielen Forschungsgebieten wie Klima und Klimaänderung aber auch physikalische Geographie, Hydrologie, Landwirtschaftsforschung, Biologie und Ausbildung zum Einsatz kommt, fehlt bis heute eine gut dokumentierte
Aktualisierung der Köppen-Geiger Klimakarte. Basierend auf neuesten Datensätzen des Climatic Research Unit (CRU) der Universität von East Anglia und des Weltzentrums für Niederschlagsklimatologie (WZN) am Deutschen Wetterdienst präsentieren wir hier eine neue digitale
Köppen-Geiger Weltkarte für die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.
The taxonomy of African shrew species is still unresolved due to their conserved morphology. This also affects knowledge concerning their geographic distribution. In Nigeria, using mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene sequences, we carried out a survey for shrews from the genus Crocidura across various ecological zones to determine taxa that are present and also to assess their phylogeographic structure. Our analyses include 183 specimens collected with Sherman traps from 19 localities around the country. We detected six taxa: Crocidura olivieri lineages II, III and IV, C. hildegardeae, C. jouvenetae, and C. foxi. Among these, C. hildegardeae and C. jouvenetae are reported in Nigeria for the first time. Phylogenetic comparison of our genetic sequences to those generated from other parts of Africa demonstrate that all species in our study, as currently defined, are in need of taxonomic revision. Geographically, Nigeria seems to represent the easternmost boundary for C. olivieri lineage II and C. jouvenetae, and the western distribution limit of C. olivieri lineage IV and C. hildegardeae. The Niger River appears to be the most significant topographical barrier restricting these taxa. This information is vital to preserving the diversity but also managing the epidemiological potential of these small mammals.
Morphometric differentiation between the two species of the genus Praomys Thomas (1915) inhabiting West Africa was investigated using univariate and multivariate statistics on external, cranial and dental measurements. One hundred and seventy six adult specimens (78 P. tullbergi and 98 P. rostratus) from fifteen localities throughout the Upper Guinean rainforest were analyzed. All specimens had been previously identified to species level by molecular analyses (16S rRNA and/or cytochrome b gene sequencing). Sexual dimorphism was observed in both species, but was more significant in P. rostratus than in P. tullbergi. Body weight was significantly lower in P. tullbergi than in P. rostratus. Moreover, males of P. tullbergi had a significantly smaller head and body length than males of P. rostratus. Specimens of P. tullbergi of both sexes were on average smaller than males of P. rostratus regarding all cranial and dental measurements, and smaller than females of P. rostratus with regard to most measurements. However, none of the cranial or dental measurements treated in our study could be used alone to separate P. rostratus and P. tullbergi, because of considerable overlap in the ranges of each variable. A good discrimination between the two species was obtained by means of craniometrical multivariate statistics, several rostrum measurements being significantly lower in P. tullbergi than in P. rostratus. Discrepancies between our results and former published studies are hypothesized to be due to differences between the variables used and/or the geographical areas covered.
This account considers progress in research on small rodent ecology since about 1970. While some ecological survey has been undertaken throughout much of the continent, the main research thrust has involved the detailed examination of population processes in a range of habitats from deserts to tropical rain forests. The deserts and semi-arid regions support a range of species with some better adapted to these harsh conditions than others. The adaptations manifest themselves in different life history strategies e.g., opportunistic with high turnover species, or low turnover-low reproduction species, in their physiology e.g., adaption to water retention, and in their behaviour e.g., avoiding heat of day. Long term studies show large numerical fluctuations with a quick response by some species to favourable conditions caused by relatively high precipitation. In the savanna and grasslands, studies have centred on population dynamics, the relationship between food and breeding, reproductive and life history strategies and the determination of niche. These have been approached through the study of groups of species in particular localities as well as by the examination of individual species. In these habitats populations are more stable and less erratic than in semi-arid regions. Perturbations, particularly fire, can have various effects on the numbers and species composition of the disturbed area. In the tropical rain forest population fluctuations are modest and may take up to 2–3 years to pass from a peak to a trough and back again. Breeding typically extends over much of the year with, apparently, the greatest number of rodents occurring on the ground surface. Bush and temporary farms derived as a result of forest modification support more animals (and often more species) than forest. The niches occupied by forest rodents are poorly understood and very little is known of the ecology within the canopy. In most localities a small number of species are abundant and the remainder much less frequent.
Rarefaction has long represented a powerful tool for detecting species richness and its variation across spatial scales. Some authors recently reintroduced the mathematical expression for calculating sample-based rarefaction curves. While some of them did not claim any advances, others presented this formula as a new analytical solution. We provide evidence about formulations of the sample-based rarefaction formula older than those recently proposed in ecological literature.
In this study, we investigate skull size and shape differentiation between sibling species of Mastomys with the aim to characterize and discriminate three sympatric species found in West Africa: M. huberti, M. erythroleucus and M. natalensis. A total of 133 genetically determined specimens were used for the morphometric analyses. Statistical analyses clearly demonstrated that the three species largely overlapped in centroid size (M. erythroleucus tends to be larger on average than the M. huberti and M. natalensis) but they exhibited large differences in skull shape. The current study focused on skull shape, and allowed us to discriminate three morphological groups that are congruent with the three species suggested by molecular identification (90% of the individuals are correctly assigned by cross-validated classifications). In the Mastomys, the evolution of cranial length and shape may be influenced by competitive pressure between closely related species separated by ecological segregation. This source of variability could possibly induce character displacement between species of Mastomys.
Arvicanthis nitoticus was found, during two seasons of the study, to begin breeding some two to three months after the start of the rains; at this time weed seeds first appeared in the stomach contents. Breeding continued during the rains and into the early part of the dry season while weed seeds and cereals formed the major part of the diet. Breeding declined during the early part of the dry season, and fat was laid down while weed seeds and cereals were still present but less abundant in the diet. Later in the dry season, breeding ceased and the diet was switched dramatically, first to the leaves and stems of dicotyledonous plants then almost exclusively to grass, and fat deposits were rapidly utilized. Arvicanthis living in an area where cereals were artifically supplied bred almost continuously. Mastomys natalensis also bred when seeds and cereals were most plentiful, but, by ranging widely over open ground, often managed to continue to find these foods, and insects, during the dry season. Supplied cereals failed to produce a reproductive response in Mastomys–instead, unprecedented fat deposits developed. Unseasonal reproduction in this species was, however, observed in an unseasonal wheat crop. Rhabdomys pumilio bred when cereals were plentiful but was also found breeding when its diet was mainly clover–a crop that is noted for its high crude protein content. The herbivorous Otomys angoniensis bred throughout the year and was unaffected by supplied cereals. It seems clear that the food supply of grani-vorous species is dependent on rainfall, and that prolongation of the normal rainy season may generate excess food and cover, resulting in and extended breeding season and unusually large numbers of these rodents.
A rapid survey of terrestrial small mammals (Shrews and rodents) of the Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Guinea
- J Decher
Decher, J. (2004). A rapid survey of terrestrial small mammals (Shrews
and rodents) of the Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Guinea. In J.
McCullough (Ed.), A rapid biological assessment of the Forêt Classée
du Pic de Fon, Simandou Range, Southeastern Republic of Guinea. RAP
Bulletin of Biological Assessment 35. Washington, D.C. (pp. 78-83).
Conservation International.
Small mammals of West Africa, West African nature handbooks
- A H Booth
Booth, A. H. (1960). Small mammals of West Africa, West African nature
handbooks (1st ed.). Longmans.
A biological assessment of the terrestrial ecosystems of the Draw River, Boi-Tano, Tano Nimiri and Krokosua Hills forest reserves, southwestern Ghana
- J Decher
- J Oppong
- J Fahr
Decher, J., Oppong, J., & Fahr, J. (2005). Rapid assessment of terrestrial
small mammals atDraw River, Boi Tano, and Krokosua Hills. In J.
McCullough, J. Decher, & D. G. Kpelle (Eds.), A biological assessment of the terrestrial ecosystems of the Draw River, Boi-Tano, Tano
Nimiri and Krokosua Hills forest reserves, southwestern Ghana. RAP
Bulletin of Biological Assessment, No. 36. Washington D.C. (pp. 57-66). Conservation International.
2022) GBIF Occurrence
GBIF.org. (2022) GBIF Occurrence. Retrieved March, 2022, from https://
doi.org/10.15468/ dl.mhw3mk
Manual on field recording techniques and protocols for all Taxa biodiversity inventories and monitoring
- A. Hoffmann
- J. Decher
- F. Rovero
- J. Schaer
- C. Voigt
- G. Wibbelt
An identification key for species within the genus Praomys (Rodentia: Muridae)
- E Lecompte
- C Denys
- L Granjon
Lecompte, E., Denys, C., & Granjon, L. (2001). An identification key for
species within the genus Praomys (Rodentia: Muridae). In C. Denys,
L. Granjon, & A. Poulet (Eds.), African Small Mammals -Petits mammifères africains. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on
African Small Mammals (pp. 127-129). IRD Press.
The mammals of Africa. An identification manual
- J Meester
- H W Setzer
Meester, J., & Setzer, H. W. (1971). The mammals of Africa. An identification manual. Smithsonian Institution Press.
The effect of sampling on the measurement of small mammal diversity; species abundance and species richness
- D. Montfort
Mammals of Ghana, Sierra Leone and the Gambia
- P Grubb
- T S Jones
- A G Davies
- E Edberg
- E D Starin
- J E Hill
Grubb, P., Jones, T. S., Davies, A. G., Edberg, E., Starin, E. D., & Hill, J.
E. (1998). Mammals of Ghana, Sierra Leone and the Gambia. The
Trendrine Press.
Biodiversity monitoring in Asubima and Afrensu Brohuma forest reserves
- A P Manu
Manu, A. P. (2011). Biodiversity monitoring in Asubima and Afrensu
Brohuma forest reserves, Ghana [Unpublished technical research report]. Form International Ghana.
A rapid survey of small mammals from the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Eastern Region, Ghana
- N Weber
- J Fahr
Weber, N., & Fahr, J. (2007). A rapid survey of small mammals from
the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Eastern Region, Ghana. In J.
McCullough, L. E. Alonso, P. Naskrecki, H. E. Wright, & Y. Osei-Owusu (Eds.), A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Atewa Range
Forest Reserve, Eastern Ghana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment,
No. 47. Washington D.C (pp. 90-98). Conservation International.
Notes on the Praomys of Angola with the description of a new species (Mammalia: Rodentia: Muridae)
- Van der Straeten E.
Shipping and Handling of Natural History Wet Specimens Stored in Fluids as “Dangerous Goods” - Hazardous Materials. Conserve-O-Gram US National Park Service 11/13
- A Bentley
A Preliminary survey of small terrestrial mammals in the Gola Forest Sierra Leone. Gola Rainforest National Park Technical research paper
- P Anadu
Preservation Techniques University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
- E Ethridger
Handleiding inventarisatie noordse woelmuis m.b.v. inloopvallen. Dutch Mammal Society. Wildlife survey instruction manual
- R M Koelman
Koelman, R. M. (2007). Handleiding inventarisatie noordse woelmuis m.b.v.
inloopvallen. Dutch Mammal Society. Wildlife survey instruction manual. Unpublished.
Gola Rainforest National Park Technical research paper. Unpublished Bentley, A
- P Anadu
- Sierra Leone
Anadu, P. (2008). A Preliminary survey of small terrestrial mammals in the
Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Gola Rainforest National Park Technical
research paper. Unpublished
Bentley, A. (2007). Shipping and Handling of Natural History Wet Specimens
Stored in Fluids as "Dangerous Goods" -Hazardous Materials.
Conserve-O-Gram, US National Park Service 11/13. https://decap
oda.nhm.org/pdfs/31321/ 31321.pdf
Bergers, P. J. M. (1997). Kleine zoogdieren inventariseren: het kan efficiënter. Journal of the Dutch Mammal Society: Zoogdier, 8(3), 3-6.
Diversity and dynamics in a community of small mammals in coastal Guinea
- R E E Ethridge
- E Lecompte
- F Veyrunes
- P Barrière
- V Nicolas
- K Koulémou
Ethridge R.E. (1996). Preservation Techniques, University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology. Retrieved May, 2020, from https://lsa.umich.
edu/ummz/herps/ colle ction s/prese rvati on-techn iques.html
Fichet-Calvet, E., Lecompte, E., Veyrunes, F., Barrière, P., Nicolas, V., &
Koulémou, K. (2009). Diversity and dynamics in a community of
small mammals in coastal Guinea, West Africa. Belgian Journal of
Zoology, 139(2), 93-102.
Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project, Baseline Biodiversity Surveys -Baseline Small Mammal Survey
- Nippon Koei
Nippon Koei UK. (2007). Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project,
Baseline Biodiversity Surveys -Baseline Small Mammal Survey,
[Unpublished technical research report].
conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use
Journal of Ecology,
60, 946-957. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13044
13652028, 2022, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aje.13044 by University Of Leiden, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License