ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF CHILLI AND CAPSICUM

Abstract

Details about the antioxidant properties and health benefits of Chilli and Capsicum.

Full text

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF
HORTICULTURAL CROPS

Dr. Arghya Mani
Dr. Nityamanjari Mishra
Dr. Nirmal Kumar Meena
Dr. Subhrajyoti Chatterjee
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Part 2: Antioxidant Properties and Health
Benets of Vegetables & Flowers

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Printed in India
FOREWORD
Fruits and vegetables are reported to have health-improving benefits, hence known as protective
foods and they contain different kinds of antioxidants Some fruits and vegetables like citrus fruits (orange,
grapefruit, lime, lemon), grapes, pomegranates, apples, dates, green and yellow vegetables, cabbage,
strawberries, carrots, dark leafy greens, and banana are widely known to be rich in natural antioxidant
contents.
An antioxidant can be defined as a substance which significantly delays or prevents oxidation of
oxidizable substrate when present at low concentration. Antioxidants are broadly divided in to two groups
namely natural enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase, catalases
are natural enzymatic antioxidants and located mostly in peroxisomes. Fruits and vegetables are very good
source of natural antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, dietary
glutathione and endogenous metabolites which act as free radical scavengers, singlet and triplet oxygen
quenchers, enzyme inhibitors, peroxide decomposers and synergists. Antioxidants exert both additive and
synergistic effects in reducing the risk of oxidative damages to cells. Hence, consuming fruits and
vegetables can be the most easy and healthy way of reducing the risk of many chronic diseases like cardio-
and cerebrovascular, ocular and neurological diseases, strokes, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and blood-
related diseases.
The compilation of nutritional and antioxidant properties of various fruits and vegetable crops in
the book entitled “Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits of Horticultural Crops” is highly
informative and useful for the researchers, teachers, students and extension personnel to take up further
scientific research and development. This book would enlighten the readers about the healing power of
nature to attract them more towards the plant grown foods rather than choosing the processed food. I am
glad and appreciate the endeavours of all the Authors and Editors for bringing and this book encompassing
with all these aspects.
(P.N. Jagdev)
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics,
Odisha University of Agriculture &
Technology, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha
-
751003
Dr. P.N. Jagdev, Ph.D.
Professor & Ex-Dean of
Research and Extension
Education
Date
:
28 January, 2022
Bhubaneswar

FOREWORD
Fruits and vegetables are reported to have health-improving benefits, hence known as protective
foods and they contain different kinds of antioxidants Some fruits and vegetables like citrus fruits (orange,
grapefruit, lime, lemon), grapes, pomegranates, apples, dates, green and yellow vegetables, cabbage,
strawberries, carrots, dark leafy greens, and banana are widely known to be rich in natural antioxidant
contents.
An antioxidant can be defined as a substance which significantly delays or prevents oxidation of
oxidizable substrate when present at low concentration. Antioxidants are broadly divided in to two groups
namely natural enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase, catalases
are natural enzymatic antioxidants and located mostly in peroxisomes. Fruits and vegetables are very good
source of natural antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, dietary
glutathione and endogenous metabolites which act as free radical scavengers, singlet and triplet oxygen
quenchers, enzyme inhibitors, peroxide decomposers and synergists. Antioxidants exert both additive and
synergistic effects in reducing the risk of oxidative damages to cells. Hence, consuming fruits and
vegetables can be the most easy and healthy way of reducing the risk of many chronic diseases like cardio-
and cerebrovascular, ocular and neurological diseases, strokes, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and blood-
related diseases.
The compilation of nutritional and antioxidant properties of various fruits and vegetable crops in
the book entitled “Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits of Horticultural Crops” is highly
informative and useful for the researchers, teachers, students and extension personnel to take up further
scientific research and development. This book would enlighten the readers about the healing power of
nature to attract them more towards the plant grown foods rather than choosing the processed food. I am
glad and appreciate the endeavours of all the Authors and Editors for bringing and this book encompassing
with all these aspects.
(P.N. Jagdev)
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics,
Odisha University of Agriculture &
Technology, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha
-
751003
Dr. P.N. Jagdev, Ph.D.
Professor & Ex-Dean of
Research and Extension
Education
Date
:
28 January, 2022
Bhubaneswar

Preface

      


       
           
           


         
           

        


 
        

            
        
         
         

          
          
         
         


      
    
            
   
         
         


       

           



         
      


          


          
         








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Editors


Foreword v
Preface vii
1.  
2.  
 
Chilli and Capsicum 67
4.  
5.  
6.  
7.  
8.  
  
10.  
11. 
(Peas and Beans) 281
12.  
  
14. Nutritional, Antioxidant Properties and
 
15. 
 
16. 
 
17.  




Debmala Mukherjee1* and Subhrajyoti Chaerjee2
1Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West
Bengal, India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, M S Swaminathan School of
Agriculture (MSSSOA), Ceturion University of Technology and Management (CUTM),
Paralakhemundi-761211, Gajapati, Odisha, India.
*Corresponding mail id: debmalamukherjee02@gmail.com
Abstract
Capsicum
 




  
  


        


68 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
Key words:
Introduction:
Capsicum sp

            
Capsicum
          





History:

et al.
             
Capsicum annuum
et al.Capsicum
annuumannuum   C. annuum
 minimum        
   
            


  
C. baccatumC. baccatum
baccatumC. baccatum
pendulum C. frutescens    
         
C. frutescens
to C. chinense
, C. chinenseCfrutescens
C. chinenseC. pubescens


C. pubescensC. eximiumC. cardenasii and C. tovari.




Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 69
Distribution:
         
            
             
  

   


           
            
            

 et al. 


st

Area and production:



 


             


    

 

          
            


Botanical description
Capsicum
Capsicum annuum   Capsicum       

70 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
TubocapsicumPseudoacnistus and Capsicum
 
C. ciliatum and C. scolnikianum
      
    
 C. anomalum C. pubescence    C pendulum  C
frutescenceC. annuumC. annuum
C. baccatum C. chinense  C. frutescenceC. pubescence 
C. annuum         
    Capsicum spp 
            
C. annuumC. chinenseC. frutescensC. annuum
C. baccatumbaccatum and C. baccatumpendulumCbaccatum
C. pubescensC. eximium and C. cardenasii
Description of species:
C. annuum:
           


     
C. annuum

et al.
C. annuumC. annuum 
•          

•            

•  
    

• 

•   

• 


Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 71
• 

C. baccatum:







C. chinense

 C. chinense

  
C. frutescensC. chinenseRusso, 2012
C. chinense

 Capsicum
         


C. frutescence 
C. frutescens         

    
          

C. frutescens
CapsicumC. frutescens



72 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
Species of Capsicum
 C. annuum fruit
 C. chinense fruit
 C. baccatum var. pendulum

 C. frutescence fruit

Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 73
 C. pubescence fruit
C. pubescence
           
 Capsicum pubescens grow
            
        
      


         

C. praetermissum



   
             


and their wild relatives (Deshpande, 2001)
Species Wild/
cultivated
Calyx teeth corolla Flowers/
nodes
Seeds
C. annuum  
annuum
 Present  1
C. annuum  
aviculare


   
C. baccatum .
pendulum
 Present 


1

74 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
Species Wild/
cultivated
Calyx teeth corolla Flowers/
nodes
Seeds
C. baccatum .
baccatum


Present 


 
C chinense     
C. frutescens  Present   
C. pubescens     
C. cardenasii 

 

 
C. eximium 

 


 

et al.

 
             


           




II. Fruit broad, smooth, thin walled
           



III. Pods long, slender

         
           


Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 75
           


 
           



              

 


 






pungent of the species, C. frutescens.

Capsicum annuum . longum

        

et al.

      
 et al.    
et al.et al.
          



76 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
Capsicum spp. fruit (per 100 g of
edible portion) (Fathima, 2015).
NutrientaSpices,
pepper, red
or cayenneb
Peppers,
sweet, green,
rawc
Peppers, hot
chilli, green,
rawd
Peppers, sweet
yellow, rawe
    
    
  20  
    
  10  11
  20  
    
    
    2
    
    212


   


  
    
    
    


   
    
    
    


  
a         


C. frutescens or C. annuum.
cC. annuum.
dC. frutescens.

Capsicum      
           

Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 77


 

    

 
Capsicum sp 
 
     
      
        


1

Capsicum sp

Potassium
          
           

Copper
  of  is found in 
 of 

Carotenoids:
         







           


78 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
     
 
et al.    et al.  
et al.
        
           


Capsicum




,
 
    
         

 
           


Capsaicin
   
              


et al.


      
    




   
et al.
   

Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 79
et al.et al.


           
  

    
              
            
 

  
           
        
         
 

et al.
Sinapic acid

             
      
      
At a concentration of 20 μ          

α    
et al.

Flavonoids
           
            

      
          

          
          


80 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops
         

       
          
      

            
     
et al.
       
      

Antioxidant property of the crop:


          
        
 

             

Flowers:
C. annuum was
et al.


             
         





Fruit:

2
 

Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 81

      

 Capsicum     
   C. annuum C. baccatum C. chinense C. frutescens and
C. praetermissum     et al.    

C. praetermissum         
C. annuum and C. frutescens
         
   C. baccatum    
C. chinense
  
         
C. praetermissumC. baccatum
C. chinense and C. frutescens   C. annuum     
C. praetermissum
and C. baccatum
C. praetermissum

         Capsicum
     
  


 
 

         
           
      
         

     22  
           
     
et al.
Seeds
Capsicum           
 

82 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops


        

Anti-oxidant property of processed products
Powder:
            




et al.
   

    et al.     
           



  
   


et al.


Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 83
Pepper Sauce:

           
C. frutescens 

et al.
Capsicum frutescens

  
       
          
          
      

    in
natura




  et
al.   

 
           

            







84 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops



Chilli extracts:






          
      


    



            
    

       



in-vitroin-vivo
et al.
et al.

          
Helicobacter pylori       et al.   

et al.et al.
    et al.       

          
   

Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 85
      
      
           



Anti-cancerous

C. annuum
 
             






    et al.  




        
           
              
         
 


        
         

           
 
          
 et al.          



86 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops

         
            
           
            
       2      




Clear congestion

            


Boost immunity
  


 
      



         
    

Anaemia
          






Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 87

           
     
        


et al.
         
  via      
         
trans
        
  et al.  
        
      





            
          
       




Alleviates menopausal symptoms



          
          


88 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops

          


Anti-bacterial
           
 
 


Conclusion
Capsicum  
        
          
         
       

          
            


            
Capsicum
Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10

Progress in New Crops        

Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums.

Capsicums


Journal of Human Nutrition


Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 89
          

Capsicum frutescensC. chinense
Genetics and Molecular Research13
      

Journal of Food Processing39

      
        
Journal of cellular biochemistry82

            
 PLoS One
12

Vegetables, Tubercrops and Spices      

         
  Capsicum annuum International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Research4

          
  JournalNational Cancer
Institute92
et al.

The American journal of clinical nutrition84

Capsicum annuum
Antioxidants8

         
   Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry62
 Capsicum International Botanical
Congress4

90 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops



Food & Function6
          The
Genus Capsicum


Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry50

   Citrus aurantiifolia   Tamarindus indica
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
515

Current medicinal chemistry11
         
Journal of Applied Biological Sciences35

Phytotherapy research25
          
Capsicum annuumPlant Foods for Human
Nutrition71
          
 
Encyclopedia of Food and Health
.
Capsicum annuum
.Food Science and Biotechnology, 21, 

    Capsicum frutescens  Cogent Food & Agriculture
2
et al.
Nature
Spices


Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Chilli and Capsicum 91

       
Capsicum annuumPLoS ONE9
Peppers: Botany, Production and Uses. 
  
  
     Current Opinion in
Lipidology24
            
Capsicum annuum
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52
           
HortScience, 22
The
Journal of Heredity41
        Capsicum annuum 
      Critical Reviews in Food Science and
Nutrition56
        
    C. chinense     Journal of experimental
botany58
Vegetable Science and Technology in India

    
   International Food Research
Journal16
            

          
PLOS ONE10

Encyclopedia of Food and Health



260,

92 Antioxidant Properties and Health Benets of Horticultural Crops


American Journal of Epidemiology123

          
        Capsicum annuum 
Journal of Botany

European journal of physiology461

THE EDITORS
Dr. Arghya Mani is working as Assistant Director of Horticulture, Government of
West Bengal. He has completed B.Sc. Horticulture and M.Sc. Pomology and Post-
Harvest Technology in the year 2015 and 2017 respectively. He has completed his
Ph.D. degree from the Department of Post-Harvest Technology, Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, India. He has qualified ICAR-NET in
Fruit Science and Vegetable Science. He has attended 12 national & international
conferences/seminars/symposium, 5 workshops, 3 training programs. He has
industrial training exposure in “Overseas Agro-product Pvt. Ltd”. He has organized
several training programmes and webinars. He has 1 year experience as Assistant
Professor in Horticulture where he served Sage University, Indore and Lovely
Professional University, Punjab. As 1st author he published several books, 30+ popular
articles, 20+ research papers, 15+ book chapters, 10+ review papers published at
Scopus, WOS and NAAS indexed journals. He has successfully represented NGOs to
disseminate knowledge related to horticulture technology and food processing at
farmer’s level. He has attended several webinars and online courses. He has organized
and coordinated some seminars and webinars as well. He is editor in reputed
journals like “Dysona – Applied Science Journal”, “Dysona – Life Science Journal”,
“RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences” and “e-Planet journal”.
He is reviewer of “Journal of Agricultural and bio-chemical Sciences”, “International
Journal of Agricultural Sciences”, “International Journal of Agricultural Marketing”. He
is advisory board member of “Cambridge Scholar Publishing”. He got awarded with
“Certificate of Merit” for his academic excellence during his bachelor degree. Beside
that he has been awarded with “Best Oral presentation” four times in different events.
He has also been awarded “Young Professional Award” twice in different seminars.
He got awarded “Young Scientist Award” by SIRI society as well. He got honoured
with “Outstanding Horticulturist Award” by ‘Green Agri Professional Society’. He was
felicitated with “Gold Medal” for ‘Best Master Degree Thesis’ during 6th convocation
of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya. At present, he is doing research on diverse
aspects related to minor and underutilized fruits. He is actively involved in research
to ensure doubling of farmers’ income by innovative processing technology. He is
serving the farming community as ADH under the Department of FPI & Horticulture,
Government of West Bengal

Dr. Nityamanjari Mishra (DOB: 15/08/1986) is presently working as Junior
Scientist (Horticulture) in Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, Odisha
University of Agriculture and Technology, Keonjhar, Odisha. She has completed her
MSc (Horticulture) and Ph.D. in vegetable Science from OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
during the year 2009 and 2014 respectively. She has published about more than
40 research papers in different National Journals and International Journals, 30
numbers of popular articles in regional journals and Scientific magazines, 5 booklets
in regional language (Odiya) and eleven book chapters and two books till date. She
has attended many National and International seminars/symposiums and delivered
25 numbers of oral and poster presentations and got many best poster and oral
presentation award. She is member in many scientific societies. She has also acted as
associated editor in E-Planet (A multi-disciplinary International Journal of Ecology,
Environment, Agriculture and Allied Sciences) and a reviewer in International Journal
of Agriculture Sciences and Editor in Chief in Agriculture and food:e-Newsletter. She
has got the best young Scientist award for the year 2016 from International Journal of
Tropical Agriculture at New Delhi n 26th June 2016, Honorable Jury Mention Young
Scientist Award in 6th Academic Brilliance award ceremony-2018 on 28th January
2018 at Noida, New Delhi and Young Researcher of the year award in International
Education award conference 2020 from Kites and Krafts production.
Dr. Nirmal Kumar Meena is working as Assistant Professor (Fruit Science) and
Principal Investigator in All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits
at Agriculture University, Kota (India). He did his MSc and Ph. D from ICAR- Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. He is actively involved in research on arid
fruits, teaching and guiding of PG students. He has published 25 research papers in
reputed international journals having IF 4 and more. He has edited three books and
published 15 book chapters and more than 50 articles in different repute magazines.
He has been awarded with Prof. P. B. Patil Memorial Award -2020 by NGT. He has

recipient of Young Scientist Award, Young Achiever Award and Best Poster Award by
many societies. He is active life member of AuSHS, Australia, ASHS, USA, IAHS, India,
ISAH, India and SCI, London. He is active reviewer of Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture, Scientia Horticulturae, Post harvest Biology and Technology, Journal
of Food Science and Technology, Int. Journal of Fruit Science, JHBT and many others.
He is also member in editorial board of International Journal of AgriWorld, India,
Archives of Agri and Envtl Sciences, India, Int. J. of Phytology, India and J of Modern
Agri and Biotech, China. His areas of specialization are arid fruit cultivation, post
harvest technology, shelf life and quality in horticultural produce.
Dr. Subhrajyoti Chatterjee is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Horticulture, M S Swaminathan School of Agriculture (MSSSoA),
Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM, ICAR accredited),
Gajapati, Odisha. He has completed his B.Sc. (Horticulture) from Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) in 2015, M.Sc. (Horticulture) in Vegetable Science
from Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr
YSPUHF), Solan, Himachal Pradesh in 2017 and Ph.D. from Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) in 2022. He qualified ‘ICAR-AIEEA (PG)’ in the discipline of
‘Horticulture’ in 2015 and pursued his Master’s study with ICAR-NTS (National Talent
Scholship). He was also the recipient of prestigious ‘University Research Scholarship
(URS)’ from Government of West Bengal during his Ph.D. in BCKV. He also qualified
‘ICAR AICE-JRF/SRF (Ph.D.)’ in 2017 in the discipline of ‘Horticulture’, ‘NET-2017’
and ‘NET-2021’ (National Eligibility Test) conducted by ICAR-ASRB (Indian Council
of Agricultural Research-Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board) in the discipline
of Olericulture/ Vegetable Science. He has published more than 15 research papers
in several nationally and internationally reputed journals. He also authored 8 book
chapters and 7 short communications in several books and magazines. He is also having
7 vernacular language (Bengali) short communications and 2 newspaper articles in
his name. He has also attended 5 national and international seminars/ conferences
and 21 webinars. He is associated with nationally reputed magazine ‘Agriculture &
Food: e-Newsletter’ as an ‘Subject Specialist Editor’. Dr. Chatterjee was felicitated with
‘Gold Medal’ for being all India topper in short term course namely ‘Green Revolution
Global Certification Programme: An Initiative by International Center for Culture &
Education’ to educate, inspire and act against climate change. (Supported by United

Nations: Framework Convention on Climate Change) in 2019. He also received ‘Young
Scientist Award’ in “11th International Scientist Awards on Engineering, Science and
Medicine” from “VDGOOD” Organization in the year 2020. His specialized area of
research is conventional breeding for yield and disease resistance in Leguminous and
Brassica vegetable crops. Presently, he is actively associated in teaching, research and
extension activities in MSSSoA, CUTM.