Comparative Investigation for Solar Thermal Energy Technologies System

Abstract

The multiple uses of fossil fuels make them depleted in the coming years. Also, the large amount of pollution produced by the use of this fuel has made the world seriously think of environmentally familiar alternative sources of energy. Universal energy is vast and diverse energy, with the ability to cover the individual's energy needs in various fields in the coming years. The focus of this study was a parabolic dish system. There are different uses solar of parabolic dish applications that can be limited by two main groups: thermal generation and electric power generation. A thermal generation used to generate steam, solar cooking, water heating, and water distillation. The briefly objective is to review and analysis the thermal generation published by taken into considering used parabolic collector system. Also, evaluate solar dish operators in differences covering like, the composition of concentrators, the material of reflector, receiver design, parabolic dish diameter, rim angle, and focal length. These characteristics drive to entire structure possible for a parabolic dish. Finally, this article may be useful for the new research worker to consider the requirement for Thermal solar generation integrated with a parabolic dish.

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Comparative Investigation for Solar Thermal Energy Technologies
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International Conference on Physics and Photonics Processes in Nano Sciences
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1362 (2019) 012116
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1362/1/012116
1
Comparative Investigation for Solar Thermal Energy
Technologies System
Mohammed R. Al_Qasab 1*, Qahtan A. Abed 2, Wisam A. Abd Al-wahid2, Jameel T.
Al-Naffakh2
1 State Company for Private Transport - Ministry of Transportation, Al Najaf, Iraq
2 Engineering Technical college of Al Najaf, AL- Furat AL-Awsat Technical University, Al Najaf,
Iraq
mohammedridha.hadi@gmail.com1
Abstract - The multiple uses of fossil fuels make them depleted in the coming years. Also, the large
amount of pollution produced by the use of this fuel has made the world seriously think of
environmentally familiar alternative sources of energy. Universal energy is vast and diverse energy, with
the ability to cover the individual's energy needs in various fields in the coming years. The focus of this
study was a parabolic dish system. There are different uses solar of parabolic dish applications that can be
limited by two main groups: thermal generation and electric power generation. A thermal generation used
to generate steam, solar cooking, water heating, and water distillation. The briefly objective is to review
and analysis the thermal generation published by taken into considering used parabolic collector system.
Also, evaluate solar dish operators in differences covering like, the composition of concentrators, the
material of reflector, receiver design, parabolic dish diameter, rim angle, and focal length. These
characteristics drive to entire structure possible for a parabolic dish. Finally, this article may be useful for
the new research worker to consider the requirement for Thermal solar generation integrated with a
parabolic dish.
Keywords: Solar Concentrating, Parabolic Dish, Solar Energy, Review, Distillation.
INTRODUCTION
The Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) was the initial Greek scientific recorded utilisation energy
concentrated. Galen described records of stunning the striking Roman flotilla in 212 B.C. Where
burned their ships by focused the solar (A.D. 130-220)[1]. In the 17th century, Athanasius Kircher
(1601-1680) set fire to a heap of wood at a distance to prove the narrative of Archimedes [1]. The
concentrated was supported because it could reach the highest temperatures without requiring any
fuel [2]. Mouchot spearheaded producing steam has low-pressure to manage engines about 1864-
1878. At the Paris Exhibition in 1878, Abel Pifre provided simple engine on solar [1].
However when in-depth testing he declared the system high costly ever to be possible the mid-20th
century presented different concentrating activities. Shuman and Boys in 1912 made solar pump was
utilised to rising water from the Nile [3]. Concentrating innovation had made a significant jump but
stopped because of the Second World War and the next blast of minimal cost non-renewable sources.
In 1977 in Shenandoah build, parabolic dishes utilised to raise the temperature for silicon-based fluid
depended on steam Rankine cycle. The retention chiller worked on lithium- bromide that got from
waste heat the plants. Overall thermal efficiency was 44%, take it to stand out amongst the most
efficient systems at any point executed [4]. Water is a prerequisite constituent for all time on the
planet. About 70 % of the surface covered by water, but just 2.5% is drinkable water, and vast
numbers of it spared in polar areas [5]. Also, by bounty utilising of compound farming for
agribusiness, mechanical arrival of synthetic substances misuse, underground getaway of oil, and
surface overflow from construction locales divert water impure. One out of six persons on earth
cannot access to safe water. Murky water and powerless sanitation administrations are the
explanation behind 80% of health problem and died about 2–5 million persons each year in the world
[6]. The parabolic dish concentration (PDC) is an important technique to get heat water or water

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purification and get fresh water from free heat source supply “Sun”. The planet reached about 3.85
million EJ (Exa-joule = 10^18 J) of solar energy every year [7]. Likewise, high and mighty monthly
of solar irradiance nearly (18.4 MJ m-2day-1) offered for global solar power over Iraq, it is likely to
the investment it is full of the solar systems [8]. The solar distillate is a super option for all non-
renewable distillation procedures. It is an innovation that is not just prepared to empty a broad scope
of contaminants in just a single stage is clear, environment- friendly and cost-efficient. The outline of
the parabolic dish depends on several parameters that need analysis and research in areas of interest,
for instance, the material of reflector, a diameter of a parabolic dish and other settings that will study
in this review article. PDC advantages are high concentration power, robust for dampness effects, an
excellent thermal efficiency, long lifetime and hybrid tasks.
Additionally, most components can make in the local market. PDC give high-temperature ranges,
and that is putting it in the upper concentration systems. The excellent thermal efficiency comes
from the rising temperature that result give suitable applications. Accordingly, PDC will offer an
economic rationale to get necessary desalinisation water, and that is maybe considered the best
useful power source from renewable systems in a couple of years. From the other side, there are a
few inconveniences of the PDC, the major it is tracking system and heat losses. The primary
objective in this review article are different analysis designs of active solar concentration, compare
study done to research description, different applications of the parabolic dish and their possible used
in some country.
COLLECTOR COMPONENTS
The assembler points out that the total system contains a concentrator of solar radiation and a solar
radiation absorption device (receiver). The concentrator part may be a refractor or reflector and have
shape paraboloidal or different surface of revolution [9]. This review study is showing parabolic dish
concentrator principally curved dish frame, reflective sheets, absorbing unit and solar tracking
system [10]. The PDC dependably on three essential parts as shown in Fig.1:
1. Parabolic concentrator design.
2. Receiver system.
3. The tracking system.
A. PARABOLIC CONCENTRATOR DESIGN
The parabolic is the position of the points that move the same dimension from a point, and a line is
fixed. Fig.2 shows that the continuous line is named the directory and the fixed point are the spot and
symbolise it (F). The line is orthogonal to the directory and passes through the F concentration
named the axis. The parabola tangent its axis at a point V named the vertex, which is specifically
midstream between the focus and the directory. Therefore, the parabola equation is shown in
equation (1) [11]:
y2 = 4 f x (1)
Where (f) is the focal length , also can calculate the parabolic surface area from the equation below
[3],[4]:
S area = 
 f 2 {[1 + (
) 2] 1.5 – 1} (2)
Where (d) is a parabolic open diameter, and parabolic aperture area is [12]:
  (3)

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Some studies change the parameter reflector form to multiple spherical mirrors bolstered by a truss
structure. The solar focus location on a portable base from metallic with a counter stabiliser that was
screw onto tracks. A parabolic dish made from galvanised steel material was sized 0.68 m high and
0.62 m width. That it reused from an old satellite antenna [13]. In Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
building system was a mixture of the parabolic concentrator and still collector for product salty water
desalinisation. Satellite dish surface sheeted with glass mirror reflect of 4 mm thickness. The tape
assembled accurately to get a correct point to concentre [14]. National Institute of Technology, India,
a fabricated parabolic collector from tasty satellite dish fitted and a polished by an aluminium sheet
as concentrator surface. Where the dish aperture diameter has 3.56 m, focal point measurement 1.11
m, and the aperture angle was 69° [15]. In the Coastal region, India is confronting downside
regarding fresh water thus designed Parabolic Dish Solar that change over saline water into potable
water [16]. Another paper was used 14-kilogram Beeswax as a phase change material (PCM) to
maintain high operating temperature to provide desalinated water during the hours of the sun
disappearing with PDC to check quantity distillation. The productivity of the concentrator with using
beeswax was close to 62% over than the concentrator without using beeswax [17].
B. RECEIVER SYSTEM
The receiver defines a part that fixing on focal dish point to absorb concentration of energy radiation
and heat wall receiver to reach at the desired temperature[18]. Receiver retains radiant energy and
utilisation it to warm operating liquid and take many designs like a convex, obscure hole or flat
surface [9].
Fig.1: Parabolic Dish Concentration with Receiver [7]

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Receiver’s surface area symbolizes as (Ar), and an always it less than that of the reflector surface
area that symbolizes as (Aa), Therefore, these characteristics are taken into account in the
calculation of the concentration ratio between the incident radiation and the reflected radiation,
which represents a tiny area and as a result, high temperatures can be obtained. The geometric
concentration ratio depends on the proportion of the area for reflector and absorber. In this review,
most of the designs that used in receivers have been catalogued of external, cavity, Tubular and
Volumetrically Receivers [19]. See Table 1. We will review some of the studies carried out in this
review, including, F.Wang et al. used two types for receiver ware cavity cylinder and conventional
cylindrical cavity and both model made from copper tube The height 0.2 m and aperture radius 0.09
m[20]. A. Giovannelli et al. used a tubular cavity integrated with phase change material to store heat
energy in the short term; The receiver is designed in a cylindrical vessel with 12 twisted tubes in a U
shape inside the chassis and immersed in phase change material [21]. T.Arunkumar et al. fabricated
solar still receiver from copper material and had hemispherical absorber ware placed inside it six
paraffin wax ball to solar enhancement distillation [22]. A. Mawire et al. investigated cavity
cylindrical as helical coil from copper are positioned on outside and inside surfaces of the cylinder
[23] as shown in Figure (3-6) respectively.
Fig. 2: The parabolic intersection [11]

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C. THE TRACKING SYSTEM
The principle of reflector concentration depended on the direction of beam propagation of solar
radiation. This progression of advances to build up the productivity of solar systems can be
considered as high significance [24]. Tracking System is an innovation that used for quite a while by
researchers since this strategy permits the grouping of sun oriented vitality in an absorber material by
assembling configuration pursue sun to gather the most extreme sum vitality as conceivable [25].
Two sorts for solar tracking are known one-axis and for maximum energy, dual-axis. One axis called
altitude–azimuth or azimuth-elevation tracking, and the second type called equatorial or polar [26].
Designed tracking system comprises of sensor and controller with built operated monitoring circuits
to push motor with control[27]. Solar dish tracking in most recent studies and different styles have
some modify systems like a technique at solar cooking, which depends on gravity, offered by Badran
[28]. The effect of dual-tracking on solar cooking for empirical results earned demonstrate that the
temperature of the inner container achieved over than 93 Co in a multi-day where the maximum
surrounding temperature was 32 Co [29]. Dish moving in a parallel plane to the ground so for this
reason azimuth tracking consider the central axis. When plane rotates with surface and perpendicular
on the azimuth axis that gives elevation tracking. The above planes show the solar track right, left,
up and down rotate, during the day and throughout the year [26].
Fig. 3: Cylinder receiver cavity [22]
Fig. 4: Tubular cavity with phase change
material[23]
Fig. 6: Coil cylindrical cavity receiver[25]
Fig.5: Solar still absorber with 6 PCM
balls[24]

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Table 1: Descriptions of various types of receivers
Type
receiver
Descriptions
Ref.
External
receivers
This type takes the shape of
a cylinder that is composed
of plates of vertical tubes.
These tubes containing the
operating liquids obtain the
solar flux directly. The
vertical tubes forward the
warmed liquids to the
storage. The maximum
operating fluid temperature
of the tubes determines the
refractive point at the
operating fluid temperature
of the receiver. The
concentration ratio and
liquid temperature arrived at
1000 and 500 °C,
respectively. The first heat
losses are expected non-
concentric, conduction,
convection, radiation and
reflection.
[30],[19
]
Cavity
receiver
In the receiver cavity, the
flux receiving tube and
surface located internal an
insulated cavity for
decreasing heat losses from
the collector. The thermal
losing of cavity absorber is
low and in usually, thermal
activity growing with a ratio
of cavity side to aperture
area. Besides, they supply
protection to the receiver
from hostile climatic
conditions. Receiver cavities
are using in different types
of the solar thermal power
plant for mid and max
temperature applications.
[31]

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Tubular
receivers
This type of receivers
consists of lines row coaxial
tubes. The outer tubes get
solar radiations the heat
exchange fluid courses
through the inner tube and
leave through the annular
area between the tubes. The
concentration ratio and
higher fluid temperature
achieved are about 1.5 and
200 °C, respectively.
[20],[32
]
Volumetri
c receivers
This receiver kind absorbs
focused solar radiations out
of porous structures. This
one can work in surrounding
light condition also in an
enclosure by a transparent
window.
[21]
THE COMPONENTS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF THE REFLECTOR
This sub-article displays the components affecting the design of parabolic dish also the latest studies
during this activity. Also, the reflector can category for significant components, which material of
the reflector concentrates, the design of the reflector concentrates, focal length, solar radiation at the
concentration, diameter of the dish concentration, measuring the aperture area of the concentrator,
concentration ratio and rim angle [16] See Table 2.
A. SIZING THE APERTURE CONCENTRATOR AREA
Aperture area defines an overall surface area of the concentrator which solar incidents on it, also we
can give another description where consider (Aa) as a region that gets solar radiation. The
dimensions of concentrator obsession effects on the measures of solar thermal energy.
B. FOCAL LENGTH
One essential part of the parabolic reflector is a focal length that symbolises as (f), to guarantee that
the parabolic dish works accurately, it is critical to guarantee that the transmitting component is
position at a focal point so to decide this it is essential to know the focal length. In expansion to this,
the f/D proportion is essential. As the f/D proportion is regularly determined alongside the
measurement, the focal length can be gotten effortlessly by increasing its f/D proportion by the
predetermined width D. [33].
The parabola's focal length find by following equation [12]:

 = 

 (4)

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Where (θrim) represent the dish rim angle. The rim angle has a significant effect on focal point
location where the lower rim angle led to increases focal line at the same dish diameter [34]. The
dish's depth found by the equation below [34]:
dd = 
 (5)
OPTICAL ANALYSIS
The mathematical equations used to calculate the effect of the optical and geometrical concentration
ratio of the parabolic dish. Where the optical concentration ratio is defined as the ratio between the
amount of solar radiation falling on the dish (Ib) and the ratio of the reflected solar radiation to the
receiver (Ir) as shown in the equation below:
CRO = 
 (6)
Table 2: The components affecting the planning of the reflector
Concentrator
diameter
Concentrator
aperture area
Focal
length
Rim
angle
Reflector material
Ref.
0.68 m
0.3312 m2
0.55 m
35.40 o
Mirrored in an electrostatic chroming
process
[13]
1 m
0.78 m2
0.2 m
86.19 o
Glass mirror strips of 0.004m
thickness
[14]
5 m
19.8 m2
1.8 m
70 o
Chrome plated steel/brass sheets
[9]
2.88 m
6.5 m2
1.5 m
43.8 o
The mirrors stuck on the metal
surface and
[35]
2.2 m
3.8 m2
0.75 m
16 o
Stainless steel layer with reflecting
coefficient about 0.85
[36]
1.5 m
1.86 m2
0.827 m
-
Aluminum foil with 0.5 mm
thickness
[37]
1.25 m
-
0.5 m
-
Polished aluminium sheet with a
thickness of 0.001 m
[38]
1.67 m
2.19 m2
0.579 m
717o
Glass mirror of 2mm thickness
[39]
1.5 m
1.76 m2
0.8 m
30˚
Aluminum foil
[40]
2 m
3.14 m2
0.8 m
-
Sheet steel with reflectance of (76%)
[41]
3.25m
6.25 m2
1.5 m
-
Mirror with reflectivity 0f 95%
[42]

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3.8 m
10.28 m2
2.26 m
45.6 o
Silvered mirror layer
[43]
3.7 m
10.75 m2
2.233 m
45 o
Stainless steel with reflectivity 0f
67%
[6]
0.93 m
0.6792 m2
0.303 m
74.92°
Aluminum sheet
[44]
The equation can represent the ratio of geometric focus:
CRG = 

 (7)
In addition, the maximum CRG of 3D concentrator show as equation below[45]:
CR,max,3D = 
 (8)
Where (θmax) is the half-angle subtended by the sun and is the acceptance half angle for maximum
concentration ratio.
It can calculate the optical efficiency of the system where it represents the ratio between the
receiving radiation of the receiver (Qabs) and the radiation reaching the dish (Qs) [8][9].
ηO = 
 (9)
Where:
QS = Ib * Aa (10)
It can also calculate the optical efficiency of the system by knowing the properties of the material
used and the amount of absorbance and its reflectivity as shown in the equation below [8][10].
ηO = ρταɣ cos(θ) (11)
Where  is the non-shading factor, ρ is the reflection of the dish, τα is the permeability-absorption
product, ɣ is the receiver interceptor, which is defined as the proportion of energy intercepted by the
receiver to the energy reflected by the device focus parabola dish, θ is an incidence angle [46]. For
the solar parabolic dish, it has dual-axis tracking, which means the incidence angle of the solar beam
into the dish is zero degrees. The intercept factor is defined as the radiation portion, which will reach
the receiver and estimate the value.
APPLICATIONS
The parabolic solar collector technologies are one of the renewable technologies that play a
significant role in determining the current and future fuel issues as a result of they use the sun's heat
[47]. The ray concentration could be an innovation that been utilised for quite a while by the analyst.
This technique permits the convergence of solar in a focus point, that permits high solar intensity

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[24]. Also, that is technology have numerous uses of the solar parabolic dish includes preparation
cooking, water heating, and water desalination. Table 3 shows the many applications for PDC and
comparing previous investigated [25]. At the point when the contraption added in uncovered cooking
utensil mode, approximate 7 kg. of water at temperature 20 Co was heated until the point of bubbling
in 60 minutes as shown in Fig. 7, then the pot put inside the box from glass for the decreased time of
bubbling at 40 minutes and the resulting efficiency for cooking expanded until 275% [28]. At other
research, the gadget could rise temperature for 30kg of water from 20-50 Co in 2½ hour. A good
efficiency acquired for cooker mode was 77%, but the inclined curve for efficiency was 10.63
W/m2.Co[28]. Therefore, solar preparation technology could be the key in order to manage
environmental pollution and deforestation [7].
Table 3: Dish applications
Applicatio
n
Research focus
Ref.
Cooking
It is constructed, operated and tested to overcome the need for daily
tracking and standing in the sun.
[25]
An extensive survey on solar cookers and technology by using solar
cooking is an essential item in order to deal with deforestation.
[7]
A survey of various decision-making groups and user preferences for
internal cooking devices in India used to formulate the evaluation
matrix.
[52]
The outlined solar cookers have various applications, such as in a
hospital, large families, food stations and schools.
[53]

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The test was a convenient system in this work fabricated and tested.
Higher collector effectiveness and cooking power accomplished.
[28]
Building, development, and activity of spherical cooker by solar with a
programmed sun tracking system.
[29]
Heat
water
An increment in the low-stream rate of temperature at the water was
attainable together with an elective trade water cycle among cool
tank/collector and the hot tanks.
[48]
The experimental stage is dependent on the style, improvement and
execution qualities of the right steam age by non-following PDC
system.
[49]
For the generation of hot water that uses parabolic dish collector design
for domestic applications, and the simulation of dish collector done in
mat lab software.
[44]
Low cost was concentrating solar for stream generation.
[54]
PDC experimental with temperatures that are higher than various types
of powered radiation transformation systems.
[33]
Depended on PDC to get fresh water potable.
[41]
Plan and improvement of a parabolic collector to warm water by solar
power.
[39]
Water
distillation
Design a water distillation system that converts saline water into
potable water.
[16]
Short monetary analysis for various distillation techniques to get a
better result.
[5]
Provide the advantages of solar design innovation in a world whose the
utilisation of vitality by non-renewable energy sources is a genuine
issue that society needs to confront.
[24]
An innovative concentrating collector with a paraboloid dish reflector is
[55]

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present.
Identify the availability of alternative energy formulas related to
concentrating solar collectors.
[50]
The article showed the PDC advancements and the structure factors
adjusted in various applications.
[18]
Present a straightforward refining water system integrated with
concentrating unit, paraffin wax utilised in this investigation as PCM to
keep heat from the warmed water.
[40]
Experimentally tested and results are discussed for A stand-alone triple
basin solar desalination system.
[38]
Modification of parabolic concentrator (PC) – solar still with
continuous water circulation using a storage tank to enhance
productivity.
[22]
The PDC works with rising temperatures than that still solar types.
[37]
Describe the awaited physical phenomenon correctly by using solar
energy concentration.
[36]
An experimental setup to investigate the thermal performance of a
cylindrical cavity receiver for an SK-14 parabolic dish concentrator.
[23]
Improve productivity by mixing Single slope solar still, integrated with
parabolic concentrator and PCM to keep heat after sunset.
[17]
The exchange off techniques is discussed to set up the harmony
between many compelling components identified with system cost,
dependability, survival, and properties.
[9]
Offered plan and establishment of PDC, principle sun focusing
authority and changed heater for bitter water desalination.
[14]
For heating water up 100 Co industrialised it conceivable to accomplish with PDC model [48]. For
experimental parabolic dish integrated with Helical absorber coiled from Copper, the check results
were estimated 215 Co with highest steam efficiency range 60% to 70% [49]. The performance of
such concentrating collectors is often enhancing by correct material choice for the reflecting surface
and by a decrease of assembling imperfections. By using standard tracking methodology for the dish
collector, the overall values of the system are often reduced [44]. The effectiveness of solar dish

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concentrator expanded from 0.8 to 0.96 because of using a solar tracking system [33]. Research
fields of solar collector physics, components style, material economy, energy value savings and
reduction of dioxide emission into the atmosphere distillation is between 12:00-14:30 and the
temperature arrived at about 146 Co at focal point, and the water temperature is 102.7 Co, and also
the system is going to be more effective if the solar tracking is used [16]. Building up the
concentrator solar within regions that uncovered the full daylight as a high level of the yearly direct
daylight is very attractive. The Middle East measures within the inside areas that have right solar
conditions compared with the other regions like (US Southwest, North Africa, Australia.) [50]. The
average productivity of PDC and conventional solar still was (68, 34)% respectively, and The regular
daily of fresh water was approximate (7, 3) L/m2/day for PDC with preheating and CSS, respectively
[14]. Also, solar dish concentration has more range of application like steam power, generate electric,
distillation. [47],[51].
DISCUSSION
The solar parabolic dish characterised by a concentration of high temperature, which leads to an
increase in the high thermal generation efficiency, so the primary objective of this study is to know
the factors that increase the amount of efficiency and productivity of the SPD system where it
depends:
1. Thermal efficiency increases when cooling the absorber's cover in water heating or
desalination, but not be cost-effective.
2. Increase thermal efficiency when using change phase materials. This method was done by
storing the heat and making use of the latent heat after sunset.
3. The Rim angle is an essential factor in the increase in productivity, which directly affects the
determination of the focus point and the balance of the amount of light and radiation that
reaches the receiver.
4. Solar tracking led to increase thermal efficiency.
5. When pre-heating the water inside the receiver or condenser vapour out from the receiver, it
leads to a rise in thermal efficiency.
6. It is preferable to use high reflectivity and low absorption materials that increase the amount of
radiation reflected, increasing the efficiency of the system.
CONCLUSION
The official purpose of these analyses is to review investigate about what the best way to install solar
PDC for different applications. The investigation takes under consideration open accessible solar-
based factors and very extraordinary styles. Additionally describes depicts structure factors at dishes
like the material used, radiation amount incident and sizing for dish-absorber. Also, compare
between geometrical parameters and affect them on collector thermal efficiencies like focal Length,
concentration ratio, and rim angle. Based on solar dish style analysis, it is discovered that the
optimum system performance is actively depending on rim angle, receiver area, concentration ratio
and tracking system. Efficiency of solar dish system is one in all the most essential factors that show
the effectiveness of the system.
Nomenclature
PCM
Phase Change Material
PCU
Power Control Unit
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller
PDC
Parabolic dish Collector
CSP
Concentration Solar Parabolic

International Conference on Physics and Photonics Processes in Nano Sciences
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CSS
Conventional solar still
Ar
Receiver surface area (m2)
Aa
Reflector surface area (m2)
f
Focal length (m)
Tw
Water temperature (Co)
Tair
Air temperature (Co)
Toc
Cover temperature (Co)
CRO
Optical Concentration Ratio
CRG
Geometrical Concentration Ratio
ηO
Optical efficiency
dd
Depth diameter of the parabolic dish
Ib
Direct solar radiation
Ir
Absorbent solar radiation by the
receiver
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