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Proteomic identification of Galectin-11 and 14 ligands from
Haemonchus contortus
Dhanasekaran Sakthivel 1, 2, 3 , Jaclyn Swan 1 , Sarah Preston 4 , MD Shakif-Azam 3 , Pierre Faou 5 , Yaqing Jiao 4
, Rachel Downs 5 , Harinda Rajapaksha 5 , Robin Gasser 4 , David Piedrafita Corresp., 3 , Travis Beddoe Corresp. 1
1 Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
3 School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
4 Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
5 Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
Corresponding Authors: David Piedrafita, Travis Beddoe
Email address: david.piedrafita@federation.edu.au, t.beddoe@latrobe.edu.au
Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in
sheep and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately
cause death. The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14
(LGALS-14) has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses
against parasitic infection; however, their ligands are unknown. In the current study,
LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands in H. contortus were identified from larval (L4) and adult
parasitic stages extracts using immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column
chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more
putative protein targets in the adult stage of H. contortus (43 proteins) when compared to
the larval stage (2 proteins). Of the 43 proteins identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35
proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14, respectively, with 26 proteins binding to
both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-specific sperm-coating protein and
zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine candidates, were identified as
putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. The identification of glycoproteins of H.
contortus by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new insights into host-parasite interactions
and the potential for developing new interventions.
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Haemonchus contortus
Dhanasekaran Sakthivel1,2,3, Jaclyn Swan3, Sarah Preston2,4, MD Shakif-Azam2, Pierre Faou5,
Yaqing Jiao4, Rachel Downs5, Harinda Rajapaksha5, Robin B Gasser4, David Piedrafita2* and
Travis Beddoe3
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800,
Australia.
2School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842,
Australia.
3Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La
Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
4 Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University
of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
5Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe
University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
*Corresponding authors
Travis Beddoe; email: t.beddoe@latrobe.edu.au
David Piedrafita; email: david.piedrafita@federation.edu.au
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PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
is the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in sheep
and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately cause death.
The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) has
been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic
infection; however, their ligands are unknown.In the current study, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14
ligands in were identified from larval (L4) and adult parasitic stages extracts using
immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more putative protein targets in the adult stage of
(43 proteins) when compared to the larval stage (2 proteins). Of the 43 proteins
identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35 proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14,
respectively, with 26 proteins binding to both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-
specific sperm-coating protein and zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine
candidates, were identified as putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14.The
identification of glycoproteins of by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new
insights into host-parasite interactions and the potential for developing new interventions.
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PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
is a dominant blood feeding gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite of
small ruminants. Blood feeding by results in haemorrhagic gastritis, oedema,
diarrhoea and death in severe infections, leading to significant economic impact through
decreased livestock production (Mavrot et al. 2015; McLeod 1995; Roeber et al. 2013). Sheep
can develop effective immunity to infection and vaccine-induced protection using
-derived molecules has been demonstrated, suggesting that the control of this
parasite through vaccination is possible (Nisbet et al. 2016). However what host molecules
recognise these glycoproteins are poorly understood. Recently it has been shown that galectins
have been showed to play major roles in host defence against microbial pathogens. Galectins are
a family of carbohydrate-binding molecules with characteristic domain organization and affinity
for β-galactosides mediate a variety of important cellular functions, including inflammation and
immune responses due to binding both self and non- self-glycans.
In particular, ruminants highly upregulate two specific galectins (LGALS-11 and LGALS-14
upon infection by various parasites such as and (Dunphy et al.
2000; Dunphy et al. 2002; Hoorens et al. 2011; Meeusen et al. 2005). LGALS-14 is secreted by
eosinophil immune cells that are critical for immunity through killing the larval stages of
(Balic et al. 2006; Dunphy et al. 2002; Young et al. 2009). LGALS-14 is thought to be
the homologue of human galectin-10, which is also secreted by eosinophils (Ackerman et al.
2002). Analysis of infected sheep demonstrated release of LGALS-14 into the
gastrointestinal mucus, the interface of host and parasite interaction (Dunphy et al. 2002). In
addition, kinetic studies of LGAL-14 showed that release into the mucus occurred soon after
challenge infection, and correlated with a reduction in parasitic burden (Robinson et al. 2011).
Additional it has been shown that LGAL-14 can bind directly to another parasite
suggesting it can inhibit infection.
The second galectin (LGALS-11) is specifically expressed and secreted during
infections in previously infected sheep that had developed resistance to the parasite (Dunphy et
al. 2000). Immunohistochemistry revealed that LGALS-11 was secreted by epithelial cells lining
the gastrointestinal tract, where it was localised to the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells. Analysis of
the mucosal contents lining the gastrointestinal tract also revealed secretion of LGALS-11 into
the mucus. An observation of increased mucus stickiness corresponding with the production of
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LGALS-11 suggested that LGALS-11 might work by interacting with the mucus to impede
motility (Robinson et al. 2011). Recent immunofluorescent staining techniques using a
recombinant form of galectin-11 have revealed binding to the fourth larval stage and adult
that has resulted in impaired developmentThese studies suggest a more direct or
additional role for LGALS-11 during infections.
It appears that both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 mediate critical immune regulatory effects and/or
mediate direct parasite stage-specific killing (Haslam et al. 1998; Preston et al. 2015b). Although
the interactions of these host galectin-parasite glycoconjugates are likely to be critical for parasite
control, the parasite glycoconjugate molecules that they recognise are unknown. For the first
time, this study describes the ligands of sheep LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 in larval and adult
stages of .
(Haecon-5 strain) was maintained in Professor Gasser’s laboratory, Melbourne
Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne and was used in this study. Mature fourth stage
larvae (L4 stage) and adults of were prepared using established protocols (Preston et
al. 2015a). Briefly, third-stage larvae (L3) were isolated from faeces from -infected
sheep. The cuticle was removed from the L3s by using sodium hypochlorite, the exsheathed L3
(xL3) worms were washed three times with 0.9% (w/v) biological saline. Approximately 2000
xL3 / ml worms were resuspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle Medium+GlutaMax (DMEM)
(Gibco-Invitrogen, USA) containing 10,000 IU/ml of penicillin and 10,000 µg/ml of
streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen, USA) and 0.5 % (v/v) fungicide (GE Healthcare, UK). Medium
containing xL3s was incubated at 37 °C with 10 % (v/v) CO2 for 7 days. Fresh DMEM was
substituted at two-day intervals and larval development was examined each day. The xL3 and L4
stages were differentiated based on distinctive morphological characteristics (see Preston et al.,
2015a). Animal experimental procedures were approved by the Monash University Animal Ethics
Committee (Ethics # SOBSA/P/2009/44). Adults of were collected from Merino
ewes (8-12 months old) which were experimentally infected with 10,000 L3s and the infected
animals were euthanised 52 days post infection by injection of pentobarbitone (Lethobarb®,
Virbac Pty Ltd, Australia). Approximately 5,000 adult worms of mixed sex were collected from
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the abomasal content and washed five times with 0.9 % (v/v) biological saline (Baxter, Australia).
Immediately after washing, the worms were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C
until further use.
Lysates were prepared using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA) as previously
described with minor modifications (Maduzia et al. 2011). Briefly, 500 mg of larval or adult
were incubated with 100 mM β-D-galactose containing 0.9 % (v/v) biological saline
for 12 h to remove native galectins (bound to the adult parasite surface recovered from infected
sheep) and washed three times with normal saline. Larval or adult were then
resuspended in 5 ml of ice-cold RIPA buffer [20 mM Tris-HCL pH 7.2, 100 mM NaCl, 1% (v/v)
Nonidet P-40, 0.1 % (w/v) sodium deoxycholate (DOC), 0.05 % (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate
(SDS), 1 % (v/v) Triton X-100, 10 mM TCEP (Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine)] and lysed by
sonication (30 sec, 8 times with three min interval at 40 % amplitude). Cellular debris was
removed by centrifugation (15000 x for 20 min) at 4 °C, and any particles in the supernatant
removed by filtering through a 0.22 µm filter. Lysates were dialysed using 3 kDa molecular
weight cut-off against binding buffer [(20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5 % (v/v)
Nonidet P-40, 0.1 % (w/v) DOC, 0.05 % (w/v) SDS, 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 10 mM TCEP)].
SDS–PAGE
!!
Recombinant LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 were expressed and purified as described previously
((Sakthivel et al. 2015); Fig. 1). The recombinant protein (5 mg/ml) was buffer-exchanged into
HEPES buffer (10 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM TCEP) and immobilised
by coupling to N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS)-activated sepharose (GE Healthcare, UK)
following the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, 4 ml of NHS-activated sepharose was washed
with 15 column-volumes of ice-cold 1 mM HCl. The washed Sepharose beads were equilibrated
with 20 ml of coupling buffer (10 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM TCEP).
Following equilibration, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 were added separately to the activated
Sepharose and allowed to couple for 5 h at 22 °C. Following the coupling reaction, the unused,
activated sites were blocked using 15 column-volumes of blocking buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH
8.0, 100 mM NaCl) for 3 h. Following blocking, the sepharose beads were washed alternatively
six times with 15 column-volumes of 100 mM Tris-HCL pH 8.0 and 100 mM sodium acetate pH
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5.0 and 250 mM NaCl. The galectin affinity column was maintained in storage buffer (20 mM
Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM TCEP, NaAc 0.02 % (w/v)) until further use. A control
resin was also prepared without any protein ligand.
!!
Immobilised LGALS-11, -14 or control slurry (1 ml) was loaded into individual columns. Larval
and adult lysates were diluted with 5 ml of binding buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5,
100 mM NaCl, 0.5 % (v/v) Nonidet P-40, 0.1 % (w/v) DOC, 0.05 % (w/v) SDS, 1% (v/v) Triton
X-100, 10 mM TCEP) and applied to the galectin affinity column and incubated for 16 h at 4°C.
Thereafter, columns were washed three times with 15 ml of RIPA buffer, the captured protein
fractions were eluted by incubating for 2 h with galactose elution buffer (250 mM β-D-Galactose
20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM TCEP) and the resultant supernatant was
subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis to identify the protein molecules present. The eluted protein
products were analysed by 12% SDS-PAGE stained with nitrate. The unbound fractions, column
wash and eluted proteins fractions were concentrated using sodium deoxycholate/trichloroacetic
acid precipitation method to allow the visualisation of protein products as previously described
(Arnold & Ulbrich-Hofmann 1999).
"#!$%$!&!'
Eluted protein samples were dissolved in digestion buffer (8 M urea, 50 mM NH4HCO3, 10 mM
dithiothreitol) and incubated at 25 (C for 5 h. Following incubation, iodoacetamide (IAA) was
added to final concentration of 55 mM to alkylate thiol groups and incubated for 35 min at 20 (C
in the dark. The alkylated protein preparation was diluted with 1M urea in 25 mM ammonium
bicarbonate (pH 8.5) and sequencing-grade trypsin (Promega) was added to a final concentration
of 5 µM. The reaction was incubated for 16 h at 37 (C in the dark. The digests were acidified
with 1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and the peptides desalted on poly(styrene-
divinylbebzebe) copolymer (SDB) (Empore) StageTips as described previously (Rappsilber et al.
2007).
Trypsin-digested peptides were reconstituted in 0.1% (v/v) TFA and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN)
and then loaded onto a guard column (C18 PepMap 100 µm ID × 2 cm trapping column, Thermo-
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Fisher Scientific) at 5 µl/min and washed for 6 min before switching the guard column, in line
with the analytical column (Vydac MS C18, 3 µm, 300 Å and 75 µm ID × 25 cm). The separation
of peptides was performed at 300 nl/min using a non-linear ACN gradient of buffer A (0.1% (v/v)
formic acid, 2 % (v/v) ACN) and buffer B (0.1% (v/v) formic acid, 80 % (v/v) ACN), starting at
5% (v/v) buffer B to 55% for 120 min. Data were collected on an Orbitrap Elite (Thermo-Fisher
Scientific) in a Data-Dependent Acquisition mode using m/z 300–1500 as MS scan range, CID
MS/MS spectra and were collected for the 20 most intense ions. Dynamic exclusion parameters
were set as described previously (Nguyen et al. 2016). The Orbitrap Elite was operated in dual
analyser mode, with the Orbitrap analyser being used for MS and the linear trap being used for
MS/MS. Pull-down and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed three times on different days.
)
The MS/MS spectra obtained from the Orbitrap analyser was used to search against the Swiss-
Prot FASTA database (downloaded on 07.31.2016, 21,201 protein entries)
together with common contaminants were used for this analysis using the Mascot search engine
(Matrix Science Ltd., London, UK) as described previously (Perkins et al. 1999). Briefly,
carbamidomethylation of cysteines was set as a fixed modification, acetylation of protein N-
termini, methionine oxidation was included as variable modifications. Precursor mass tolerance
was 10 ppm, product ions were searched at 0.5 Da tolerances, minimum peptide length defined at
6, maximum peptide length 144, and Peptide spectral matches (PSM) were validated using
Percolator based on q-values at a 1% false discovery rate (FDR). Both peptide and protein
identifications were reported at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%. The mass spectrometry
proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner
repository with the data set identifier PXD008435 and 10.6019/PXD008435.
Normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) scores were calculated for the identified proteins
using the Scaffold software v4.7.2 (Searle 2010). Then proteins were subjected to the significance
analysis of interactome' (SAINT) (Choi et al. 2011) to identify protein-protein
interactions after removing all zero or missing rows. Proteins with a SAINT probability greater
than 0.9 were selected as high probability interactions. Finally, the resulting interaction network
was visualised using the Cytoscape v3.4.0 (Shannon et al. 2003).
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The N- and O-linked glycosylation pattern and the signal peptides of eluted proteins were
analysed following the instructions provided in the glycosylation analysis server. Briefly, N-
glycosylation and Signal peptide was analysed using NetNGlyc 1.0 server
(http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc/). Whereas the O-glycosylation pattern was analysed
using NetOGlyc 4.0 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/). The results obtained
from the N and O glycosylation servers were provided as supplementary results.
*)
H. contortus +!!
The overall experimental procedure to map interacting proteins of LGALS-11 and LGALS-14
from is given in Fig. 1. Lysates of L4 and adult stages were assessed before loading
onto the columns containing the Sepharose immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 and are
shown in Fig. 2a. Multiple bands were observed, with both larval and adult lysates containing a
broad range of molecules of differing molecular weights. Following the application of L4 and
adult lysates to affinity columns, containing immobilised galectins, bound parasite molecules
were eluted with galactose (Fig. 2b & 2c). The eluted molecules from both affinity columns and
an control column were subjected to LC-MS/MS. Proteins that were identified in 2 of the 3
biological replicates were included for further analysis and the proteins that were bound to
control resin (S1) were removed from the analysis. Overall, 43 individual proteins were identified
and grouped based on their respective known or putative biological function(s) (Table 1). The
greatest number of proteins identified was in the adult stage of ; with 34 proteins
binding to LGALS-11 and 35 proteins binding to LGALS-14. Of those identified proteins, 26
proteins were found to bind to both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 (Fig. 3; Table 2). In the L4 larval
stage, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 could bind to 0 and 2 proteins respectively.
%!!
Approximately 69% of proteins in that bound specifically to LGALS-11 and/or
LGALS-14 were inferred to be involved in metabolic and regulatory processes (Table 1, Fig. 4).
Most of these proteins (~ 70 %) were likely involved in metabolic activities, such as energy
metabolism, transcription andtranslation. These proteins predominantly included regulatory
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enzymes, such as peptidases, carboxyl transferases, aldo-keto reductases, deoxynucleoside
kinase, dehydrogenase, amidinotransferase and RNA polymerase. Another protein group (~9 %)
identified represented structural proteins, such as actin, myosin and collagen (Table 1, Fig. 4).
Other proteins identified had putative roles in molecular transport (e.g., lipid and amino acid
transport) or had no assigned function(s) (Fig. 4). analysis revealed that approximately
65% of the proteins of the adult stagethat bound specifically to LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 had
one or more potential glycosylation site (Table 2). On the contrary, about 35 % of adult stages
specific proteins that bound to LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 were predicted as non-glycosylated.
Though animal lectins have a primary preference for glycoconjugates, it is believed that the
LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 might also display a glycan independent protein-protein interaction
activity similar to previously reported for galectin-1 and galectin-3 (Bawumia et al. 2003; Camby
et al. 2006; Menon et al. 2000; Paz 2001).
!!
More putative ligands (n = 43) were identified in the adult stage of compared with
larval stages (n = 2) following galectin pull-down assays. Although the L4 stage is a histotropic
stage (in glands of the stomach) and would be expected to be in intimate contact with
inflammatory mediators, including galectins, it moults (with a change in antigenic profile) within
48-72 h into the immature adult (Meeusen et al. 2005). This would be expected to limit the
antigenic exposure of these parasite antigens to the host. Compared to the adult stage that is
relatively long-lived (6-8 weeks), allowing a sustained interaction of host molecules with parasite
antigens (Nikolaou & Gasser 2006; Veglia 1915). This interaction might be reflected in the
specific and localised binding of LGALS-11 in the larvae and the significant staining of LGALS-
11 on the surface of adult (see Preston et al., 2015b). In addition, the L4 stage is
relatively small (750 – 850 µm long), whereas the adult stage is usually 10-30 mm long.
A protein-protein interaction network was drawn for LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity purified
proteins specific to adult parasitic stage revealed that, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 found to
interact 5 unique proteins individually. Whereas 9 proteins were found to interact with both
LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 (Fig. 5). Carboxyl transferase, Aldo keto reductase and myosin
displayed unique interaction with LGALS-11. Whereas Zinc metallopeptidase M13, Porin
domain containing protein, von Willebrand factor and mitochondrial solution substrate carrier
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protein displayed an interaction network unique to LGALS-14. Peptidase S28, Alpha beta
hydrolase fold-1, Glutamate phenylalanine leucine valine dehydrogenase, Nematode cuticle
collagen, Lipid transport protein, Vitellinogen and von Willebrand factor domain were found to
interact both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 (Fig. 5).
A significant number of proteins (n = 19) with enzyme activity in adults were identified, and
similar proteins have been described in other ‘omic studies, suggesting that many of these
enzymes of the protease family are conserved and evolutionarily related in nematodes (Campbell
et al. 2011; Ghedin et al. 2007; Schwarz et al. 2013). A notable protease identified in the adult
stage, is zinc metallopeptidase (M13 protease or neprilysin). Zinc metallopeptidases have been
reported as the major protein fraction of host protective glycoprotein complex H-gal-GP
( galactose containing glycoprotein). Several studies isolated zinc metallopeptidases
from crude extracts of using lectins that have a binding preference to β-D-galactose
and, following vaccination of sheep, led to reduced worm burdens following challenge infection
(Dicker et al. 2014; Newlands GFJ 2006; Smith et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2000).
,
A number of parasite molecules were identified that interact with host galectins and are
potentially involved in manipulating the host blood function in the adult stage but not larvae of
. That the adult stage of this nematode is primary a blood feeder may explain the lack
of such molecules identified in the larvae. Blood feeding parasites are known to use several
mechanisms to suppress platelet aggregation, allowing prolonged blood feeding by retarding
blood clotting (Liu & Weller 1992). The von-Willebrant factor (VWF) domain is a well-known
protein domain reported in integrin and other extracellular proteins (Whittaker & Hynes 2002).
The binding of a C-type lectin (CLEC4M), with VWF has previously been shown to enhance the
internalisation of VWF by the host cells and alter plasma levels of VWF (Rydz et al. 2013). In
previous reports, proteins containing the VWF domain are localised in nematode intestine and
suggested to play critical roles in cell adhesion and platelet aggregation (Wohner et al. 2012). A
multimeric glycoprotein containing VWF domain was identified previously in adult
that can suppress platelet aggregation (Crab et al. 2002). In this study, a protein containing a
VWF domain was eluted from the LGAL14 column, which might suggest that this host galectin
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plays a role in potential modulating the ability of the parasite to suppress blood clotting. This
protein was not detected in larvae by both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. However, the functional
significance of VWF in parasitised animals remains unknown, warranting further study.
!"!%'
The stage-specific sperm-coating protein (SCP) identified by host galectins in this study are
common to many nematode species (Cantacessi & Gasser 2012) and are suggested to play critical
roles in infection and immunomodulatory events such as neutrophil inhibition (Cantacessi et al.
2012; Gadahi et al. 2016; Hewitson et al. 2009). Transcriptomic studies of have
identified that 54 genes containing one or more SCP-like domains are upregulated in the blood-
feeding adult, suggesting that SCP proteins have active and stage-specific involvement at the
onset of blood feeding (Wang & Kim 2003). Similar SCP domain containing proteins (Hc24 and
Hc40) were reported in excretory/secretory proteins of .
Although there is some information for SCP domain-containing proteins in (O’Rourke
et al. 2006; Wang & Kim 2003), their biological functions in needs experimental
investigation.
%
Recently, host galectins have been hypothesised to interact with molecules to modulate host-
pathogen interactions in ruminants (Hoorens et al. 2011; Kemp et al. 2009; Preston et al. 2015b).
The finding that LGAL-14 is concentrated within eosinophils (an immune cell considered a major
mediator of parasite killing, including of ) suggested the possibility of a direct role
for ruminant galectins in mediating parasite-killing (Meeusen & Balic 2000; Robinson et al.
2011). The subsequent demonstration of direct binding of LGAL-11 to and their
ability to inhibit larval development and growth ! has confirmed the roles of galectins and
ability to directly kill relatively large multicellular pathogens (Preston et al. 2015b).
The parasite surface is the key contact with the host and is often considered important source of
potential vaccine molecules. Correspondingly, 45% of the glycoproteins that the two galectins
bound were membrane proteins of the adult stage of and included vitelline, myosin
and M13 protein (neprilysin); these proteins have been previously assessed as vaccine candidates
(Knox 2011; Strube et al. 2015; Tellam et al. 2002). This evidence would indicate that other
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putative glycoproteins identified here by these ruminant galectins might facilitate the
identification of new intervention targets and, thus, warrant further investigation. In conclusion,
the analysis of parasite proteins recognised by galectins that are involved in resistance to
parasites (Guo et al. 2016; Preston et al. 2015a; Preston et al. 2015b), has identified several
interesting stage-specific proteins. Exploring the possible biological roles and potential
anthelminthic activities of these proteins has significant potential to advance our understanding of
the host-parasite interplay and inform future parasite control strategies.
-+
DS also thanks Jyostna Nagpal for supporting DS in making high quality images. DS and DP
thank Fiona Tegart for supporting in animal maintenance during the experiment.
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*
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Table 1(on next page)
Identification by mass spectroscopy of larval and adult Haemonchus contortus proteins
eluted from LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 columns
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Accession
code Gene description CV PSMs UP
Mascot
Score Groups
Log-
odds
1 2 3 4
Metabolic process
W6NE18 Peptidase S28 GN=HCOI_01497800 45.21 634 20 7058 No Yes Yes Yes 145.7
W6NFG0 Alpha beta hydrolase fold-1 GN=HCOI_00457700 58.65 504 16 6681 No Yes Yes Yes 128.68
W6NFT9 Peptidase S28 GN=HCOI_01562400 23.27 222 18 3151 No Yes No Yes 11.26
W6NJ96 Carboxyl transferase GN=HCOI_00766200 23.39 123 10 1146 No Yes No Yes 16.01
W6NLA8 Glutamate phenylalanine leucine valine dehydrogenase 42.50 102 10 957 No Yes No Yes 20.61
W6NG90 Peptidase S28 GN=HCOI_01624000 4.88 101 3 1218 No Yes No Yes 29.6
W6NC58 Aldo keto reductase GN=HCOI_00043700 39.64 83 10 789 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NAV8 Aldo keto reductase GN=HCOI_00043500 27.22 46 6 477 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NU27 Carboxyl transferase GN=HCOI_00766300 25.83 67 6 909 No Yes No Yes 4.35
W6NKM1 Succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur subunit,
GN=HCOI_01735500 32.61 64 8 521 No Yes No Yes 34.83
W6NF70 Deoxynucleoside kinase 35.42 42 6 242 No No No Yes -0.18
U6NNG6 Ribosomal protein L7 L12 GN=HCOI_00340500 11.41 30 1 783 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NA79 Zinc metallopeptidase M13 GN=HCOI_01030800 37.90 28 3 330 No No No Yes 4.35
W6ND82 von Willebrand factor GN=HCOI_01354500 13.82 26 3 371 No No No Yes 16.01
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W6NMI7 Proteinase inhibitor I33 GN=HCOI_02015200 18.58 22 5 162 No No No Yes -0.18
W6NKG5 Ribosomal protein L15 GN=HCOI_01717500 5.88 4 1 26 No No No Yes 5.67
W6NEW9 Amidinotransferase GN=HCOI_01556200 23.35 24 4 109 No Yes No No -0.18
W6NI22 Adenylosuccinate lysase GN=HCOI_00436500 6.41 14 3 141 No Yes No No 12.23
W6NF84 Short-chain dehydrogenase reductase GN=HCOI_01467500 3.07 11 1 137 No Yes No Yes 1.71
W6ND43 Acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex GN=HCOI_00576100 1.22 8 1 51 No Yes No No 1.68
Regulation of biological processes
W6NC73 ATPase GN=HCOI_02138200 22.64 23 2 418 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NJ12 Filament domain containing protein GN=HCOI_02013700 14.09 20 3 291 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NM02 Fumarate lyase GN=HCOI_01914600 4.73 8 1 62 No Yes No No 4.61
W6NGK5 CRE-DHS-15 protein GN=HCOI_00341400 29.31 6 1 210 No No No Yes -0.18
W6NI80 Acyl-CoA-binding protein GN=HCOI_01539100 20.69 6 1 205 No Yes No Yes 6.69
W6NCC1 NIPSNAP GN=HCOI_01963300 7.63 6 1 75 No Yes No No -0.18
W6NWY9 Porin domain containing protein GN=HCOI_01573900 43.97 82 9 1149 No Yes No Yes 4.35
W6NAW4 FG-GAP and Integrin alpha-2/Integrin alpha chain
GN=HCOI_01903100 5.90 33 5 340 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NAL4 Heat shock protein 70 GN=HCOI_00589700 7.24 9 1 82 No Yes No No 7.23
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Transport
W6NVQ1 Lipid transport protein and Vitellinogen and von Willebrand
factor domain GN=HCOI_01683400 23.18 209 24 1465 No Yes No Yes 9.62
W6N9I2 Lipid transport protein GN=HCOI_00072100 35.97 139 13 1313 No Yes No Yes 51.51
W6NQZ5 Mitochondrial substrate solute carrier GN=HCOI_01092000 23.10 53 8 334 No No No Yes 6.2
Cytoskeleton
W6NAH7 Nematode cuticle collagen and Collagen triple helix repeat 5.60 85 2 1399 No Yes No Yes 4.35
W6NHH0 Annexin GN=HCOI_01003500 14.01 22 3 135 No Yes No No -0.18
W6NE41 Myosin tail GN=HCOI_01216000 3.99 17 3 59 No Yes No No 13.42
W6NF56 Myosin tail GN=HCOI_01461300 34.48 51 8 675 No Yes No Yes 6.2
Host-parasite interaction
W6NGA7 SCP extracellular domain GN=HCOI_01577700 14.95 4 2 59 No Yes No Yes -0.18
Unknown
W6NAN9 CBN-MLC-3 protein GN=HCOI_01274700 49.67 63 7 465 No Yes No Yes 2.32
W6NX42 Uncharacterized protein GN=HCOI_01051700 25.56 38 3 607 No No No Yes 19.09
W6NFI4 Protein C15F1.2 GN=HCOI_01126300 34.87 20 4 97 No Yes No Yes -0.18
W6NB42 Protein C23H5.8, isoform-c GN=HCOI_00648100 14.43 16 2 170 No Yes No Yes 10.80
W6NPK3 Uncharacterized protein GN=HCOI_00260500 5.20 10 1 45 No No No Yes -0.18
W6NUX4 Uncharacterized protein GN=HCOI_01608400 4.04 12 1 43 No Yes No Yes 4.04
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Abbreviations:
GN = Gene name; CV = Coverage; PSMs = Peptide spectrum matches; UP = Unique peptides;
Log-odds 0 = 50% chance, Positive values = More than 50%, Negative values = Less than 50%
Groups:
1 = LGALS-11 bound protein from L4 larval stage of H. contortus
2 = LGALS-11 bound protein from adult stage of H. contortus
3 = LGALS-14 bound protein from L4 larval stage of H. contortus
4 = LGALS-14 bound protein from adult stage of H. contortus
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Table 2(on next page)
Host galectins LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands common to adult stages of H. contortus
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Accession Gene Description
Signal
peptide
Potential
Glycosylation
!"
#
$ %&' ( ')& *&+
,""
# #
$-!
,
# #
./
0.&&1
&&( *
2
! 0 "
.
#
3! (4)&*"
0% &5 ')&& &5 1&
')
#
!
# #
%" 5&&&
, %&65 2" #
#!
,"2!
#
7" (4)&*"2 #
89
5 ') :5(;5< +
5&*5 5(5= '&
"2,,
#
%! >+90+2" " #
$, 9) 2
%. %&65 2, #
% $+%&'+&' # #
7 ?(& 0" 0
2 ,
#
! %*
"2 %- #
3 $&
2"
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Abbreviations:
GN = Gene name
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Figure 1(on next page)
Schematic flow of pull-down experiment to identify the interactome.
Lysates of Haemonchus contortus (larval or adult worms) containing glycoproteins were
isolated using immobilised recombinant LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 columns and eluted using a
high concentration of β-D-galactose. The glycoproteins of larval and adult stages that
interact with host galectins were analysed by LC-MS/MS. The spectra obtained from the LC-
MS/MS were analysed using the Mascot (Perkins et al. 1999) and the NCBI protein database.
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Figure 2(on next page)
SDS-PAGE analysis of galectin bound proteins.
(A) Protein profiling of larval and adult stages of Haemonchus contortus. (M)
Molecular weight markers; (Lane 1 & 2) lysates prepared from L4 stage; (Lane 3) lysates
prepared from adult stage. (B) Protein profile of adult stage parasite bound to LGALS-
11 and LGALS-14 and (C) larval stage parasite bound to LGALS-11 and LGALS-14.
M) Molecular weight markers; (Lane 1) Total parasite lysate, (Lane 2 & 3) Unbound protein
fractions of LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 column, (Lane 4 & 5) Column wash of LGALS-11 and
LGALS-14 column and (Lane 6 & 7) eluted protein of LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 column.
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Figure 3(on next page)
Venn diagram of parasite proteins bound by host galectins.
Venn diagram showing the distribution of proteins of the larval (A) and adult (B) stages of
Haemonchus contortus. In larval and adult stages, 0 and 26 proteins were bound by both the
galectins respectively.
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Figure 4(on next page)
Categorisation of proteins in the adult stage of Haemonchus contortus that interacted
with host galectins.
The profiles were categorised based on biological process of LGALS-11-bound proteins (A)
and LGALS-14 bound-proteins (B) and cellular location of LGALS-11-bound proteins (C) and
LGALS-14-bound proteins (D).
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
Figure 5(on next page)
Protein-protein interaction network of adult stage of Haemonchus contortus with host
galectins.
Protein interactions was determined using the software (SAINT) (Choi et al. 2011) and
resulting interaction network was visualised using the Cytoscape v3.4.0.
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
W6NA79
W6ND82
W6NQZ5
14_Adult
W6NWY9
W6NX42
11_Adult
W6NU27
W6NAV8
W6NC58
W6NF56
W6NJ96
W6NG90
W6NFT9
W6NLA8
W6NFG0
W6NAH7
W6NE18
W6N9I2
W6NVQ1
PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3473v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 19 Dec 2017, publ: 19 Dec 2017
