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Wind turbine manufacturing in China: A review
... For wind turbine selection, cases of inappropriate procedures leading to the import of obsolete and low-quality technology have been observed [78,213,417]. Regarding the production phase, the lack of standards has affected the production quality of large wind turbines [280,493,518], as well as the establishment of local wind turbine industries [250,258] and innovation in already existing industries [354,453,519]. Concerning the standardization of grid codes, it has been recognized that standards can provide the stability required to integrate more WE in the grid [381,449]. ...
... The absence of defective components in wind turbines is critical to avoid under-performance or breaking off, that lead to lost revenues [156]. Quality deficiencies reported in the literature are broadly associated with the production of bearings [492], rotor blades [213,518], gearboxes [284,518], converters [492], and control systems [213,492,518]. Moreover, many wind turbines are observed to run in underproductive regimes in many farms due to inadequate equipment selection [67,78,253], improper preventive maintenance [213,217,253,281], and incorrect micro-siting [ [25,67,84,161,233,356,494]. ...
... The absence of defective components in wind turbines is critical to avoid under-performance or breaking off, that lead to lost revenues [156]. Quality deficiencies reported in the literature are broadly associated with the production of bearings [492], rotor blades [213,518], gearboxes [284,518], converters [492], and control systems [213,492,518]. Moreover, many wind turbines are observed to run in underproductive regimes in many farms due to inadequate equipment selection [67,78,253], improper preventive maintenance [213,217,253,281], and incorrect micro-siting [ [25,67,84,161,233,356,494]. ...
... Las empresas nacionales tenían experiencia en multiplicadores fabricados para otras industrias, NGC y CN GPower (filial de la SOE CSIC) dominan el sector eólico con el 80%, otra empresa destacada es Advance Gearbox (con 45% de su accionariado del distrito de Hangzhou y participada por dos bancos estatales). Igual es el caso del mercado de generadores, que cuenta con gran cantidad de fabricantes como Shanghai Electric Group (controlada por el municipio de Shanghai), LEC, Dongfang (ambas SOEs), entre muchas otras (Yuan et al., 2015;Junfeng et al., 2007). ...
... Sin embargo, en 2007 China aún dependía de las importaciones de engranajes principales y sobre todo de sistemas de control eléctrico, y existían dudas de la capacidad de fabricación de multiplicadores y palas para satisfacer la demanda, pero las empresas fueron capaces de realizar tal expansión y progresivamente se desarrollaron localmente otras partes de la cadena (Yuan et al., 2015;Junfeng et al., 2012). En general, se podría decir que las SOEs (provenientes de industrias relacionadas) tienen una gran influencia, en conjunto la industria nacional ha reducido su dependencia externa de determinados elementos. ...
... Pero estas proporciones han ido reduciéndose drásticamente a favor de los fabricantes nacionales, por ejemplo, la última vez que aparece una OEM extranjera en el top 10 anual es Vestas en 2013 con 3,16% del mercado (Junfeng et al., 2014). Aunque es un mercado con alta concentración, esta se ha reducido a medida que entraban participantes en el mercado, llevando a periodos de gran competencia y sobrecapacidad; pero la alta concentración en el top 10 dejaba poco espacio al resto, además, la reorganización industrial ha hecho repuntar la concentración desde 2013 (Yuan et al. 2015). Tradicionalmente, Goldwind, la empresa líder, ha mantenido una cuota de mercado de alrededor del 20%, en 2016 se situaba en el 27%, seguida de United Power, Mingyang, Envision y CSIC con en torno al 8% cada una. ...
El presente análisis histórico-estructural busca caracterizar la evolución de las instituciones chinas en energía, y sus políticas de desarrollo industrial y de despliegue de las energías renovables en China desde 2005, con especial consideración de la industria solar fotovoltaica y eólica. Así, desde un enfoque institucionalista y de economía política se pretende mostrar el particular modelo institucional chino aplicado a las energías renovables. Este modelo institucional refleja una estructura estatal con poder fragmentado (aunque con tendencia a la centralización) y con características dualistas; pero también donde el discurso comunicativo, el consenso y la informalidad tienen gran influencia. Para caracterizar la variedad de capitalismo chino realizo un análisis propio que buscará la propiedad de las empresas, su nacionalidad, cuotas y concentración de mercado, que permitirá ver la competencia, y sobre todo el poder de los agentes dentro del mercado (en última instancia de los jugadores nacionales y estatales). Así pues, se observará una variedad de capitalismo que descansa en una fuerte influencia del Estado. En conjunto, se observa un Estado Desarrollista que busca como elemento central el desarrollo de las capacidades industriales y tecnológicas nacionales (en lugar del mero despliegue renovable en generación) con diferentes mecanismos y estrategias. De tal manera, se observaran dos estrategias diferentes para la industria fotovoltaica y eólica, pero con el mismo objetivo comentado. Nuestro estudio no olvida cuestiones de vital importancia como el sistema de formación de precios y los mecanismos de intercambio eléctrico, que transitan hacia unos más propios de mercado. Las políticas aplicadas muestran características idiosincráticas chinas como el gradualismo, la experimentación y la minimización de perdedores. En definitiva, un paradigma energético que confía en la intervención y control estatal para asegurar la seguridad energética con activos autóctonos como elemento prioritario, pero también considera cuestiones ambientales, la modernización y el acceso a energías baratas. Igualmente, el conjunto del texto mostrará los principales fallos y frenos para transición a las energías renovables.
... China's installed capacity of wind energy and domestic manufacturing capacity of wind turbines has surpassed the targets set in the FYPs (Li et al. 2018). The market price of domestic wind turbines dropped significantly over the years, due to economies of scale and the strong competition, resulting in wind energy prices closer to those of conventional energy sources (Yuan et al. 2015). ...
... Supply to the foreign market has not been an effective solution to overproduction of Chinese factories, since export performance is poor, limited to 1 to 4% of the Chinese domestic market in the period from 2011 to 2015 (Binz et al. 2017). Issues affecting exports are the characteristics of the international client service, where customers are very selective in choosing their suppliers and antidumping measures to prevent predatory prices (Yuan et al. 2015). ...
In this article, we perform a comparative analysis between China and Brazil to study the causal relations and interdependencies between elements of public policies concerning renewable energy and their influence on the development trajectories of the wind industry. China has achieved superior development of the wind turbine manufacturing industry. In the Chinese case, there has been a better articulation and integration of the energy and industrial policies. There was also a better agreement between the industrial policy and the Chinese technology policy. In the case of Brazil, energy and infrastructure policies were connected, which resulted in an installed wind capacity in greater balance with its effective generation. We conclude that the development of the wind energy industry depends on the recognition of a reciprocity between the energy and the industrial policies for the wind industry, as well as on their reciprocal interdependence with other policies, such as those governing technology, environment and infrastructure. A framework was developed representing these reciprocal interdependencies and the complexity existing among these policies. The framework serves as a tool for international benchmarking in this context. A set of recommendations for the formulation of public policies are presented in the form of lessons learned.
Graphical abstract
... The law also offers several other incentives other than product subsidies, e.g., priority loans with low-interest rates, carbon credits from the carbon market, and other supplementary policies supporting infrastructure development and land acquisition, tax exemptions, and land donated by local governments. This law set the foundation for the spread of renewables, particularly with respect to technical evolution and cost reductions (Jiang and Jonathan, 2017;Yuan et al., 2015). ...
... In addition, the localization rate and unit capacity have been escalating. This growing trend has created a learning curve, technical innovation, scaling effects, and a supportive environment; as a result, wind power's average cost in China has dramatically declined (Dai et al., 2018;Yuan et al., 2015). ...
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is widely accepted as an essential and viable option for CO2 mitigation at scale. Although CCUS technology has tremendous potential due to its outstanding mitigation capacity, strong technical readiness level, and relatively low cost, CCUS is only at the research and development (R&D) stage and is far from commercialization in China. The present study reviews the status of CCUS technology in China, including a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis. Although CCUS has notable advantages and opportunities in China, many disadvantages and challenges would need to be addressed before a commercial-scale CCUS project could commence. These disadvantages and challenges stem from technical development issues, a lack of incentive policies, China's legal and regulatory system, and a need for supplementary policies to support industrialization, among others. Lastly, a strategic framework for CCUS commercialization is proposed to bridge the gap between the current R&D stage and commercialization, with recommendations for how to accelerate the commercialization of CCUS.
... Optimization of the WT performance [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] WT health and condition monitoring Aerodynamics in WTs [30,34,[41][42][43][44][45][46] WT power curves [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] WT blades [43,[55][56][57] WT control [58][59][60][61][62][63][64] WT installation [65,66] WT life [22,67] WT manufacturing [68,69] Weibull functions in wind sector [70] CFD simulation techniques in WTs [71,72] Wake modeling in WFs [73][74][75][76] ...
... The wind power industry is dynamically increasing due to its advantages, and hence it demands the development of WT components manufacturing industries. A detailed report of WT manufacturing was discussed in [68]. Further, in [69], the authors discussed the spatial patterns and influencing factors of China's WT manufacturing industry. ...
For decades of wind energy technology developments, much research on the subject has been carried out, and this has given rise to many works encompassing different topics related to it. As a logical consequence of such a research and editorial activity, state-of-the-art review works have also been published, reporting about a wide variety of research proposals. Review works are particularly interesting documents for researchers because they try to gather different research works on the same topic present their achievements to researchers. They act, in a way, as a guidance for researchers to quickly access the most meaningful works. The proposal of this paper consists of going one step further, and to present a review of state-of-the-art review works on wind-energy-related issues. A classification into several main topics in the field of energy research has been done, and review works that can be classified in all these areas have been searched, analyzed, and commented on throughout the paper.
... Commission of PR China published a requirement of a minimum of 70 percent domestica lly produced equipment within wind power projects, thereby increasing the domestic manufacturing capabilities in PR China (Yuan et al., 2015;Global Wind Energy Council, 2008). This period can be considered the beginning of PR China's wind power industry, as shown in Figure 2. , 2015). ...
... The last strength analyzed is the rapid outgrowth of the wind power equipme nt manufacturing sector, mainly thanks to the domestic, foreign and joint venture wind manufacturers. PR China has promoted the development of this industry in its territory and has now achieved the local capability to produce significant components of wind turbine units (Yuan et al., 2015). ...
This paper presents the role of global Industry 4.0 technology management in the growth of the wind turbine industry. The article begins with a brief overview of the Industry 4.0 wind turbine industry development, focusing on factors shaping this development. The legal policies are identified as one of the significant factors, especially in PR China and Germany. A detailed secondary data analysis of the country-specific systems is presented, followed by the analysis of patents and companies in both countries to understand better how the development, management and transfer of technology affected the different factors and the global patterns. An effective approach of acquiring technology for local enterprises as well as market development entry mode for the foreign technology holding companies are both identified. Accessing technology through licensing, entering joint ventures, or acquiring knowledge-intensive companies can be identified as common and often successful industry approaches. To develop, obtain, or maintain competitive advantages in the wind turbine industry, we suggest that the governments issue relevant legislation and regulations to support the upgrading of the industry, and the enterprises can access and manage the technology through the approaches mentioned above.
... Wind turbines are made of steel (66-79% m/m), fiberglass, resin or plastic (11-16% m/m), iron or cast iron (5-17% m/m), copper (1%), and aluminium (0-2%) (Moné et al., 2017). In the rank of the top 10 wind turbine manufactures in the world for 2011, it was possible to find producers from Europe (Denmark, Spain, Germany), China (several), America, and India (Yuan et al., 2015). ...
... Further, the development pace of China's large-scale carbon fiber composite wind turbine blades has been disturbed. This is consistent with the challenges summarized by Jiahai et al. [45] after summarizing the current situation of China's wind power industry before 2015, indicating that the challenges of China's wind power industry continue to exist. Fortunately, as Jiahai appealed, in response to the above problems, China has further issued corresponding countermeasures, as shown in Figure 10, and the initial results have been achieved. ...
Wind energy is a type of clean energy that can address global energy shortages and environmental issues. Wind turbine blades are a critical component in capturing wind energy. Carbon fiber composites have been widely recognized for their excellent overall performance in large-scale wind turbine blades. However, in China, the wide application of carbon fiber composites in wind turbine blades still faces many problems and challenges. This paper examines the current state of carbon fiber composites for wind turbine blades and the geographical distribution characteristics of wind resources in China. The economic revenues from increasing the length of wind turbine blades in four typical wind farms, including offshore wind farms, are compared. Using a mathematical model, the energy efficiency of carbon fiber composites in the application of large wind turbine blades is evaluated from the aspects of cost, embedded energy, and carbon footprint. Further, the current relationship between supply and demand for the industrial structure of carbon fiber in China is revealed. The manufacturing technologies for carbon fiber composite wind turbine blades are analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed. Finally, the incentive policy for applying carbon fiber composites to wind turbine blades is explained, and the development prospects are explored. In this paper, the economics and energy efficiency of the application of carbon fiber composite materials in large wind turbine blades are analyzed and comprehensively evaluated by using mathematical models, which will provide a valuable reference for China’s wind turbine blade industry.
... The wind energy investment boom began in the 2010s in the Chinese market. Since then, many state-owned energy companies in China have invested a large amount of capital to respond to the government's clean energy proposals [38]. Fig. 1(C) shows the average trade value among continents during 2017-2020. ...
With the increasingly devastating impacts of climate change, wind energy demand has surged in recent decades, resulting in fierce competition and a complex trade structure in the wind turbine industry. Understanding the hidden risks for the global wind turbine trade network (GWTTN) is of great significance, but the topic has not yet been explored. This study fills this gap by employing complex network methodologies to investigate the GWTTN’s structure and supply risks. Structure analyses featuring metrics including topology quantities, communities, and backbones reveal a core–periphery organization and an unbalanced concentration of exports and imports. The unparalleled influence of Europe, weakening of North America, dissolution of European clusters, and rise of Asia have been the main structural characteristics of the network in recent decades. A country disruption simulation, measured by the giant connected component, further manifests the robust yet fragile peculiarity of the GWTTN which implies the difficulty of risk control. Identified by the linear threshold model, the risk transmission path of supply cutoffs indicates the importance of complex trade links and mutual amplification
effects in triggering large-scale contagion and market devastation. A redemption simulation strategy setting antirisk
capacity to vary across countries is also proposed to alleviate the aftermath of large-scale disruptions. The results show that enhancement of core countries and interception of key paths can demonstrably suppress supply risk. The policy suggestions based on these systematic investigations have enormous practical implications for the governance and development of the global sustainable energy industry.
... Wind power technology has gradually become a key research topic worldwide gradually, because wind energy has the advantages of being clean, green and pollution-free [1,2]. In recent years, the wind power industry has developed rapidly, and wind power has become one of the main power sources of power system [3]. But at the same time, there are also some technical problems that need to be overcome. ...
... From a country's perspective, a patent portfolio in a given area reveals its technological domain or dependence when comparing national and foreign applicants and types of patent applications (Yuan et al., 2015). These studies corroborate that patent analysis effectively presents the paths taken by technology from its inception to its market maturity. ...
Paper aims: This paper presents the results of technological analysis on wind energy based on patent documents classified with code F03D – “Wind Motors.”
Originality: Despite several studies on wind energy, this paper follows a different approach, presenting an overview that brings together technical and market information through social network analysis methods.
Research method: The study covered data from 55,223 documents filed in the principal patent offices of the world, obtained from the Derwent Innovations Index. The publications were organized and analyzed through correlation and technology transfer networks.
Main findings: General Electric (GE) and European companies have dominated the wind energy industry. However, in the last years, companies from emerging countries are also penetrating and becoming major players. Emphasis can be given to China, which has a deposit pattern detached from the rest of the world.
Implications for theory and practice: This study indicates that these companies became important turbine manufacturers and started to invest in developing new technologies and seek patent protection. Companies from emerging countries are new entrants, and their performance is still restricted to few markets compared to traditional companies.
... In the early years, most of the turbines were loaned from or donated by the Danish, German, and Spanish governments (Zhao et al., 2014). It was not until the Renewable Energy Law, implemented in 2006 (Yuan et al., 2015), that the wind power industry achieved rapid development in China. Since then, the accumulated installed capacity has increased 166 times, rising from 1.27 GW in 2006 to 211 GW in 2018, with a compound annual growth rate of 40% (Fig. 1). ...
... In recent years, China's wind power industry and installed wind power capacity have rapidly developed [3][4][5]. The Chinese wind power manufacturing and supply chain are also better developed [6,7]. The elasticity of the wind power industry was evaluated from the perspective of operational risks. ...
Thermal power has consumed a lot of coal, which causes serious air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Previous studies on low-carbon development often separated the three regions, ignoring the coordinated development relationships in the regions. Under the low-carbon development constrictions of thermal power, this paper studied the development of wind power. Firstly, from the integration development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the changes in industrial structure and the total electricity consumption were predicted. Secondly, a comprehensive analysis of the low-carbon development policy for these regions, in accordance with the analytical results, controls the development of thermal power. Finally, a system dynamics model is used to analyse the wind power development from 2018 to 2025 under the influence of development on purchased electricity, the development of thermal and wind power policy. The study found that under the existing policies the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can achieve the goal of installed wind power capacity in the “13th Five-Year Plan for Electrical Power Development”. And from 2020 to 2025, the installed capacity of wind power significantly increases. Based on sensitivity analysis for wind power development, installed wind power capacity is the most sensitive to the wind power feed-in tariff, followed by thermal power generation capacity and then purchased electricity. To prevent wind power growing too fast, this paper suggests reducing the feed-in tariff of wind power during the “14th Five-Year Plan”.
... Kang et al. (2012) systematically reviewed on the policies of wind power industry during the 11th Five-Year-Plan (FYP) of China. Yuan et al. (2015) systematically reviewed on the policies and status of wind turbine manufacturing sector in China, and discussed the achievements and the challenges. Yan (2015) studied on the characteristics, spreading paths and implementing mechanism of the wind power policies in China. ...
As an important renewable energy source, wind power plays a key role in mitigating climate change and has become one of the fastest growing clean energies globally. In China, wind energy development has been a vital component of national energy transformation strategy. Over the years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies to promote the development of wind power and also to regulate this emerging industry. Base on examining all the key policy documents on wind power issued by the Chinese government over the last 30 years, we find that China has built up a comprehensive policy system, and summarized the current framework of Chinese wind power policy systematically. Then, we analyze the policy objectives, policy tools, major measures, their results in each development stage, and the characteristics and trends of China’s wind power policies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current policy and put forward corresponding suggestions.
... The second advantage is that China has strong product manufacturing capabilities which could guarantee the development of a renewables industry [38,39]. Chinese enterprises have been building many hydropower projects overseas. ...
One purpose of stimulating financing and investment through private capital is to absorb a higher proportion of renewables and promote renewable industry development. This paper first reviews the current overall situation of renewables financing and investment, and further analyzes the policy environment with respect to the development plan, regulation and special funds. Based on the analysis of the status quo, the paper then discusses the internalities and the externalities that have driven the changes of private capital investment in renewable energy projects, illustrated by a strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) analysis. An ideal financing model, public–private partnership and distributed energy resources pattern are analyzed to identify key arrangements and design proper development schemes for both private investors and the government. If China can overcome the defects and obstacles in a reasonable and orderly fashion, the financing and investment problem of China’s renewables industry will be solved in many ways. Private capital in the Chinese renewable energy market will bring great incentive if the entire industry can select some promising sub-industries in the renewables sector and choose some appropriate operation modes.
... Other important aspects include the wind resources as the basis of location that be able to provide no only enough wind with constant speed but also a good capacity to transmit the energy generated [8][9][10], and last but not least, the manufacturing process in which all the sketches are produced and assembled to form the wind turbine with the blades, the tower and the generator [7,[11][12][13]. ...
A wind turbine blade design inspired by a tree seed called Triplaris Americana is presented. The blade was designed by means of an analysis of the seed's curvature and airfoil along its wingspan; the result is as a non-conventional horizontal axis wind turbine composed of three blades. A computational fluid dynamic simulation was performed in order to estimate the operational loads. The blade's structure was designed by means of composite structural design, resulting in six zones with different laminates of carbon fiber. The balance of the aerodynamic and inertial loads was achieved in order to guarantee a minimum change in blade's geometry to prevent a performance reduction. Finally, a manufacturing simulation by means of vacuum assisted resin infusion was performed. Four injections strategies were proposed with three of them considered successful based on a complete mold filling and the time limit imposed by the polymerization time of the resin.
... But since offshore wind turbines will be considered, such technology is less mature then its onshore counterpart, still it presents hight maturity. In fact large offshore wind turbines models of 5 MW are available, and have been in the market for few years [86,87]. ...
This PhD thesis models a renewable-based hybrid power supply system applied in an islanded context and investigates sizing and regulation strategies of such a hybrid system. First, various marine energy production technologies were reviewed and compared to common renewable resources. As well, various energy storage technologies were reviewed, compared, and evaluated to fit the chosen site characteristics. A brief investigation on offshore energy transmission and inverter regulations methods is presented. Then, a study of the site characteristics, and the availability of the different renew- able energy resources in the area are presented. This energy study constitutes the basis of the proposed system sizing method, where minimizing the cost and the CO2 emissions are considered as the main objectives. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic power management approach is proposed for the islanded micro-grid. Finally, a detailed study of the system components grid-side inverter regulation is presented. Three regulation levels were investigated: the single inverter, the renewable farm, and the hybrid system. In this context, different regulation strategies are considered at each level.
... What is noteworthy is huge technological progress in the field of numerical simulations, supported by experimental tests [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Visible progress is also observed in technologies of structure production [38][39][40] and structure operation monitoring [41][42][43][44][45]. All these factors affect considerably the dynamics of offshore wind power industry sector development. ...
The offshore wind power industry is the branch of electric energy production from renewable sources which is most intensively developed in EU countries. At present, there is a tendency to install larger-power wind turbines at larger distances from the seashore, on relatively deep waters. Consequently, technological solutions for new supporting structures intended for deeper water regions are undergoing rapid development now. Various design types are proposed and analysed, starting from gravitational supports (GBS), through monopiles and 3D frame structures (jackets, tripods), and ending with floating and submerged supports anchored to the seabed by flexible connectors, including TLP type solutions.
The article presents the results of examination of an untypical large-size gravitational support intended for waters with the depth of up to 40 m. Firstly, a general concept of the new design is presented, while the next basic part of the article describes the support design in detail and provides its strength analysis. The examined support has the form of a large steel container consisting of conical segments. The strength analysis was conducted using the finite element method (FEM), in accordance with the standard DNVGL-ST-0126. Modifications introduced to the most heavily loaded structural node of the support, which was the set of base bottom trusses, is also included. The results of the performed analysis prove that the presented concept of supporting structure for a 7MW turbine meets fundamental strength criteria. The nonlinear buckling analysis was performed to evaluate the critical force acting on the support, which turned out to be 1.44 times as large as the maximum load of the wind turbine. Potentially important issues for further analyses have been identified as those resulting from the asymmetry of basic loads acting on the support.
... In relation to the wind sector, there have been several recent studies which have highlighted the importance of government policy and the growing domestic market to its evolution in China, as well as the role of licensed foreign technology and FDI (Yuan et al., 2015;Lewis, 2013Lewis, , 2014aRu et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2013a;Zhao et al., 2014). Several have explored the importance of these international links to the industry's development (Nahm and Steinfeld, 2014;Urban, et al., 2015, Ydersbond andKorsnes, 2014;S. ...
This paper addresses three questions: how have trade and investment in wind and solar sectors evolved between the EU and China in recent years? Is there a link between rising trade conflicts and trade and investment trends? And what wider motivations and synergies can be identified in Chinese investments in the EU's RE sector? To address these questions we analyze trade and investment data, as well as qualitative data, including information from media and company reports. Large increases in trade and investment were followed by rapid falls since 2012–13. Trade tensions have not led to increases in investment, rather the inverse. We find that Chinese investment in these two sectors is very concentrated in Germany. The key motivation for investment is market seeking, although R+D is also important, especially for wind. Most investments are greenfield, a preference that has persisted over time. Our qualitative analysis of several key acquisitions indicates that technology integration and the consolidation of capacities across the supply chain were key motivations in most of the cases studied. We conclude with some policy orientations.
As a consequence of the exponential increase in energy usage within urban areas, rooftop micro wind turbines have surfaced as a potent method to supply sustainable energy while also strategically mitigating the environmental impact of carbon emissions. However, significant knowledge gaps exist regarding how to install a rooftop micro wind turbine in conjunction with an exhaust fan in a tall building. The objective of this study is to fabricate an exhaust fan cum micro wind turbine (EFCMWT). It is used as an exhaust fan as well as a micro wind turbine. There are various components of EFCMWT, and their dimensions are also discussed in this article. The main components are one-way bearings and couplings, both of which are used to connect dual shaft AC motors and DC generators. For demonstration research, the EFCMWT was placed at the height of 14.111 m on the windows of Kosi Hostel Building, NIT Patna. When the wind speed is 7 m/s, the wind turbine produces a maximum power output of 1.2167 watts and a maximum power coefficient of 0.1247. An exhaust fan cum micro wind turbine can make a significant contribution to reducing the environmental carbon footprint.
From modest beginnings, China’s renewable energy sector is today the world’s largest. We contrast the evolution of China’s solar and wind sectors, with an eye to the effect of differences in technology, government policies, and markets. In solar, relatively modest barriers to entry and returning Chinese with industry experience, combined with rapid growth in overseas demand and high quality standards to propel the sector forward. Localization of the supply chain lowered costs and conferred important advantages on the largely private sector, much as it had done in other successful export sectors in the electronic industry. In sharp contrast, the growth of China’s wind turbine sector has been tied to a “government-made” domestic market and highly protectionist measures favoring local firms. Although there are signs of upgrading, the sector remains SOE-dominated throughout the value chain, and uncompetitive internationally. Moving forward fortunes of solar and wind turbine manufacturers will be tied to an increasingly crowded domestic electricity market in which excess capacity, lackluster demand growth and regulatory issues are the new normal. In this setting, political connections rather than firm capability will determine winners and losers. The experience of the renewable sector reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of China’s industrial policy.
China's west has long been framed as an undeveloped frontier, set apart by poverty and a resource-based economy. Since the 2000s, however, utility-scale renewable energy infrastructure has expanded rapidly in western China, promising local economic benefits tied to national low-carbon transition. This paper contends that these benefits have been precarious and unevenly distributed. I argue that utility-scale renewable energy has remade western China as a “low-carbon frontier,” a resource-rich region that generates low-carbon value for the national green economy. I highlight three features of low-carbon frontiers: they are constructed as spaces of exploitable low-carbon resources, creating an investment boom; they are enclosed through new land arrangements and infrastructure construction, rapidly and with little coordination; and they are reliant on external markets and policy decisions, entrenching dependency. These conditions make it difficult for frontier regions to capture sustained economic development benefits from the boom in the absence of persistent central state supports. I analyse these features by comparing two sets of technologies with similar, but ultimately diverging, trajectories: small and large hydropower in China's south-west, and solar and wind in the north-west.
Only a small number of companies, located in a few countries, have specific technological expertise in wind turbine manufacturing. Such technological expertise is found to be a significant driver of trade in wind turbines. In addition, it is found that countries’ wind power generation efficiency depends on having access to higher quality wind turbines available in international markets. Trade in wind turbines can thus be seen as tantamount to trading (wind) technologies that deliver a level of efficiency that cannot be replicated in importing countries. These results have important policy implications: i) Barriers to trade in wind turbines are also barriers to the dissemination of key environmental technologies needed by countries where they have not been developed; ii) Trade-discriminatory measures can also be a hurdle to non-manufacturing job creation as the latter hinges on the continuous deployment of solar energy, which in turn depends on access to international markets where high quality wind turbines are found; iii) Industrial policies should not focus on the creation of national champions but rather on ensuring that domestic firms can apply their specific capabilities to new opportunities in global industries.
Composite materials are used in many wind structures such as renewable wind energy conversion systems because of their high-performance ratio (density/rigidity) compared to other materials. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of composite materials has been studied using a finite element (FE) to improve the mechanical strength and stability of a HAWTB. A nonlinear finite element model (FEM) is developed under FE in ACP software to simulate the mechanical behavior of the blade manufactured with composite material subjected to quasi-static wind loads.
In this study, the effects of three parameters are discussed: fiber materials, fiber orientation and ply thickness. The results showed a good agreement between our model and the experimental data with an error less than 1.56%.
The results of the finite element analysis (FEA) showed that the fiber's orientation, laminate thickness, and materials properties contribute highly to the mechanical robustness and stiffness of the blade.
It has been found that the Carbon/Epoxy composite enhances both strength and stiffness compared to the Kevlar49/Epoxy and Glass/Epoxy. Moreover, It can be noted that the fiber orientation of 90° provides enhanced mechanical performance namely low deflection and toughness with reference to the biaxial and triaxial fiber orientation. In addition, we reached a difference of deflection and strength of 10mm and 3.5 MPa, respectively, in comparison with the +-60°/90° configuration.
A blade sub-model has been suggested to investigate the damage localization in the HAWTB. In addition, the effect of weight and cost have been further investigated in this research.
The costs of wind power have declined to levels on par with or below those of conventional sources in many parts of the world. Wind power has become one of the fastest‐growing sources of new electricity generation. We take stock of wind power cost evolution over the past 20 years, review methodologies commonly used for cost assessment, discuss the potential for continued cost reduction, and identify anticipated cost and value drivers. Our scope includes both onshore and offshore wind technologies. We draw from a vast body of literature on these topics to highlight key trends, approaches, and limitations. Furthermore, we discuss strategies for wind power assets to enhance their marginal economic value to the broader power system and consumers. We identify a myriad of factors that are expected to influence the future cost and value of wind power, including siting, project scale, turbine size, operational synergies, commodity prices, advancements in turbine technologies, enhanced management of the wind resource, and novel control technologies that provide value for the electricity grid. Because the common methods for forecasting future costs each have their own strengths and weaknesses, we find the best insights are elicited from a combination of methods. Overall, researchers and analysts anticipate further sizable cost reductions for onshore and offshore wind. Midrange forecasts for levelized cost of energy in 2050 are generally between $20 and $30/MWh for onshore wind and $40 and $60/MWh for offshore wind, a reduction to approximately half of today's levels. Optimistic forecasts anticipate these levels as early as 2030.
This article is categorized under:
• Wind Power > Economics and Policy
Abstract
The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) has decreased significantly over the past several decades and recent trends continue to show cost reductions. This article explores forecast methods, expectations, and factors that may influence the cost of wind energy in the future.
This paper builds a physical model by using the finite element method on COMSOL simulation platform to simulate the in-line PECVD process. The in-line PECVD simulation model couples the flow field, thermal field, chemical reaction field and plasma field and is verified through experiments. In addition, a new simulation strategy is proposed to solve the problem of dynamic coating silicon nitride film. Through this simulation method, process parameters and structural parameters of the in-line PECVD equipment are optimized. Effects of microwave tube position, microwave shield size, total gas flow, pressure and temperature on main coating reaction region is studied. The results have shown that the position of microwave tube, the total gas flow and temperature have greater influence on the region of reaction zone, the concentration distribution of reactants and the thickness of SiNxHy film. Through optimizing process parameters and structural parameters, the coating rate of SiNxHy film can be increased from 0.0607 nm/s to 0.15 nm/s and the deposition thickness can be increased from 6.78 nm to 15.59 nm. The molar concentration of SiNxHy particles in the reaction region has grown by more than 23.5%. And the relative intensity of reaction field inside PECVD chamber has increased by 1.3–2.3, which is calculated by molar concentration ratio of SiNxHy particles. This paper provides a reference for the optimization of in-line PECVD equipment.
The long march of China’s new “environmental” technologies: State capitalism, “constructed” comparative advantages and the formation of an industry
The stunning breakout of Chinese industries in environmental technology (wind and solar power) ensues from a long-term government strategy. Central authorities have turned the country’s world monopoly over rare earths from a natural advantage located upstream in the value chain into an “industrial advantage constructed” downstream (and based on technology). An analysis of segments of the value chain limited in time or space does not explain the upsurge in this new industrial technology. At the level of the national system of innovation, the structure of industry has been orchestrated using a fourfold strategy: scientific, industrial, economic and diplomatic.
A series of main supporting policies implemented by the government from 2009 to 2016 is summarized in this paper. Due to the lack of studies on wind energy development in China up to the 13th Five-Year Plan, this paper aims to provide a systematic overview of the evolution and implementation of onshore and offshore wind power development, as well as analyze the localization and competitiveness of wind power enterprises. This paper introduces how the Chinese government efficiently promotes the drastic wind power development by means of fiscal and non-fiscal policies, which includes stimulating the wind power investment, addressing the wind power curtailment problem, localizing the Chinese-owned manufacturers in domestic markets and internationalizing the exposure of Chinese-owned enterprises. This paper concludes that the effectiveness of wind power policies enacted is high, and they play a vital role in the Chinese wind power market.
Abbreviations: FYP: Five Year Plan; UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; CDM: Clean Development Mechanism: REL: Renewable Energy Law; NDRC: National Development and Reform Commission; MF: Ministry of Finance; SC: State Council; FIT: Feed–in–Tariff; CWEA: Chinese Wind Energy Association; NEA: National Energy Administration; SGCC: State Grid Corporation of China; CSG: China Southern Power Grid Corporation; SOEs: State–owned enterprises; NEB: National Energy Bureau
In this study, a new type of foundation for offshore wind turbines (OWTs), called wide-shallow composite bucket foundation (WSCBF), in which the bucket is divided into seven rooms by steel bulkheads, was developed and further studied. The influence of the bulkheads on the long-term performance of the WSCBF for OWTs is investigated in cyclic loading model tests. A new type of cyclic loading device is used in model tests. Neutral axis vertical displacement is introduced as a unified standard to measure accumulative deformation results. Test results show that the bulkheads are utilized not only to delay the appearance of plastic deformation for potential engineering applications but also to effectively reduce the final value of accumulative deformation and long-term settlement of WSBCF. Moreover, the natural frequency of the whole structural system is shown to increase under long-term cycle loading. Nevertheless, the accumulative deformation based on WSCBF has a limited effect on the safety of an OWT throughout its operational life. These conclusions are useful for engineering applications and provide guidance for OWT foundation design.
The booming wind power industry as one of the predominant approaches of renewable energy resources is not independent of components reliability within the wind turbines, especially the rotating ones including blades, motors, gearboxes etc. Hence, case studies on failed parts of such components play an important role for failure prevention and deserves to be publicly reported for experience sharing. In this paper, a failure case concerning severe abnormal wear of the roller bearing's inner ring in the gearbox of one 1.5 MW wind turbine in China was reported. Since such roller bearings were imported from a foreign company and operated by a Chinese company, not only economic losses but also international commercial dispute would be induced if this case would not be immediately and properly solved. To this end, by means of comprehensive and systematic investigation into the base materials, process media, surface morphologies, micro-area compositions and even service environments, root causes of this failure were determined, detailed mechanisms were discussed, and pertinent countermeasures were proposed. Achievement of this paper would provide the solid evidence to distinguish the responsibilities for the failure, and would also help to prevent such failures of roller bearings with similar design in wind turbines.
Wind energy plays a vital role in the development sustainable energy due to its vast availability, commercially ready technology, low cost, and great contribution to CO2 reduction. Wind turbines account for most of the cost involved in both onshore and offshore wind projects. Therefore, wind turbine aerodynamics is the backbone in the wind energy area as it is directly related to its performance. We first review and discuss available engineering models and the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) methods for wind turbine aerodynamics. The widely used momentum method is restricted significantly by the availability of reliable airfoil data and its empiricism. Potential flow methods are limited by its exclusion of viscous effect. RANS methods can produce reasonable integrated quantities, but fail to capture complex flow features such as separation and vortex shedding. The hybrid RANS-LES method (HRLM), which is a technique to bridge the gap between less accurate RANS and more computational costly LES method, is a remedy to turbine aerodynamics in complex flow conditions. We then present existing HRLMs and review their applications to wind turbine aerodynamics. They have obvious advantages over the RANS models in the prediction of flow unsteadiness. Finally, we recommend the best practice guidelines for the HRLM to facilitate and promote the implementation of the HRLMs for an improved understanding of flow physics around wind turbine blades. The enhanced knowledge of complex flow characteristics will further benefit subsequent aeroelastic and aeroacoustic analysis. Therefore, the HRLM is a promising tool for the research and development of wind turbine technology.
The article reviews a state policy of China, due to which the country has managed to develop the world’s largest sector of renewable energy sources (RES). Basic aspects of the formation and development of a comprehensive system of state support for the sector, i.e., the creation of scientific and technological advancement, stimulation of renewable energy equipment manufacturing, and support for RES electricity generation, are studied. Key programs implemented in specific stages are analyzed. Considerable attention is paid to the role and characteristics of foreign technology transfers. The dynamics of China’s RES sector and the results of its rapid growth with the active participation of the state are researched. On the basis of the analysis, it is concluded that, in general, China’s experience in development of RES is successful. Using the example of China, it is safe to say that, in the presence of a balanced state policy, a country is able to create in a decade a strong renewable energy equipment industry and to become a leader in the area of RES electricity generation. Specific features and main problems of the Russian RES sector are considered. On the basis of China’s experience, recommendations for improving the state policy in RES are made for Russia. According to the authors, first of all, a sharp increase in state support for scientific research and development (R&D), pilot and demonstration projects, recognition of RES as a part of the fuel and energy sector at all tiers of authority, guarantees of state support for RES in the long run, ensuring access to long-term funds, and the creation of state programs supporting households participation in the distributed power generation are needed.
China's wind power installed capacity is the largest in the world, but the utilization of wind power equipment is not very good, far behind USA. In this paper, the development of China's wind power is reviewed, and the present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China's wind power industry. The characteristics of China's wind farm are summered. With the insatiability and intermittence, wind power is not welcome to China's electric grid, and large-scale wind power construction does not match with the existing power grid, therefore, wind power curtailment is serious and the level of wind power utilization is very low. To solve the wind power curtailment rationing problem, in this paper, combined with the characteristics of China's wind farm operation, the wind power utilization level evaluation index system has been built, reflecting the wind resource characteristics, wind power equipment type, wind power output, wind power curtailment, grid technology, operation management and so on. Taking Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province as an example, wind power utilization level is evaluated comprehensively, combined the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM). The results show that the establishment of wind power utilization level comprehensive evaluation index system is helpful to find the main factors which effect the level of wind power utilization and improve the wind power field operation, which can provide reference for the planning and design of wind farm, and the results have certain value on theoretical significance and engineering application.
近年来中国的本土风机整机制造商面临着越来越激烈的国内市场竞争，本文基于SBM模型和企业生态位理论建立了竞争优势评价指标体系，并以金风科技等7家上市公司为代表，运用实际数据对其进行了量化评估的实证研究。研究表明，该评价指标体系在实践应用中具有可行性。 In recent years, the competition between Chinese local wind turbine manufacturers (LWTMs) is increasingly fierce in domestic market. This paper has led to the design and establishment of a LWTMs’ Competitive Advantages Evaluation Index System according to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and Enterprise Niche Theory. Then the paper makes empirical research based on 7 listed representative enterprises’ annual reports using SBM model. The results show that the evaluation index system is practicable for application.
Proteomics has been widely used in the last few years to look for new biomarkers and decipher the mechanism of HIV-host interaction. Herein, we review the recent developments of HIV/AIDS proteomic research, including the samples used in HIV/AIDS related research, the technologies used for proteomic study, the diagnosis biomarkers of HIV-associated disease especially HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, the mechanisms of HIV-host interaction, HIV-associated dementia, substance abuse, and so on. In the end of this review, we also give some prospects about the limitation and future improvement of HIV/AIDS proteomic research.
Small wind turbines have significant potential to contribute to the nation's electricity supply, and to reduce the environmental impacts of generating electricity. This chapter lists the various factors that need to be considered when considering whether to incorporate a small wind energy system into new construction or retrofit projects. Local terrain and other factors also influence the wind power available at a specific site. As a first step in evaluating whether there is enough wind on the site to make a small wind turbine system economically worthwhile, wind resource maps can be used to estimate the potential wind power density in the region. Although wind energy systems involve a significant initial investment, they can be competitive with conventional energy sources when accounting for a lifetime of reduced or altogether avoided utility costs. A grid-connected wind turbine can reduce the home or business' consumption of utility-supplied electricity.
Large scale wind power development is an important strategic choice in China's new era. Aiming at problems which were brought by wind power integration, comparison was made with the foreign experience. It was pointed out that, the wind power in China had some distinct characteristics such as large scale, centralized development, long-distance and high voltage transportation, which resulted in some problems in operation and control, i.e. system frequency regulation, peak regulation, wind power prediction and LVRT (low voltage ride-trough) and so on. Then some comparisons in policy, wind power integration requirement, test and certification were made, and the existing problems were pointed out. In the end some relevant measures against large scale wind power integration were put forward.
The 3-order superharmonic resonances of a thin cylindrical shell in an applied magnetic field subjected to mechanical loadings were studied. The vibration equations of the thin cylindrical shell under a uniform transverse magnetic field and mechanical loadings were obtained. Based on the Galerkin method and the dimensionless treatment, the nonlinear magnetoelastic vibration differential equation was derived. The 3-order superharmonic resonances were analyzed by the multiple scales method. The amplitude-frequency resonance equation of steady state motions and the stability discriminant of the solutions were derived respectively. By an example, some graphs reflecting the relations of the amplitudes and various parameters were given. The effect of mechanical and electromagnetic parameters on the resonances of the system and the stabilities of solutions were discussed.
China is vast, abundant and particularly plentiful in energy sources, due to which it has obtained remarkable achievements on economy. However, its energy structure is too simple to support the sustainable development of economy as coal still contributes to the majority of energy consumption in China. As a consequence, Renewable Energy Law was enacted in 2005, and Chinese government announced a series of policies to boom renewable energy industry. Subsidy policy is one of the major forms of these policies. This paper aims to present these subsidy policies and to analyze their effects according to relative data in energy industry 2005-2013, to find out the deficiencies and enlighten possible policy improvements. The original intentions and abstracts of 5 different levels of subsidy related policies are summarized, and the effects in reality are attentively analyzed. It can be concluded that subsidy policies have different short-term effect on different renewable energies, and they all show some negative effect to a certain extent. 6 core problems are summarized in this paper, and remedy strategies are suggested.
China is facing a number of challenges such as electricity supply shortages, excessive consumption of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. As a renewable energy, wind power plays a vital role in mitigating these issues. With its unique geographical location and rich resources, China has produced a wind power industry that has achieved rapid growth. However, the complex Chinese market environment presents significant challenges to the industry. This research has adopted a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis approach to examine both the internal and external factors that affect the competitiveness of the wind power industry in China. An extensive and critical review of a wide range of literature (including academic papers, industry reports, statistical data, relevant regulations and policy documents) was conducted. As a result, 19 factors were identified. These factors form part of an integrated framework that provides a useful tool for both policy makers and industry to gain a better understanding of what affects the sustainable development of the wind power industry in China. The results also provide a useful reference for foreign firms that intend to explore the Chinese wind power market. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Compared to the conventional fossil fuel energy, wind power provides clean energy which can mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gas emission and optimize the electric power source structure. During the last decade, the strong support of the Chinese government has contributed to the rapid development of the Chinese wind power sector which has in turn resulted in a significant growth of the Chinese wind turbine manufacturing industry. This growth went through several phases including the initial approval of several leading global Wind Turbine Manufacturers (WTMs) to enter the Chinese market through various methods which included the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises from 2005. Similarly, several government policies have contributed to the significant expansion in terms of both productivity and quantities by local Chinese WTMs. The entrance of foreign WTMs into the Chinese market coupled with the rapid growth of local WTMs has contributed to intense competition in China’s wind turbine manufacture market. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the wind turbine manufacturing industry in China and establishes a hierarchical structure of the WTMs’ competitive priority system. This system consists of 5 indicators and 10 sub-indicators. By comparing the different performances of each indicator, the competitive advantages and disadvantages of the foreign and local WTMs in the Chinese market are identified. The findings provide a valuable reference for the WTMs to improve their competitive priorities and to formulate their competitive strategy in the Chinese wind turbine market. This paper provides inputs for the sustainable development of wind power industry in other countries.
Nations today are urgently challenged with achieving a significant increase in the deployment of renewable energies. In Europe that need has given rise to a debate about the most effective and efficient support strategy. Whilst the different interests debate whether full European harmonisation or strengthening of national support policies for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) is the best way forward, individual national support schemes are rapidly evolving. This study investigates how the EU member states have applied support policy types over the last decade. By identifying predominant developments in the application of feed-in tariffs, premiums, tradeable green certificates, tax incentives, investment grants, and financing support for specific technologies (wind, biomass, PV), this study shows that Europe is currently experiencing certain tendencies towards a ‘bottom-up’ convergence of how national policy-makers design RES-E policy supports. While some outliers remain, the policy supports of most countries become more similar in the policy types applied (dominance of feed-in tariffs) and in their scope of implementation (differentiation for installation sizes and ‘stacking’ of multiple instruments). These trends in national decision-making, which show tendencies of convergence, could make an EU-driven ‘top-down’ harmonisation of support either dispensable or at least (depending on the agreement) less controversial. // This article is also published as part of my PhD thesis, available here: http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/risk-implications-of-energy-policy-instruments(8d770b85-a75c-45c3-9a2e-e5740b0b907e).html
Climate change and limited primary energy resources make China to increase renewable electricity generation to change the coal-dominated situation. China has rich wind power resource and great potential for utilization, nowadays the healthy development of wind power becomes a predominant problem, which will affect the future energy framework of China. Though many factors relate to Chinese wind power, the cooperation between wind generation and power transmission system is a critical one, current situation of out-of-step is caused by the astonished rate that wind generation proceeds as well as relative lag of transmission system in some specific areas, the noncooperation will impedes the rapid growth of domestic wind power industries. Without a robust and well-planned transmission system, wind power can not be consumed on a larger scope. This paper first outlines the current status of wind power and power system of China, and then indicates that unified transmission planning and inter-province/region transmission grid with the help of ultra high voltage (UHV) technique will be beneficial for enlarging the consuming market space and help the rapid and healthy development of China's wind power.
Wind turbine generator systems (WTGS) manufacture is booming in China. The key to success of the wind turbine generator industry is to construct the supply chain. However few papers focus on the supply chain. In China, many enterprises have started to manufacture the wind turbine generator system and the components. The supply chain of the wind turbine generator system is not well established in China. Many key components of WTGS still need to be imported, such as the principal axis bearing and electrical control systems. We review the status of wind turbine generator system manufacturing and analyze the problems of the supply chain in China. We analyze the problems about the supply chain from a macroscopic view. The aims of this paper are to let more scholars and experts know the status of the WTGS supply chain and to do something for building a successful industry in China.
The rapid rise of China as the largest windenergy market worldwide with several global leaders in turbine manufacturing received much attention from both scholarly and policy-analytical work. However, little attention has been given to the innovation activities of the Chinese wind industry. In our paper, we aim to address this gap, based on second-hand sources and over 50 personal interviews with windenergy-related experts. We argue that China’swind industry has made great progress in terms of manufacturing and installing, but is confronted with various challenges and problems regarding the development of its indigenous innovation capabilities. Using innovationsystems approaches as an analytical tool and focusing on institutions, actors, technology and their interaction in supporting innovation activities, we decompose the elements of China’swindenergyinnovationsystem and their role in developing the domestic wind industry. Against this backdrop we identify and discuss challenges and obstacles in the development of an innovation-driven wind industry in China. The paper strongly argues that more attention should be paid to improve the coordination and cooperation among the various actors of the windenergyinnovationsystem, to the build-up of a market-oriented education and training system as well as to intellectual property protection.
With cumulative generating capacity doubling over the last five years, China now has 26 GW of wind-derived power and is second only to the US. In 2009, one third of all new wind turbines globally were installed in China. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues -the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems -must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term. The analysis shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmission of produced clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Finally, the introduction of wind power into coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. The frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants induce lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which is likely to cancel out the emission saving from wind power. The current system is heavily reliant on independently acting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, which is partly incompatible with building a robust power system supporting renewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure must be achieved.
The capacity of the Chinese wind power sector has increased rapidly over the past half-decade, essentially doubling every year since 2005. The purpose of this paper is to describe the industry’s recent development and to discuss some of the policies and policy challenges related to the particular business environment in China. Three issues are highlighted: pricing policies, transmission capacity, and the structure of the equipment manufacturing industry, where substantial overcapacity is emerging as a serious problem.
This article examines the importance of national and sub-national policies in supporting the development of successful global wind turbine manufacturing companies. We explore the motivations behind establishing a local wind power industry, and the paths that different countries have taken to develop indigenous large wind turbine manufacturing industries within their borders. This is done through a cross-country comparison of the policy support mechanisms that have been employed to directly and indirectly promote wind technology manufacturing in 12 countries. We find that in many instances there is a clear relationship between a manufacturer's success in its home country market and its eventual success in the global wind power market. Whether new wind turbine manufacturing entrants are able to succeed will likely depend in part on the utilization of their turbines in their own domestic market, which in turn will be influenced by the annual size and stability of that market. Consequently, policies that support a sizable, stable market for wind power, in conjunction with policies that specifically provide incentives for wind power technology to be manufactured locally, are most likely to result in the establishment of an internationally competitive wind industry.
The People's Republic of China foresees a target of 30 GW for installed wind power capacity by 2010 (2008: 12 GW). This paper reports on the technical and economic potentials of wind power, the recent development, existing obstacles, and related policies in China. The barriers to further commercialization of the wind power market are important and may deter the 100 GW capacity target of the Chinese government by 2020. The paper concludes that the diffusion of wind power in China is an important element for not only reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, but also for worldwide progress of wind power technology and needed economies of scale.
Wind energy utilization, especially onshore grid-connected wind power generation, has a history of 30 years in China. With the increasing attention to renewable energy development in recent years, wind energy has become the focus of academic research and policy-making. While the potential and advantages of wind energy are widely recognized, many questions regarding the effectiveness of policies and performances of current practices remain unanswered. This paper takes Inner Mongolia, the province that has the most abundant wind energy resources in China, as a case to assess the performance of Chinese onshore wind power projects, focusing on the institutional setting, economic and technological performance, as well as environmental and social impacts. Results show that China is experiencing a rapid growth in wind power generation, which brings China great environmental, energy security and social benefits. However, for a full development of wind energy in China a number of barriers need to be removed: high generation cost, low on-grid price, and stagnating development of domestic manufacture. These findings lead to three policy recommendations.
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