Assessment of Biodiversity and Water Quality in Association with Land Use in the Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad Range Park, Philippines

Abstract

Inventory and assessment of aquatic biodiversity were conducted in Alanib River in Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon, which is one of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in Mindanao. The species richness and abundance of fishes, macroinvertebrates, plankton and also vascular plants in the riparian vegetation were evaluated in relation to the influence of land use, water quality and elevation. The results of this study revealed that there were 2 species of fishes, 6 orders of macro-invertebrates, 14 species of plankton and 237 species of vascular plants were identified. The surrounding land uses and human activities along the river were found to have significant impact on the overall water quality and biodiversity of the aquatic biota and riparian vegetation of Alanib River. The increasing human population and agricultural intensification at the lower section of the river contributed to the relatively lower water quality, presence of pollution tolerant phytoplankton and macro-invertebrate groups as well as invasive species of vascular plants. Hence, the overall results of this study revealed that the integrity of Alanib River in terms of its biophysical and chemical condition is severely threatened especially in the downstream section due to various anthropogenic activities which can degrade its overall environmental quality.

Full text

ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY AND WATER QUALITY IN ASSOCIATION WITH LAND USE IN
THE ALANIB RIVER, MT. KITANGLAD RANGE PARK, PHILIPPINES
EINSTINE M. OPISO
ORCID NO. 0000-0001-6806-4703
einstineop@gmail.com
Geo-environmental Engineering Group,
College of Engineering, Central Mindanao University,
Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines
VICTORIA T. QUIMPANG
vtquimpang@yahoo.com
EMMANUEL P. LEAÑO
ORCID NO. 0000-0002-2684-723X
leano_emmanuel@yahoo.com
GLORIA L. GALAN
gloriag2008@yahoo.com.ph
FLORFE M. ACMA
flmacma@yahoo.com.ph
Biology Department, College of Arts and Science, Central Mindanao University,
Musuan,Bukidnon, Philippines
FULGENT CORITICO
cfulgent@yahoo.com
ABIGAIL LABADAN
abi_angelica@yahoo.com
RONALD REGAN FORTEN
ronaldforten@yahoo.com
KATE LUCELLE COQUILLA
kl.coquilla@yahoo.com
Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao,
Central Mindanao University, Musuan,Bukidnon, Philippines
ANGELA GRACE BRUNO
kalasanen@yahoo.com
Environmental Sciences Department, College of Forestry and Environmental Science,
Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines

VICTOR B. AMOROSO
ORCID NO. 0000-0001-8865-5551
amorosovic@yahoo.com
Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University,
Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Inventory and assessment of aquatic biodiversity were conducted in Alanib River in Mt.
Kitanglad, Bukidnon, which is one of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in
Mindanao. The species richness and abundance of fishes, macroinvertebrates, plankton and
also vascular plants in the riparian vegetation were evaluated in relation to the influence of
land use, water quality and elevation. The results of this study revealed that there were 2
species of fishes, 6 orders of macro-invertebrates, 14 species of plankton and 237 species of
vascular plants were identified. The surrounding land uses and human activities along the river
were found to have significant impact on the overall water quality and biodiversity of the
aquatic biota and riparian vegetation of Alanib River. The increasing human population and
agricultural intensification at the lower section of the river contributed to the relatively lower
water quality, presence of pollution tolerant phytoplankton and macro-invertebrate groups as
well as invasive species of vascular plants. Hence, the overall results of this study revealed that
the integrity of Alanib River in terms of its biophysical and chemical condition is severely
threatened especially in the downstream section due to various anthropogenic activities which
can degrade its overall environmental quality.
Keywords: Assessment, stream health, river, biodiversity, composition, Mindanao

INTRODUCTION
The Mount Kitanglad Range National Park (MKRNP) is one of the protected areas and
remaining frontiers of the Philippines located in the north-central portion of the Bukidnon
Plateau. This national park has a total land area of 47,270 hectares which is covering the 7
municipalities and one city of the province of Bukidnon (Saway and Mirasol, 2004). The park is
the habitat of at least 58 families and 185 species of trees and other woody vegetation species
(Canoy and Suminguit, 2001), 19 species of ferns and 1 species of fern allies as Philippine new
records (Amoroso et al., 2011), 63 species mammals, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of
amphibians and 168 species of birds (Canoy and Suminguit, 2001). Almost 50% of known
species of fauna are endemic and highly threatened species. Due to its richness in biodiversity,
it became a protected area through Republic Act8978 and later declared as an ASEAN Heritage
Park on October 2009.
The MKRNP is also part of the ancestral domain of four indigenous tribes in the province
of Bukidnon, namely the Manobo, Talaandig, Maranao and Maguindanao. These indigenous
tribes are currently living along the buffer zones and dependent mainly on subsistence farming
and hunting. Aside from its cultural significance, the park is also the source of potable water of
the surrounding municipalities and the head water of some river and lakes in Bukidnon which
are providing power generation, irrigation and domestic use (Saway and Mirasol, 2004). Despite
of its biological, economic and cultural significance, the park has been severely threatened by
man-made activities such as slash and burn farming, illegal logging, eco-tourism and agricultural
intensification (Canoy and Suminguit, 2001). If these problems will continue unabated, it will
result to habitat degradation and loss of endemic and threatened species of flora and fauna.

One of the components which could be severely affected is the highly sensitive riverine
ecosystems. These anthropogenic activities within the MKRNP could lead to frequent
occurrences of riverine flooding and landslides, soil erosion, bacterial and chemical
contamination, and variation in stream discharge patterns. As a result, the integrity of stream
habitat and riparian vegetation within the MKRNP will degrade over the next decade if the lack
of information, awareness and policy regarding the protection and conservation of the
biological resources are not strictly addressed.
The health of riverine ecosystems could be assessed by examining the relationships of
various abiotic and biotic factors such as land use, water quality, riparian vegetation, and
aquatic biodiversity (Pan et al., 2004; Pausas and Austin, 2001; Rios and Bailey, 2006).For
instance, land use alters the texture and composition of the land surface and therefore
influences water quality and physical habitat condition, which will eventually decrease
biological integrity (Pan et al., 2004).According to Richards and Host (1994), there is also an
important implication in the relationship between watershed characteristics and in stream
variables for understanding ecological linkages. It was supported by Rios and Bailey (2006) and
Dudgeon (1994) where relationship between physico-chemical properties and biotic factors
(macroinvertebrates, plankton, fishes) were studied. Furthermore, several studies have shown
that land use has a strong influence on river chemistry and its biotic components (Pierre et al.,
2000). On the other hand, agricultural intensification increases with elevational decline and
affect important ecosystem services such as vegetation shifts, biodiversity, phytomass
production, carbon sequestration and water relations. Generally, species richness increases up

to an elevation ranging between 2,200 to 3,000 m above sea level (masl) in montane
environments (Becker et al., 2007).
The MKRNP is also one of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in Mindanao.
However, no studies have been conducted to assess the freshwater species composition and
distribution in relation to land use and elevation in order to assess the status, condition and
integrity of this riverine ecosystem. Hence, there is high paucity of information with regards to
the current status and condition of environmentally significant riverine ecosystems such as the
Alanib River in particular and in the Philippines in general. This is one of the reasons why the
Philippines ranks number eight in the world as one of the biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al.,
2000).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This paper assessed the biodiversity and water quality of Alanib River in order to provide
detailed information on current river health conditions and to quantify the biodiversity and
water quality variability in relation to its surrounding land. The species composition and
distribution of fishes, macro-invertebrates, plankton, and vascular riparian vegetation of the
river at the different sampling sites were determined. The physico-chemical parameters such as
temperature, pH, DO, EC, turbidity, TDS, ORP and sedimentation rate were also analyzed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 1.Geographic location, elevation, and surrounding land uses of the sampling sites at
Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
Description of the study area
One of the environmentally significant river systems in MKRNP is the Alanib River which is
situated in the southern part of Mt. Kitanglad Range National Park. This river system serves as
the permanent study area for the diversity studies, assessment/reassessment and monitoring
of the flora and fauna of riverine ecosystems in order to elucidate the influence of land use,
water quality and elevation on the integrity and health of riverine ecosystems. The Alanib River
is located under the municipality of Lantapan, Bukidnon, Mindanao Island, Philippines (Figure 1
and Figure 2). Four (4) sampling stations with 100 m transect each were established based on
elevation and human impact. The topography of the river is sloping from upstream to
downstream with elevation varying from 2,111to 752 masl in which the two sampling sites
were located at elevations above 1,800 masl. Its headwaters is located at Mt. Dulang-dulang
and traverses various types of surrounding land uses (e.g forest, agricultural, agro-forestry,
grassland and mixed agricultural and residential areas) before it drains to the valley bottoms
Alanib River
Elevation
(m, asl)
Latitude
Longitude
Surrounding land use
Upstream
(S1)
2,111
08˚05.697’
124˚55.425’
Forest
Midstream1
(S2)
1,684
08˚03.485’
124˚55.929’
Forest
Midstream2
(S3)
1,207
08˚03.523’
124˚55.909’
Agricultural
(high valued crops)/Forest
Downstream
(S4)
752
08˚01.603’
124˚59.117’
Residential/Agricultural

towards the Manupali River which is one of the tributary of Rio Grande de Mindanao. The
riverbanks and riparian vegetation are dominated by forest, agricultural (high valued crops),
and residential land uses. The river is also used for washing of clothes and bathing of the nearby
residents and source of potable water of the municipality of Lantapan. The river consists of
large rocks with numerous water pools and falls in the upstream side. The specific location,
elevations and surrounding land uses of the sampling sites are presented in Table 1.

Upstream (S1); Midstream1(S2); Midstream2(S3); and Downstream (S4)
Figure 1. Location of the Study Sites in Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
MINDANAO
PHILIPPINES

Upstream (S1); Midstream1(S2); Midstream2(S3); and Downstream (S4)
Figure 2. Elevation of study sites and forest cover along Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.

Sampling and Analysis
A transect walk was conducted over the established 100 m transect line along the river course
for each sampling station.
The fishes were collected using backpack electrofishing oriented with hand net and medium
pole seine net. Morphological characters and morphometrics of the collected species were then
recorded (e.g color, number of fins, barbells if present, head and tail shape, body and mouth
structure, total length and body weight) for the preliminary identification of the species.
FishBase 2013 key for Philippine freshwater fish species was primarily used in identifying the
species. For the voucher, each species were preserved in 10% alcohol and stored in 90%
ethanol for further analysis in the laboratory. Other species were returned alive to the river.
The macroinvertebrates were sampled using a D-frame net with 250 µm mesh size adapting the
method by USEPA (2012). Leaf-pack sorting method and rock rubbing method were also
employed. The collected samples were transferred to labelled plastic tubes, fixed with 95%
ethyl alcohol and were brought to the laboratory for sorting and identification. To have a
uniform data set, identification was only up to the order level using different taxonomic keys
from journals and monographs (e.g. Meyer, 2009; Nelson, 2004; SWCSMH, 2013).
In the case of plankton, one (1) L plastic containers were used to collect stream water in
triplicates at each upstream, midstream and downstream sites. In each bottle 10 ml Lugol’s
solution was added. For zooplankton, 15 L grab samples were filtered through plankton net and
the 50 ml concentrate was added with 0.5 ml Lugol’s and 0.5 ml 4% formalin. All samples were

allowed to settle for one (1) week in the laboratory after which the supernatant was gradually
decanted until 20 ml concentrate was left. Drops of shaken samples were mounted on a glass
slide and examined at higher magnification of the inverted bright field microscope for species
identification with reference to monographs and images (Botes, 2001; Bellinger and Sigee,
2010) and consultation with experts. Also, an aliquot of one (1) ml was placed in the Sedgewick-
Rafter counter slide and individuals of species were counted to express species density
(units/L).
Lastly, only vascular plants were surveyed in the established sampling area. Plants observed in
the riparian vegetation were photographed, collected and identified. Local names and local
uses were recorded for each plant. Representative plants were collected and prepared as
voucher specimens.
Moreover, the variation of riparian and aquatic biota composition in relation to land use and
elevation were analyzed in Statistical Analysis Software (SPSS v. 21 by SPSS Inc.). Pearson
correlations of water quality parameters, species composition and land cover and elevation
were used to measure the strength and nature of the influence of land use and elevation on
riparian and aquatic biota composition.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water quality condition and sedimentation rate
The measured water quality and sedimentation rate of Alanib River is shown in Figure 3. The
temperature ranged between 14 to 24 ºC, which increased from upstream to downstream (S1
to S4) could be attributed to the elevation effect. The water turbidity of Alanib River was 0 NTU
except for the downstream side (S4) with 14.22 NTU. Similarly, pH increased from upstream to
downstream side which is influenced by some factors such as agricultural run-off, presence of
calcareous sediments and other anthropogenic activities. The amount of dissolved oxygen (DO)
of water which has a significant impact on the chemical and biological processes in aquatic
ecosystems showed no significant variation between sampling sites, i.e. from upstream to
downstream. High DO (> 20 mg/L) in all sampling sites was attributed to the presence of riffles
and waterfalls. Besides, the low water temperature could increase oxygen holding capacity of
the water. The total dissolved solid (TDS) of the river which is a measure of the concentration of
dissolved ions in the water showed a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream. These
differences of the measured water quality parameters of the different sampling site could be
mainly due to their difference in elevation and surrounding land uses. Moreover, the measured
parameters were within Philippine Water Standard requirement except for the pH at the
downstream side which was slightly above the 8.5 maximum pH requirements. The
deterioration of water quality parameters in downstream section of the river was mainly due to
the increased agricultural activities and the presence of residents along the banks which can
modify the physical condition and water quality of the river as also observed by Scalley and

Aide, (2003) and Moscovchenko, et al. (2009). On the other hand, sedimentation of the river
influences the water quality which can reduce the penetration of light to the bottom of the
river and decline the dissolved oxygen present in water (Tumanda, et al., 2005). However, the
sedimentation of the river showed an increasing trend from upstream to downstream. This is
mainly because the downstream is surrounded by residential and agricultural areas while S1 to
S2 sampling sites were dominated by intact forest with minimal human activities.

Figure 3. Measured water quality of Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon at the
Upstream (S1); Midstream1 (S2); Midstream2 (S3); and Downstream (S4)

Biodiversity assessment
Fishes
The fishes were found only at the downstream (S4) at an elevation of 752 masl and water
temperature of 24.71°C. The 12 fish individuals collected represented 2 species and 2 families
(Plate 1). Both species were native with small body sizes. These were Puntius binotatus
(Valenciennes, 1842) (Cyprinidae) and Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas, 1770) (Gobiidae) which
are widely distributed in Asia and Indo-Pacific, respectively. The former is also found in all over
Southeast Asia (Jenkins, et al. 2009) while the latter is widely distributed in northern and
western Asia, and French Polynesia (Boseto, 2012). Fishes are limited to inhabit in high
elevation (2,111 masl) and low water temperature (13.77 0C) of Alanib River. Fish species has an
optimum growing temperature range of 25-30 0C (Kausar and Salim, 2006). In warm
environment fishes have a longer growing season and faster growth rate and tend to have a
shorter life span while in very low temperatures growth is retarded. Also, temperature affects
food consumption, feed conversion and other body functions which influence fish species
richness (Lessard and Hayes, 2003). Furthermore, fishes are sensitive to many changes in water
quality and habitat structure caused by human activities and by natural causes (Pidgeon, 2004)
and fishes are decreasing worldwide because of human-caused degradation of aquatic habitats
(Moyle et al., 2013).

Macroinvertebrates
There were 6 orders of macro-invertebrates namely Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata,
Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera (Plate 2). Plecoptera had the highest number
individual count followed by Hemiptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera while the least was
Ephemeroptera (Figure 4). The abundance of Plecoptera which are extremely sensitive to water
pollution indicates the river is clean and well-oxygenated while Hemipterans are known to be
tolerant on environmental extremes (Flores and Zafaralla, 2012; Meyer, 2009). The
Hemipterans are also known to endure low pH less than 4.5 and are among the last to
disappear when streams tend to acidify (SWCSMH, 2013). The co-existence of these two
macroinvertebrate orders in the same sampling station also indicates the water quality is good.
Moreover, the presence of biocontroller insects (e.g. Odonata) which serve as predators in an
aquatic ecosystem could also affect the macro-invertebrate composition in Alanib River. The
macroinvertebrates were highest at the downstream. Macroinvertebrate species composition
and abundance in this study could have been affected by the surrounding land use of the
sampling station which also supports the findings of Rios and Bailey (2006), Pierre (2000),
Richards (1994) and Dudgeon (1994) that land use influences macroinveretebrate population in
aquatic ecosystems.

Figure 4. Individual Counts of Macroinvertebrate groups at the Upstream (S1), Midstream1 (S2),
Midstream2 (S3) and Downstream (S4) of Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
Plankton
The phytoplankton is represented by 4 groups and 14 species (Plate 1). These are Chlorophyta,
Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta in which the Chlorophytes dominated (Figure 5).
Among the 14 species, Sphaerozosma sp., Staurastrum sp., Volvox sp., Spherocystis, and
Diatoma were abundant. The presence ofStaurastrum sp., Volvox sp. and Euglena indicates the
water is polluted (Sharma and Bhardwa, 2011; Oommen and Kumar, 2011; Edward and
Ugwumba, 2010). The absence of zooplankton in Alanib River could be attributed to some
factors such as high elevation and low temperature, basic pH, less sunlight and limited
nutrients. This is somehow expected since the surrounding land use where these two pollution
tolerant phytoplankton were found are greatly influenced with anthropogenic activities. It was
also observed that most species were found at midstream1 (S2) and the least from the
upstream (S1) of Alanib River. High phytoplankton concentration could be expected from
Individual
counts

midstream2 (S3) since it is surrounded by agricultural land use. This type of land use can affect
the increase of nutrient availability on a specific location of a water system which may trigger
the increase of phytoplankton population. The few phytoplankton species and low counts along
the Alanib river course of Mt. Kitanglad supports the earlier report of Stomp, et al. (2011) that
phytoplankton diversity decreased with increasing latitude and altitude. Mt. Kitanglad is the
highest mountain range in Bukidnon and the fourth highest mountain in the Philippines. This is
also noticeable on the shown trend of phytoplankton species composition over the sampling
stations. Plankton are considered bioindicator. Its composition, abundance and distribution
correlates with environmental condition of an aquatic ecosystem. Hence, knowledge on the
plankton population is significant on assessing the current health status of Alanib River and this
will serve as baseline information for conservation management. Proper conservation
management is essential for Alanib River considering the fact that this has an important role in
the over-all biological diversity in Mt. Kitanglad Range Park. Moreover, it serves as the source of
potable water among the residents near the river.
Figure 5. Individual Counts of Phytoplankton species at the Upstream (S1), Midstream1 (S2),
Midstream2 (S3) and Downstream (S4) of Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
Individual
counts

Vascular riparian vegetation
Table 2.Species Richness of Riparian Vascular Plants in Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
Plant group
Sampling Sites
Upstream (S1)
Midstream1 (S2)
Midstream2 (S3)
Downstream
(S4)
Angiosperms
53
41
78
52
Gymnosperms
3
2
0
0
Pteridophytes
52
36
9
4
Total
108
79
87
56
There were 240 species of riparian vascular plants found in all sampling site along the Alanib
River. Of these, 171 species angiosperms, 3 gymnosperms and 66 species pteridophytes. Table
2 shows the species richness of riparian vascular plants in Alanib River. High species richness in
the upstream (S1) and midstream 1 (S2)(Table 2) was observed in the area, which is similar to
the study of Lubos et al. (2013) that there is a decreasing number of species from the upstream
Table 3. List of Threatened Riparian Vascular Flora in Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.
FAMILY/SPECIES
Assessment
ASPLENIACEAE
Aspleniumapoense Copel. in Perkins
Vulnerable
BLECHNACEAE
Diploblechnumfraseri (A. Cunn.) De Vol
Vulnerable
CYATHEACEAE
Alsophilafuliginosa H. Christ
Endangered
Sphaeropterisglauca (Blume) R.M. Tryon
Vulnerable
LYCOPODIACEAE
Huperziaserrata (Thunb.) Rothm
Vulnerable
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Ophioglossum pendulum L.
Endangered
POLYPODIACEAE
Belvisiaglauca (Copel.) Copel.
Vulnerable
PSILOTACEAE
Tmesipteriszamorae Gruezo and Amoroso
Vulnerable

to downstream. However, species richness in the downstream (S4) was lower as compared to
the midstream2 (S3) which could be due to the conversion of forests into agricultural lands for
the cultivation of the cash crops like celery, parsley, baguio beans, spring onions, sayote in the
area. Both sides of the banks are characterized by having large trees and inhabited with
different species of ferns and other herbaceous flowering plants. Furthermore, some of the
areas were cleared for the expansion of the plantation crops and with some abandoned areas
dominated with Pennisetum sp. and other grasses. This area had also the abundance of planted
giant bamboos and tree ferns (Sphaeropterisglauca). Although the area had low species
richness, there could be no sign of coliform contamination since there were no inhabitants in
the area and no signs of soil erosion. The midstream2 (S3) had lower species richness, but had
the presence of some rare and economically important plants like Medinillacumingii, Schefflera
sp., Solanum sp. (Hagpa) etc. Although few have survived many introduced tree species were
observed like Gmelinaarborea, Neem tree, Swieteniamacrophylla, Leucaenaleucocephala as
reforestation tree species. Some of the invasive species like Tithonadiversifolia, Lantana
camara, Mikania, Impatiensmontalbanica, Mimosa invisa, Spathodeacampunalata, Piper
aduncum and Cassia spectabilis were observed in midstream2 (S3) which were not observed in
the downstream. Probably these invasive species were uprooted during farming field
preparation for the cash crops.
Further, it was observed that in the downstream (S4) intact forest vegetation was found before
the water dam. However, after the water dam, lesser trees were observed. Jansson et al. (1999)
reported that riparian floras are increasingly fragmented with multiple dams which brought
about by the disruption of natural dispersal pathways and subsequent changes of riverine

communities. The downstream riparian vegetation had no evidence of reforestation efforts. A
total of 8 species of threatened plants was observed in Mt. Kitanglad. Most of these threatened
species are found in the upstream (S1) and midstream 1 (S2) (Table 3).

CONCLUSIONS
The surrounding land uses and human activities along Alanib River were found to have
significant impact on the overall water quality and biodiversity of aquatic biota and riparian
vegetation of the river. Along the upper sections of the river which was surrounded by intact
forests, the water quality of Alanib River was still potable except for the downstream which
exhibited high turbidity and pH beyond the Philippine and USEPA regulatory standards. In the
case of aquatic biota, fishes were only observed at the downstream since fish can only survive
in water with 25-30° C and the water temperature in S1 of Alanib River was below 20° C. On the
other hand, macroinvertebrate orders Plecoptera and Hemiptera were the most abundant
observed at Mt. Kitanglad. The Hemiptera and Plecoptera population was generally decreasing
from upstream to downstream with more Hemipterans than Plecopterans suggesting a
decreasing water quality across sampling stations. This correlates with the phytoplankton
population from upstream to downstream wherein the presences of pollution tolerant
phytoplankton were observed only at the midstream and downstream. The decreasing water
quality along the sampling stations could be associated to the increase of nutrient availability in
these sampling sites as a result of agricultural run-off. In the case of vascular riparian plants,
high species richness was observed in the upstream while the presence of invasive species was
observed in the sampling area surrounded by various high valued agricultural crops.
Overall, this study has shown strong indication that the integrity of Alanib River was affected by
its surrounding land uses based on its current biophysical and chemical condition.

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Plate 1. Fish and Phytoplankton in Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon.

Plate 2. Macroinvertebrates in Alanib River, Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon. (A) Caddisfly, (B) Caddisfly with stone case, (C) Caddisfly with wood
case, (D.1) Whirligig beetle dorsal view, (D.2) Whirligig beetle ventral view, (E.1)Creeping water bugs lateral view, (E.2) Creeping water
bugs ventral view, (F.1) Damselfly dorsal view, (F.2) Damselfly ventral view, (G.1) Dragonfly dorsal view, (G.2) Dragonfly ventral view,
(H.1) Stonefly dorsal view, (H.1) Stonefly ventral view, (I.1) Mayfly dorsal view and (I.2) Mayfly ventral view.