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Women in Charge: The Experiences of Female Entrepreneurs.
... Gran parte de la literatura se ha enfocado en conocer a la empresaria (Iakovidou et al., 2012). Por lo que se encuentran diferentes tipologías de acuerdo a aspectos muy diversos (Bruni et al., 2004b;Budig, 2006;Cannon et al., 1988;Cantzler y Leijon, 2007;Carr, 2000;Carter y Cannon, 1992;Cromie y Hayes, 1988;Goffee y Scase, 1985;Hughes, 2006), confirmando que las empresarias poseen diferentes motivaciones y presiones (McKay, 2001). En el caso de México aún no se cuenta con un perfil de la empresaria que se asemeje a las tipologías halladas hasta ahora. ...
... La literatura ha proporcionado tipologías de empresarias de acuerdo a las características personales y los motivos (Bruni et al., 2004b;Budig, 2006;Cannon et al., 1988;Cantzler y Leijon, 2007;Carr, 2000;Carter y Cannon, 1992;Cromie y Hayes, 1988;Goffee y Scase, 1985;Hughes, 2006) (Cuadro 1) confirmando que la percepción de que las mujeres tienen los mismos motivos y las mismas presiones es inexacta (McKay, 2001). El enfoque central de la literatura sobre la empresaria es la motivación de las mujeres para desarrollar sus propios negocios. ...
... Un enfoque para la investigación de las empresarias ha sido la identificación de grupos particulares de mujeres en este conjunto. En primer lugar, en el Reino Unido, Goffee y Scase (1985) desarrollaron una tipología con base en dos criterios: apego a ideales empresariales y aceptación de los roles de género convencionales. Los autores identificaron cuatro tipos de empresarias: Convencionales, hogareñas, innovadoras y radicales. ...
En México, la participación de la mujer en la actividad económica ha ido aumentando, según datos
de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público de cada cinco pequeñas y medianas empresas que se
abren en el país, tres las encabeza una mujer; aun así las mujeres representan únicamente un 16%
del sector empresarial mexicano. Se afirma que para que la economía de una región se desarrolle
más rápidamente debe fomentarse la participación de la mujer. Una de las actividades en las que
es menor la contribución femenina es en el rol empresarial, de ahí la necesidad de conocerla y
analizar su situación actual. El objetivo de este trabajo es precisamente ese, el de analizar el perfil
de la empresaria tamaulipeca. Para lograrlo, se llevó a cabo un análisis clúster con los datos de
la Encuesta a la Mujer Emprendedora Urbana (EMEU) aplicada a 361 empresarias en diversas
ciudades del Estado. Los resultados muestran dos tipos de empresarias: 1) Empresarias de medio
tiempo (que dedican en promedio 48 horas por semana al negocio) y 2) Las empresarias de tiempo
completo (que dedican como media 77 horas). Estos hallazgos son relevantes para los diseñadores
de políticas públicas para el emprendimiento femenino.
... Gran parte de la literatura se ha enfocado en conocer a la empresaria (Iakovidou et al., 2012). Por lo que se encuentran diferentes tipologías de acuerdo a aspectos muy diversos (Bruni et al., 2004b;Budig, 2006;Cannon et al., 1988;Cantzler y Leijon, 2007;Carr, 2000;Carter y Cannon, 1992;Cromie y Hayes, 1988;Goffee y Scase, 1985;Hughes, 2006), confirmando que las empresarias poseen diferentes motivaciones y presiones (McKay, 2001). En el caso de México aún no se cuenta con un perfil de la empresaria que se asemeje a las tipologías halladas hasta ahora. ...
... La literatura ha proporcionado tipologías de empresarias de acuerdo a las características personales y los motivos (Bruni et al., 2004b;Budig, 2006;Cannon et al., 1988;Cantzler y Leijon, 2007;Carr, 2000;Carter y Cannon, 1992;Cromie y Hayes, 1988;Goffee y Scase, 1985;Hughes, 2006) (Cuadro 1) confirmando que la percepción de que las mujeres tienen los mismos motivos y las mismas presiones es inexacta (McKay, 2001). El enfoque central de la literatura sobre la empresaria es la motivación de las mujeres para desarrollar sus propios negocios. ...
... Un enfoque para la investigación de las empresarias ha sido la identificación de grupos particulares de mujeres en este conjunto. En primer lugar, en el Reino Unido, Goffee y Scase (1985) desarrollaron una tipología con base en dos criterios: apego a ideales empresariales y aceptación de los roles de género convencionales. Los autores identificaron cuatro tipos de empresarias: Convencionales, hogareñas, innovadoras y radicales. ...
... Nicknamed as "radicals", they are women that, motivated by a culture antagonist to the traditional values of entrepreneurship, create initiatives to promote the interest of other women and "minorities" in society. The term was initially used by Goffee andScase (1985, 2015), for presenting a group primarily interested in the collective, through economic ventures that aimed to promote questions related to the feminine. These women were seen as feminists, since, according to the authors, they tried to go beyond the subordination between men and women, through cooperation initiatives (Cromie & Hayes, 1988;Goffee & Scase, 1985. ...
... The term was initially used by Goffee andScase (1985, 2015), for presenting a group primarily interested in the collective, through economic ventures that aimed to promote questions related to the feminine. These women were seen as feminists, since, according to the authors, they tried to go beyond the subordination between men and women, through cooperation initiatives (Cromie & Hayes, 1988;Goffee & Scase, 1985. Weiss (2017) considers that new developments and trends also require a critical and alternative analysis to understand the effects of change. ...
Traditionally, entrepreneurial discourses present entrepreneurship as gender-neutral, positioning the male entrepreneur as “normal” and the female as the “other.” These discourses contribute to a reproduction of whom may become the successful entrepreneur, showing relations of inequalities and logic of binary comparison among men and women. Supported by poststructuralist feminist approaches about gender and entrepreneurship using queer theory, this conceptual paper aims to problematize how gender inequalities are exacerbated by the relations of power in entrepreneurship and what are the resistance possibilities that may reduce such inequalities? Propositions for possible remedy is an alternative way to understand the identity of the female entrepreneur and the analysis of the entrepreneurial practices, allowing entrepreneurship to be viewed as organizing, queering identities, and queering entrepreneurship based on entrepreneuring.
... The term "radicals" refers to women that, motivated by an antagonist culture of the traditional societal values in entrepreneurship, creates initiatives to promote the interest and the empowerment of other women (Bruni et al., 2004). It was primarily used by Goffee and Scase (1985; to present a group whose priority was to act on the collective, creating new spaces in entrepreneurship related and ressignifing what the society considers to be the "female domain". These women were seen as feminists, once that according to the authors, they went beyond the subordination between men and women, through cooperation initiatives and occupying different spaces in entrepreneurship (Goffee & Scase, 1985;. ...
... It was primarily used by Goffee and Scase (1985; to present a group whose priority was to act on the collective, creating new spaces in entrepreneurship related and ressignifing what the society considers to be the "female domain". These women were seen as feminists, once that according to the authors, they went beyond the subordination between men and women, through cooperation initiatives and occupying different spaces in entrepreneurship (Goffee & Scase, 1985;. New developments and trends also require critical analysis and a alternative to understand the effects of change (Weiss, 2017). ...
Traditionally, entrepreneurial discourses tend to present entrepreneurship as gender-neutral, positioning the male entrepreneur as "normal" and the female as the "other". These discourses contribute to a reproduction of whom may become the successful entrepreneur, showing relations of inequalities and a logic of binary comparison among men and women. Supported by poststructuralist feminist approaches about gender and entrepreneurship using queer theory, this conceptual paper has the purpose to problematize how gender inequalities are exacerbated by the relations of power in entrepreneurship and what are the resistance possibilities that may reduce such inequalities? One of the propositions for possible remedy is an alternative way to understand the identity of the female entrepreneur, as well as the analysis of the entrepreneurial practices, allowing entrepreneurship to be viewed as organizing, queering identities and queering entrepreneurship.
... Women's entrepreneurship is defined as an important element in the growth of the economy (Dodescu & Badulescu, 2010). According to Fielden and Davidson (2006), globalization in Pakistan has promoted unbiased social patterns up to some extent, but the women in Pakistan do not get the same status as men which makes them deprived of several opportunities (Goffee & Scase, 2015). According to Bock (2018), due to cultural and religious restrictions in some developing countries, women entrepreneurs face problems. ...
Background: Women's empowerment and entrepreneurship affect the status of women in society, decision-making in a household and control over the resources in an economy, which will strengthen the economic growth of the country. Research Aim: The primary aim of this work is to study the landscape of women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan by applying the Empowerment Theory of Change. Methodology: Qualitative, comprehensive literature analysis complex examines Pakistan's women's empowermententrepreneurship nexus. The study covers gender inequality, resource availability, and socio-cultural barriers for Pakistani female entrepreneurs. The Theory of Change is used to explore Pakistani women's empowerment and entrepreneurship. Findings: It was noted that the women who are empowered are more encouraged and motivated to start their careers as an entrepreneurs. It was observed the multiple challenges faced the women in Pakistan, include social norms, lack of access to resources, low literacy rate and institutional barriers. Conclusion: In conclusion, with the application of the Empowerment Theory of Change, the number of entry points was found that can contribute to women's empowerment to entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Keywords: Women empowerment, Women entrepreneurship, Empowerment Theory of Change, Pakistan.
... Rey-Martí et al. (2015) examined how work-life balance affects women's propensity to start their businesses. Goffee and Scase (2015) observed that women who could balance their professional and entrepreneurial lives were more likely to look for and succeed in their entrepreneurial intentions. Logan (2014) discovered that women who could balance their professional and entrepreneurial lives were more likely to start their businesses. ...
The article explores the relationships between different forms of empowerment—psychological, social, political and economic and their influence on work–life balance and women’s start-up intentions in Lebanon. The study also investigates the mediating role of work–life balance in these relationships. Utilizing a sample of 380 Lebanese women, the study employs factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression models and mediation analysis to examine the direct and indirect effects of different empowerment variables on work–life balance and start-up intentions. The study reveals statistically significant correlations between various types of empowerment and work–life balance. Work–life balance acts as a mediator between the empowerment variables and entrepreneurial intentions. The partial mediation suggests that while work–life balance plays a significant role, other factors may contribute to women’s start-up intentions. The study is limited by its sample size and reliance on self-reported data. It is context-specific to Lebanon, and the results may not be generalizable to other cultural contexts. Despite these limitations, the findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners and scholars interested in women’s empowerment and entrepreneurship. The study offers essential guidance for developing programmes and policies to empower Lebanese women to launch their businesses. By understanding the role of work–life balance, interventions can be more effectively tailored to improve entrepreneurial well-being and entrepreneurial activity.
... Nigeria has never had a female head of state, which is important to remember. However, the desire of women to be economically independent, as well as their role and contribution as female entrepreneurs in changing the labour market, have been increasingly recognised in the literature on entrepreneurship (Goffee and Scase, 1985). ...
Purpose
This article sets out to the issues of gender marginalisation and entrepreneurial motivation are increasingly gaining interest in management, mainly to address social and gender exclusion. This paper explores the perceived differences in the motivating factors for women and men in choosing entrepreneurship as a career in a global south economy (Nigeria). This paper explores the perceived differences in the motivating factors for women and men in choosing entrepreneurship as a career in a global south economy (Nigeria). The study examines the role of patriarchy as it is perceived in Nigerian society, and how this might impact on the role of choosing entrepreneurship. These driving forces for entrepreneurship are typically divided into push and pull aspects. The push/pull theory is used to explore gender marginalisation, experienced by women in Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach
The primary data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 14 males and 16 female entrepreneurs in hospitality and real estate sector in Nigeria. This data was analysed inductively and intuitively using an adapted form of grounded theory analysis. We used this data to develop a robust understanding of different factors that motivate men and women to choose entrepreneurship within Nigerian society.
Findings
Findings demonstrate that while supportive macro environment may be apparent, the entrepreneurial process is characterised, by deep set gendered constructions which policy alone may struggle to change. This is even more apparent due to the various levels of intersecting factors, in this case gender, class and religion.
Originality
This work is set in the sub-Saharan context of Nigeria, the findings illuminate a complex web of forces and how they contribute to a multi-faceted motivation for entrepreneurship.
... Regarding gender, according to Goffee and Scase (1985), female entrepreneurs are often reluctant to scale up because business growth requires time, affects their lifestyle, and therefore can threaten the pattern of conjugal and family relationships. Lee-Gosselin and Grise ' (1990) argued that women entrepreneurs who are bound by family responsibilities and are aware that they do not have enough resources and experience to pursue business growth will deliberately apply it. ...
There are significant constraints that limit the present SMEs from extending up in terms of labor and employment. Firms have a higher demand for workforce and thus create employment when enlarging their business operation scale. There has been a theoretical gap related to the labor growth of SMEs in developing countries, such as Vietnam, and a necessity of finding solutions to overcome difficulties in accessing capital to foster firms’ labor growth. Most of the previous studies on growth used the statistical frequency method. Meanwhile, the results of the Bays method can ignore the influence condition due to the small sample or missing observations. While previous studies often used debt ratio or financial leverage in the model, these are two different approaches. This study used the Bayesian estimation method to examine the labor growth of SMEs in Vietnam due to the impact of equity and liabilities, which better reflects the impact of each specific component of capital used for business growth, along with a group of control variables. The research results demonstrate that debt has a positive effect while equity has a negative impact on business growth. Enterprise size, male entrepreneurs, and businessmen with educational and vocational qualifications in the group of undergraduate and graduate, college, and vocational secondary schools have a positive impact on the growth of enterprises. Firm age, export factors, and untrained entrepreneurs have a negative impact on firm growth.
... New entrepreneurs are being created. An entrepreneur is a woman who thinks of her employment and tries to set up or start a business independently without being subordinate to any job or jail (Goffee, & Scase, 2015). However, overcoming this social barrier in our society, many women entrepreneurs have reached a very high success with their work. ...
This research aimed to examine the role of female entrepreneurship in female empowerment in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The study examined the link between women's business and women's social empowerment. A total of 160 respondents were interviewed throughout the first data-gathering phase (80 nonenterprise homemakers and 80 enterprise housewives). According to this study's conclusions, entrepreneurship significantly influences women's ability to make choices in their families, notably at home. Additionally, this study discovered that businesswomen had greater control over their resources and assets than non-businesswomen (homemakers). They also have more social mobility, political involvement, and a say in their home and family's health than women who do not work. On the other hand, women who do not work in the business have less knowledge and awareness about climate change, disaster management, and women's rights than those who do. According to the research findings, having rapid access to a paid loan with favorable terms and conditions is critical to a business's success. More research should be done in Chittagong, Bangladesh, where household women's income is significant for social and economic growth. Keywords: Empowerment, Entrepreneur, Bangladesh, Development, Decision Making, SDGs.
... In recent decades, interest in researching various aspects and characteristics of women's entrepreneurship has grown rapidly. A number of studies have been devoted to the development of typologies and identification of specific characteristics of women entrepreneurs (Goffee and Scase, 1985;Henry et al., 2016), as well as a study of the reasons for starting their own business that are characteristic for women entrepreneurs (McClelland et al., 2005). In particular, push factors that determine the forced start of entrepreneurial activity have been identified during the study of reasons; they are often associated with unemployment, poor career prospects, and inappropriate working conditions. ...
The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in the Republic of Moldova and their needs for support in order to argue on the public policy measures. The authors believe that if the women's entrepreneurship support policy is more responsive to the entrepreneurs' needs, the potential and results of businesses will significantly increase. The article is based on the results of two surveys of women entrepreneurs conducted by the authors in 2017 and 2019. The research revealed that many of the needs of women entrepreneurs in Moldova remain unmet: the need for assistance at the start-up phase of a business; the need for specific regulation for family businesses; limited access to resources; the need for psychological support; division of domestic work, etc. This hinders the widespread development of women's businesses in the country. It is necessary to improve the work of public institutions to overcome the existing patriarchal traditions in Moldova.
... The first academic paper on female entrepreneurship was published in 1976 by Schwartz in a contemporary business journal [47], followed by the first policy report in 1979, titled "The Bottom Line: Unequal Enterprise in America" [48], and the first conference presentation in 1983 at Babson College Conference on Entrepreneurship as presented by Hisrich and Brush [49]. Two years later, the first academic book was written by Goffee and Scase, titled "Women in Charge: The Experience of Female Entrepreneurs" [50]. The first policy-oriented conference was established by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1998 [51], and the first academic conference-titled the Diana International Conference on Women's Entrepreneurship Research-was launched by The Diana Project at Babson College in 2003 [52]. ...
Female entrepreneurship plays a critical role in achieving economic diversification, sustainable economy, and sustainable development, not only in economic terms but also in social and environmental dimensions. Women are considered excellent and relentless custodians of their families, their surroundings, and society. However, in many countries, particularly in resource-rich and developing states, there are considerably limited opportunities and barriers for women to utilize their utmost capacities. Considering the historical development trajectory and learning from several past and benchmark examples, mainly from the entrepreneurship domain, we first developed a conceptual model to deliver a holistic strategy for policymaking and implementation by employing design and systems thinking approaches. Second, based on this conceptual model, we proposed an integrated policy framework for Qatar, as a resource-rich country in the quest of transforming into an innovation-driven, knowledge-based sustainable development to propel women’s entrepreneurship and increase their involvement in achieving economic diversification, and thus, sustainable development in a broader perspective. Third, we conducted a survey to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed policy framework. Results reveal that surveyed aspiring and actual female entrepreneurs maintain the relevance of the suggested policies related to the provision of further local training and mentorship programs and subsidies and funds from the government. Furthermore, while female participants agree that their entrepreneurial practices need to abide by local cultural traditions and trends, they believe there is a supplementary need to spread awareness of and garner support for their social and economic contribution to the society. Finally, findings show that several female participants, mainly Qatari nationals, are willing to become entrepreneurial investors to help fund other entrepreneurship startups to partner with other women and give back to society and contribute to the overall sustainability of their community.
... La terminologie de 'mampreneur' permet de désigner à la fois les femmes qui sont à la fois maman et entrepreneure ( (Winn, 2004). Dans leurs travaux, Goffe et Scase (1985) distinguent quatre profils d'entrepreneures en fonction de leur attachement soit aux valeurs familiales traditionnelles, soit aux valeurs entrepreneuriales. Dans la première catégorie, ils ont ainsi mis en évidence les entrepreneures conventionnelles qui intègrent les secteurs qui sont un prolongement de leur fonction traditionnelles dans la famille. ...
L’objectif de cet article consiste à mettre en évidence les déterminants
qualitatifs des nouveaux emplois sur le marché du travail camerounais
en contexte de Covid-19. Une enquête exploratoire a permis de
regrouper ces emplois en trois grandes catégories en fonction de leur
vulnérabilité à la maladie : anciens et trop risqués, anciens et risqués
ainsi que nouveaux et trop risqués. Les résultats obtenus montrent que
les métiers les plus demandés et offerts sur le marché du travail
camerounais sont des emplois de front office. Les travailleurs sont dans
une grande majorité constitués des femmes et des jeunes qui outre la
vulnérabilité sanitaire, occupent des emplois essentiellement informels et
sans protection sociale.
Mots clés : Innovation, Capital humain, Emplois, Vulnérabilités, Marché
du travail, Covid-19.
... Consistent with previous studies, our findings suggest that any potential self-employment benefits resonate more with women's life course (Carree and Verheul, 2012;Marlow and Swail, 2015;Wolfe and Patel, 2018). Goffee and Scase (1985) argue that women who are business owner-managers fall into two distinct categories. The first category includes traditional self-employed who seek to combine work and family responsibilities. ...
The notion that self-employed individuals are more satisfied with their jobs than wage-employees has found broad empirical support. Previous research exploring the well-being effects of self-employment typically relies on direct cross-sectional comparisons between wage-employees and self-employed or on longitudinal investigations of transitions in or out of self-employment. In this study, the authors use individuals’ employment status histories in British longitudinal data to examine how accumulated self-employment experience affects job satisfaction, satisfaction with leisure and satisfaction with income. The study finds that those with past work experience only as self-employed report higher levels of job satisfaction than those with experience only as wage-employees. However, individuals with mixed work experience profiles are the most satisfied. This suggests a non-monotonic relationship between self-employment and job satisfaction. Patterns of self-employment experience and other satisfaction domains, such as satisfaction with income or leisure, are more nuanced, differing across gender lines.
... O termo foi utilizado inicialmente por Goffee e Scase (1985 para apresentar um grupo, interessado prioritariamente no coletivo, por meio de empreendimentos econômicos visando promover questões relacionadas com o feminino. Essas mulheres eram vistas como feministas, uma vez que, na visão dos autores, buscavam ir além da subordinação entre homens e mulheres mediante iniciativas de cooperação (Cromie & Hayes, 1988;Goffee & Scase, 1985. Weiss (2017) considera que novos desenvolvimentos e tendências também requerem uma análise crítica e alternativa para compreender os efeitos da mudança. ...
Resumo Tradicionalmente, os discursos normalizadores que circulam sobre o empreendedorismo tendem a apresentar esse fenômeno como algo neutro em termos de gênero, posicionando o homem empreendedor como “normal” e a mulher empreendedora como o “outro”. Esses discursos contribuem para uma reprodução sobre quem pode se tornar o empreendedor de sucesso, demonstrando relações de desigualdade e uma lógica de comparação binária entre homens e mulheres. Sustentado por abordagens feministas pós-estruturalistas sobre gênero e empreendedorismo a partir da teoria queer, este ensaio teórico se propõe a problematizar as relações de poder e possibilidades de resistência nas abordagens sobre o tema, por meio da proposição de formas alternativas de compreensão das temáticas gênero e empreendedorismo e da análise das práticas do empreender, possibilitando os processos de “queering identidades” e “queering empreendedorismo” a partir do entrepreneuring.
... Goffe et Scase (1985) distinguent quatre profils d'entrepreneures en fonction de leur attachement soit aux valeurs familiales traditionnelles, soit aux valeurs entrepreneuriales. Dans la première catégorie, ils ont ainsi mis en évidence les entrepreneures conventionnelles qui intègrent les secteurs qui sont un prolongement de leur fonction traditionnelles dans la famille. ...
The objective of this article is to determine the profiles of entrepreneurs
and the obstacles to female entrepreneurship in rural areas in Cameroon.
Women represent more than half of the population compared to men.
Despite the fact that their participation in the labour market has
significantly increased over the past thirty years, especially within public
administrations, economic inequalities still persist in their area. An
exploratory survey carried out in the district of Touboro in northern
Cameroon with 315 women entrepreneurs made it possible to establish
first three profiles: immigrant women entrepreneurs, necessity
entrepreneurs and opportunity entrepreneurs. Second, these results
show that there are, in order of magnitude, three main obstacles to
female entrepreneurship: limits linked to the control of value chains,
those linked to the absence of basic social services and those linked to
insecurity and taxation.
Keywords: Female entrepreneurship; Immigrant entrepreneurs; profile
of entrepreneurs; Motivations and Rural Areas.
... In addition to this typology, there are studies by other authors, such as Goffee and Scase, Ceromie and Hayes who present their own typologies, emphasising criteria such as (Goffee, Scase, 1985): motivations and values. ...
There is a wide differentiation in the level of female entrepreneurship across European Union countries. The literature emphasises the importance of various intrinsic (i.e. education, experience, human capital, access to capital resources) and extrinsic (i.e. influencing the level of entrepreneurship) factors. The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between the level of female self-employment and the economic and social determinants of female labour force participation for 19 EU member states. This article uses panel data techniques to empirically analyse the relationship between the female self-employment and the following: gross domestic product per capita, female unemployment rate, total fertility rate, crude marriage rate, people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age, gender wage gap (median) for full-time employees, masculinization index. Simple statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used in this paper. An econometric model was created to verify the factors affecting the level of female self-employment. Statistical data collected by Eurostat and the OECD were used to conduct the analyses. Due to limited data availability, the study covers the years 2010–2018. Gretl and Excel were used to conduct the analysis.
... Over two decades ago, theoretical evidence reached a conclusion that a significant number of female entrepreneurs deliberately choose to have and maintain their entities as small as possible (Goffee & Scase 1985;Kaplan 1988). The fear of loss of control was singled out as the major reason A DECADE OF EXCELLENCE women entrepreneurs would prefer to keep their entities small. ...
This study investigated the attitude towards growth and future prospects of female subsistence entrepreneurs operating in the informal economy. The study provides evidence on attitudes towards growth and future prospects of South African female micro enterprise owners. Such evidence is of significant value as it predicts the likelihood of new venture creation within the formal sector and value addition to the formal economy. The study made use of the qualitative method of research. Thematic analysis was undertaken to arrive at findings and conclusions. Three themes were derived, the first of which relates to entity growth being viewed as an opportunity to acquire new clients owing to perceived ease of marketing an established entity. The second theme derived relates to entity growth being a hidden path where informal entrepreneurs are battling to find the right approach on how to expand their businesses. The final theme is complacency to growth.
... The entrepreneurial process provides more control and flexibility in a work schedule and working environment than a job (Rehman & Roomi, 2012). For women entrepreneurs, home based business allows more ease to manage entrepreneurial activities and family obligations but it does not mean that she will not face any conflicts (Goffee & Scase, 2015). ...
In pursuit of improved flexibility and control over performance of dual roles in work and personal lives, an increasing number of women are shifting from paid employment to entrepreneurship. Yet, women entrepreneurs continue to experience dynamics of work-life conflict, particularly when gender interplays with culture, religion and class in unconventional, patriarchal Muslim societies. The purpose of this paper is to address the strategies adopted by Pakistani women entrepreneurs to combat work-life conflict. Border theory and role theory form the theoretical framework. This qualitative study draws upon interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) to examine lived experiences of coping with work-life conflict. In-depth interviews with 35 women entrepreneurs of fashion industry were conducted in mixed Urdu and English languages, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs experience varying degrees of work-life imbalance, and adopt active strategies to resist it. Due to poor institutional support, they largely tend to sacrifice their self-comfort for the sake of their family and business obligations. Strategic planning, authority delegating and seeking support from social capital are their most effective growth oriented strategies. Moreover, some women also practice growth constraining strategies in their subjective structures, thus contributing to reproduction of inequalities. This study contributes to expansion of border theory by highlighting the dynamics of work-life management when family and work are overlapping spheres for entrepreneurs. It adds to the growing body of literature on resistance and agency of marginalized women in emerging economies.
... Furthermore, there are also studies proving that discrimination exists even on the familial level. In a study limited to small businesses, Goffee and Scase (1985) ascertained that compared to male entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs are less supported and even disadvantaged by their families. ...
This study analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurship intention and personal characteristics and skills by using the surveys we conducted in Turkey on 1465 senior university students. We use a modified version of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) scale and the Political Skills Inventory to measure some personal characteristics and skills. We also use the nine sub-dimensions of these two scales. Probit model and wavelet coherence analysis results show that proactivity, entrepreneurship, and networking sub-dimensions of the scales are related to entrepreneurship intention. We also find that gender, the number of siblings, the grade point average (GPA) of the students, their family’s education level, the parent’ ownership of an enterprise, and the number of non-governmental organizations (NGO) that they are a member of are also related to entrepreneurship intention. Results may be useful to understand and enhance entrepreneurship potential.
... Such wives play critical, often unseen, unpaid and unacknowledged "behind the scenes" roles in line with the notions of 'wifeliness' and the 'idealized wife' (Russell, 2005). Goffee and Scase (2015) refer to the entrepreneurial category of the "Women in charge" for whom entrepreneurship is a means to achieve economic and social independence. They refute the notion of a single entrepreneurial experience arguing that the causes and consequences of business start-up are conditioned by the extent to which women are committed to traditionally prescribed roles. ...
Much emphasis is placed on the “male centric” ideology of entrepreneurship; and on the heroic male entrepreneur when entrepreneurs patently operate within long-term relationships. Their wives play a central part in their unfolding entrepreneurial identity and narrative. We examine academic literature and media representations and in particular gendered social constructions of the “Entrepreneurs wife” as a distinctive, entrepreneurial identity. Indeed, the heroic entrepreneur story is shared with their partners. The qualitative methodology used consists of a blend of netnography and media analysis techniques. From an interrogation of the literature and publically available representations, salient themes and typologies emerged. This research develops our understanding of gendered entrepreneurial identities and narratives as socially constructed. Developing a better understanding of the personal sides of entrepreneurial couples is helpful to policymakers in understanding the entrepreneurial personality more holistically because of the financial stability that a long-term partnership brings to an entrepreneurial venture. This study illuminates an under-researched area of entrepreneurial identity and narrative shedding new light on the topic.
... Ahmad (2011) established that family plays a vital role in women's entrepreneurial experiences, as they act both as a source of resources and support to them as well as a source of restraint, and responsibilities. This view is supported by Goffee and Scase (1985) who showed that family acts as a source of responsibility for Figure 1. Proposed Model women whose identity is centered on the roles of wife and mother (domestic profile) and these roles induce women to give priority to their family and secondary importance to their work roles. ...
Work and family are two of the most competing and salient roles in the life of every individual. As such, individuals often make behavioral decisions based on the relative salience (work or family) they attach to these life roles. Given that growth intention is a vital behavioral choice in the life of an entrepreneur, this study examined how role salience influences the growth intentions of women entrepreneurs. Moreover, for most women entrepreneurs, their family domain is highly entwined with the business domain, and as such, having an adequate work-life balance is often a vital personal goal. Thus, this study also examined the influence of work-life balance on the growth intentions of the women entrepreneurs as well as its moderating effect of on the relationship between role salience and growth intentions. Based on self-reported data from women entrepreneurs ( N = 300), the findings of this study using logistic regression analysis revealed that both work role salience ( b = .88, p < .001) and work-life balance ( b = .73, p < .001) have a positive effect on the growth intentions of women entrepreneurs. Additionally, work-life balance also moderated the relationship between work role salience and growth intention such that the positive association is strengthened at high levels of work-life balance ( b = .90, p < .001). The study culminates with a discussion of the implications and suggestions for future research.
... Lack of family support: The family is the main backbone for women, which affects women entrepreneurs' growth (Marcellina et al, 2002).According to Cesaroni and Sentuti (2014)daughters commonly give up the family business as they are convinced to have children and commit to their family responsibilities, which create a hurdle for them to join the business. The marriage as an institution can hold downwomen entrepreneurial career due to lack of family support and motivation (Goffee and Scase, 1985).According to ILO (2003),motivation factor by family push the women to start their own venture and generate incometo become self-reliant. Further, the main source of financial support for women to start their enterprise also comes from family contribution / loans. ...
Historical evidences suggest that women have played a key role in the
evolution of agriculture. Agriculture is an energy and labour-intensive
process which requires different energy levels and skill levels. Agriculture
therefore provides an equal opportunity employer for both the genders with
different roles. Traditionally, the highly energy intensive works are looked
after by the males in the family, while highly enduring works are looked
after by the females of the family, making agriculture a family enterprise.
With the change of times, agriculture becoming more business oriented, the
decision making in the enterprise is slowly shifted from the hands of females
to the males of the family. This creates a gender bias. World bank1 studies
have shown that while women are involved in the initial phases of planning
of the farm enterprise, their role becomes almost negligible when it comes to
priority setting and execution phases. Thus, women’s involvement is full in
all the production processes in the agricultural enterprise, their right in the
financial planning and marketing becomes limited. Gender mainstreaming
reflecting the policy of the country in bringing the women into the decision
making therefore becomes important. In India associations of elected women
in local government are mobilizing themselves across party lines, voicing
their demands, and finding a place in the political structure, at a more
influential level as they carry political power, votes, and local constituencies2
but on a limited scale, much discussion is needed in bringing out the gender
mainstreaming. It is essential that reduction in disparity in the education
between genders. Although government is making efforts to reduce this gap
through various policy initiatives, it is essential that an understanding is
gained on the factors that are propagating the gender divide in education.
Similarly, areas of entrepreneurship where the gender gap can be reduced
similarly understanding of the factors which are deterring the adoption of
farm mechanization need to be looked into. With all these points in mind,
the present National Workshop on Gender issues and Atmanirbhar Bharat
in Agriculture was planned in webinar mode
... Sweet & Meiksins (2008) contended that the gendered structures of industries and professions had significant gendered outcomes for females such as having fewer opportunities for career advancement and the greater differential in wages or salaries. Goffee & Scase (1985) concluded that one of the fundamental motivations for females to embark upon their entrepreneurial endeavors was to break free from their habitual negative position in the labor market as defined by professional segregation. Similarly, a paper by Akalp (2011) contended that this professional segregation was also mirrored in the areas of females' entrepreneurship and other self-employment activities, where female-owned business tended to be concentrated in the service and retail sectors. ...
The global dissemination of internet technology and advances in it are facilitating female entrepreneurs to participate in online entrepreneurial activities by utilizing new business frameworks to achieve economies of scope and scale as they start to compete with the traditional entrepreneurs in the market. This research draws on two fields of scholarly research; "online businesses" and "female entrepreneurship" and, to the best our knowledge, this is the first study that endeavors to provide an overview of female entrepreneurship in online businesses in the UAE. The present study, which is based on a qualitative survey of 20 online businesses, owned and managed by females' in the UAE, investigates why females start their online businesses. The obvious picture emerging from the current study that with control over the number of hours they put in their online businesses and do not face the type of work to family conflict encountered by the female who owns and manages traditional businesses outside of their homes. More precisely, the results of the current study give indicative and exciting comprehensions into the challenges and impediments of female entrepreneurs in this fast-growing sector of the UAE economy. Of critical interest to researchers and policy makers, we investigate the challenges and impediments to success and the ways that female entrepreneurs in the UAE are successfully starting and expanding their online businesses. Abstract The global dissemination of internet technology and advances in it are facilitating female entrepreneurs to participate in online entrepreneurial activities by utilizing new business frameworks to achieve economies of scope and scale as they start to compete with the traditional entrepreneurs in the market. This research draws on two fields of scholarly research; "online businesses" and "female entrepreneurship" and, to the best our knowledge, this is the first study that endeavors to provide an overview of female entrepreneurship in online businesses in the UAE. The present study, which is based on a qualitative survey of 20 online businesses, owned and managed by females' in the UAE, investigates why females start their online businesses. The obvious picture emerging from the current study that with control over the number of hours they put in their online businesses and do not face the type of work to family conflict encountered by the female who owns and manages traditional businesses outside of their homes. More precisely, the results of the current study give indicative and exciting comprehensions into the challenges and impediments of female entrepreneurs in this fast-growing sector of the UAE economy. Of critical interest to researchers and policy makers, we investigate the challenges and impediments to success and the ways that female entrepreneurs in the UAE are successfully starting and expanding their online businesses.
... The results show that for this group of women, urban residence and part-time employment are positively associated with time in self-employment. Therefore, the positive association may be associated more with work and family factors, rather than attitudinal choices to specific employment type [88][89][90][91]. However, urban migration is not, which indicates that women in mid-career ages who migrate to urban areas do not significantly change their allocation of time in self-employment. ...
This study investigates the association of the rural–urban divide and the time individuals allocate in self-employment. The empirical analysis uses fixed effects modelling on data from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey over the period 2009–2019. The study identifies significant differences in the time men and women allocate in self-employment between rural and urban areas according to their career age group. While men and women tend to allocate more time in self-employment in their senior career age when residents of urban areas, the time they allocate in self-employment between rural and urban areas in early- and mid-career age differs markedly. More importantly, we find that significant differences exist not only between residents of rural and urban areas, but also between residents of these areas and in-migrants to these areas. We find a significant positive effect on the time senior career age women who migrate to rural areas allocate in self-employment. In contrast, we find that early career men who move from rural to urban areas allocate significantly more time in self-employment. The results reveal the existence of complex dynamics between gender and age, which affect the allocation of time in self-employment between rural and urban areas.
This report is a helpful resource for finance and banking institutions that want to understand the challenges that disadvantaged women entrepreneurs face and how it affects their access to finance.
It can be used with awareness-raising training and resources to help bridge the financial lending gap between men and women entrepreneurs. The report provides insights into the experiences of disadvantaged women entrepreneurs and aims to create a more equitable and inclusive lending landscape through collaborations with these entrepreneurs.
The Accelerating Women’s Enterprise (AWE) programme, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, was created to research and support women entrepreneurs facing further disadvantages in their early start-up or with their struggling businesses. Initially, the plan was to conduct Participatory Action Research with women entrepreneurs, but only one financial institution confirmed their participation, leading the AWE programme to pivot to create this awareness-raising resource.
The report is based on 159 interviews conducted with disadvantaged women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial ecosystem stakeholders in France and England, as well as two focus groups in England. It highlights several challenges faced by these entrepreneurs, such as:
• Implicit bias e.g. lenders not taking them seriously as single parents, young or disabled, needing their husband to build their credibility;
• Poor credit history e.g. due to needing part-time work, career breaks, child care costs, disadvantages of health and age;
• Women’s self-selected avoidance e.g. due to perceived risks, lack of trust in
lending decisions;
• Lack of financial literacy and awareness of support due to lack of professional
networks;
• Inflexible government support where benefits can disincentivize business growth;
• External economic shocks e.g. challenges from COVID-19 and the cost of living crisis placing a greater burden and need on financing
• Staff training and development in Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) for the
finance and banking sector to better understand the needs of women entrepreneurs
who experience disadvantage;
• Alternative financing modes and awareness-raising of those mechanisms from
both traditional and alternative lenders;
• Trust building through greater transparency in lending decisions, loan decision rates and greater hiring of women in the industry;
• Education, outreach and collaborations with banks and lenders to enhance networks and financial literacy;
• Recognition of the need for specific support for women’s businesses and those
experiencing further disadvantage during times of economic crisis.
The agenda of The Great Reset World Economic Forum which has
three main components, justice, mutual progress and the fourth industrial
revolution switch is very relevant to the main objectives of Islamic
economics which prioritize togetherness, justice and of course adaptive
to technology. There is no other choice, but to make the Islamic economy
an economic system throughout the world, otherwise the same thing, be
it financial crises, economic crises with different causes, will continue to
repeat itself with cycles that repeat at different times. This does not mean
that the Islamic economic system does not experience a downward cycle in
its economy, but the main goal of the welfare of mankind with instructions
from the creator of Allah SWT will be realized by applying the rules that
have been set by Allah through the Qur'an and the Prophet Muhammad
as exemplary examples.
Purpose:This researchaimsto identify some female entrepreneurs andtheir relationship profiles withtheirfamilies, which are categorized by families having a prominent part in influencing their decisions, activities,and behavior.Methodology:The qualitativetechnique was used as it is well suited to examining the experiences of different people. Open-ended Interviews with Pakistani femaleentrepreneurs using a semi-structured questionnaire wereused to obtain data. The research allowedus to focus on one of the most pressing concerns affecting female entrepreneurs: integrating life with family, work,and their goals related to their profession.Findings:Evidently, knowingand understanding the importance of the household in the entrepreneurial experiences of women is critical to deciphering the reasons why enterprises that are owned by women thrive or crash, as family relations will invariably influence their performance.Conclusion:The research revealedthat female entrepreneurs and their families have a significant linkage with their entrepreneurial experiences i.e.,individual decisions of women to become entrepreneurs and the features of their businesses cannot be fully comprehended unless the family dimension is also considered.
Brand heritage identity (BHI) has been examined in single corporate cases, often of family firms, in a specific country, to reveal a deep theoretical understanding of the concept and how BHIs are created. Our study complements this research by providing a large-scale empirical study of BHI in family firms across countries. Specifically, using signaling theory as a framework, this study investigates how country-level importance of family values, as well as firm age, influence the use of BHI and drive marketing performance for family businesses. BHI is a signal that helps stakeholders resolve market asymmetries and this signal is bolstered in countries where family is deemed more important. Firm age is an important moderator. The findings demonstrate that in countries where family, as a key social unit, is more important, firms signal competitiveness via BHI, which in turn relates positively to marketing performance.
"El genocidio digital"
El artículo que nos ocupa se inscribe en los cambios paradigmáticos de una revolución tecnológica, donde las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación -TIC-, así como las nuevas plataformas de conectividad, permiten al mundo de nuestros días construir una civilización cibernética, basada en inteligencia artificial y una infraestructura digital que facilite entender los retos para los gobiernos modernos el comprender la innovación como un mecanismo democrático que garantice mejores niveles de educación, salud y servicios en general, con la finalidad de lograr un estado que enarbole los principios históricos de las gestas revolucionarias que han prevalecido en la historia de las naciones: igualdad, libertad y justicia.
Asimismo, destaca la brecha digital como el genocidio de esa civilización al mantener los índices de pobreza y miseria que acompañan la exclusión digital.
Paparan internet pornografi pada masa pandemi Covid 19 menunjukan adanya peningkatan karena remaja banyak melakukan aktivitas secara daring. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menyusun rancangan literasi media digital SAR (Sehat, Aman, Ramah) untuk menumbuhkan keyakinan yang dimiliki remaja bahwa dirinya mampu melakukan sesuatu untuk mencapai sebuah tujuan dan mengatasi hambatan saat mengalami paparan internet berkonten pornografi. Rancangan ini disusun agar remaja mampu menggunakan media secara cerdas dan kritis. Remaja yang memiliki kemampuan literasi digital mampu untuk membaca, memahami, mengevaluasi, menyeleksi dan mengkritik konten yang terdapat di dunia maya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif melalui open ended survey. Subjek penelitian dilakukan secara purposive, pengambilan sampel secara sengaja sesuai dengan persyaratan sampel yang diperlukan. Sampel penelitian ini yaitu 112 (seratus duabelas) remaja berusia 11-20 tahun dan mengalami paparan internet berkonten pornografi. Dalam penelitian ini metode pengumpulan data menggunakan open ended questionair melalui aplikasi google form. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis tematik untuk mengidentifikasikan pola atau menemukan tema melalui data yang telah dikumpulkan.
Hasil penelitian yaitu model literasi digital sehat, aman dan ramah bagi remaja yaitu meliputi kemampuan mengelola waktu, kemampuan menyaring dan menganalisis informasi, kemampuan menghasilkan karya digital yang kreatif, kemampuan menjaga rahasia pribadi maupun orang lain, kemampuan menjaga diri di dunia maya dari tindakan tidak menyenangkan, kemampuan menolak konten pornografi, kemampuan menjaga perilaku sopan santun di dunia maya, peran orang tua dalam memberikan informasi budaya digital serta peran pemerintah menyediakan situs yang sesuai usia remaja
Kata Kunci : Literasi Digital, Internet Pornografi, Remaja
Marketing is an ocean. Advertisement, many a time, functions like a ship that takes the products to the prospect. Without advertisement the product or brand will not sustain in the market. Without Green Marketing the globe could not sustain over a long period. There was lot of studies that discussed the branches of green marketing like, Environmentally Friendly Products, Buyer Awareness of Green Marketing, Buyer Acceptance of Green Marketing, Eco-Friendly Product, Buyer Behavior relating to Green Marketing, Factors Influencing Buying Green Products. There is a limited studies relating to Green Advertising, which reduces wastages and save the society and Environment. Green Advertising is the one that promote a product, service, or company’s ability to help or reduce environmental harm. This study analyzes the awareness of green advertising. Also the study reveals many other intents of the consumers. The researcher has collected126 samples for this research work and convenience sampling is used for this study. Percentage and Chi-Square tools are used for this research.
The main objective of this paper is to explore the motivational and constraining factors that effects the women entrepreneurial growth in Nepal. The result of the clearly depicts that political instability and weak implementation of law and order in Nepal has been a major stumbling blocks for women entrepreneurial growth besides giving greater attention to the creation of conducive culture for women empowerment. Thus, the study draw conclusion that there is still a substantial room for women entrepreneurial growth in Nepal because their current role in business is far from satisfactory.
This paper reports on the globalization and motivation of Indonesian EFL college students towards learning English as a global language.
Çağların değişmesiyle teknolojide, insanların alışkanlıklarında ve yaşam biçimlerinde çeşitli gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. Bu gelişmeler çevreyi etkilemiş ve devamlılık için sürdürülebilirlik önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı; bugünün insanları için yeterli kaynakları sağlayıp, gelecek nesiller için de bu kaynakların devamlılığının sağlanmasını amaç edinen bir ilke olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kadınlar da evlerinde gıdanın, temizliğin, düzenin devamlılığını
sağlamaktadır. Evlerine maddi anlamda da devamlılık sağlamak amacıyla iş hayatına atılmışlardır. Kadınlar kendi istekleri doğrultusunda ve becerilerine yönelik işletmeler açmışlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kadın girişimcilerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı açısından hangi rolleri üstlendiğini, bu kapsamda karşılaştıkları zorlukları ve önlerine çıkan fırsatları araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın evreni Türkiye’de turizm sektöründe faaliyette olan kadın girişimcilerdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Sinop ilinde turizm
alanında faaliyet gösteren kadın girişimciler incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre kadınları girişimci olmaya iten önemli etkenlerden biri maddi kazanç sağlayabilmektir. Deneyimsizlik kadınlarıen çok zorlayan durumlardandır. Aile ve çevrelerinden gelen tepkiler ise kadın girişimcileri etkilemektedir. Araştırmaya göre kadın girişimcilere devlet destekleri ve tanıtım için katkıların artırılması gereklidir.
La presencia de las mujeres en todos los espacios sociales ha desafiado los roles tradicionales de la división sexual del trabajo, incluso muestra como las mujeres en busca de nuevas identidades han roto con el imaginario de que la inteligencia, la fuerza y el poder son exclusivos de los hombres. Ellas se esfuerzan por romper con el mito de que el espacio privado es donde encuentran su realización como amas de casa, esposas y madres, para plantearse la posibilidad de desarrollarse en el espacio público como profesionistas exitosas. No obstante, las responsabilidades familiares, la falta de calificación e incluso las restricciones culturales se presentan como un obstáculo para que las mujeres tengan acceso a un empleo asalariado que les permita un desarrollo profesional y un crecimiento económico.
En las últimas décadas el trabajo autónomo se ha cristalizado como una alternativa de generación de ingresos para las mujeres, les permite convertirse no solo en mujeres independientes, sino, que en algunos casos además en mujeres empresarias, generadoras de fuentes de empleo.
Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX la participación de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo se visualizó como una alternativa para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo y crecimiento económico sostenido de las naciones, a principios del año 2000 en el Global Entrepreurship Monitor 1999, Reynodls, Hay y Camp concluyeron que un mayor y más rápido crecimiento en la creación de nuevas empresas puede lograrse aumentando la participación de las mujeres en el proceso empresarial, lo que podría disminuir en dos terceras partes las diferencias de la actividad empresarial entre países.
Estudios realizados han demostrado que la incursión femenina al sector empresarial se ha incrementado de manera notable en las últimas décadas. Según la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico (OCDE, 2004) en Europa existen más de 10 millones de mujeres autoempleadas, mientras que en Estados Unidos se registran 6.4 millones. En
América Latina la situación no es diferente, en la última década la participación de las mujeres como empresarias incrementó del 2.5% al 3.8% (Heller, 2010), mientras que en México, de 1970 al 2010 la participación de las mujeres en la actividad empresarial presentó un incremento del 17% (Zabludovsky, 2013).
El incremento de la participación de las mujeres como propietarias de empresa, se puede explicar a través de los años de recesión y de reestructuración económica que desde la década de los setenta se viven en México. Algunos autores aseguran que ellas incursionan a este ámbito laboral como actores económicos emergentes, que reaccionan ante la necesidad económica que tienen en determinada etapa de su vida de colaborar con el ingreso y sustento de los hogares, mientras que otros investigadores las presentan como mujeres autónomas, visionarias y emprendedoras que ven en sus negocios propios una oportunidad de proyección profesional.
A este respecto, Zabludovsky (2002), señala que las empresas de mujeres constituyen entre una tercera y cuarta parte de los negocios en México en donde más del 68% de las unidades económicas propiedad del género femenino se ubican en el sector servicios (Cerda, 2008).
Si bien es cierto, se identifican mujeres empresarias en gran parte de las ramas económicas, su mayor concentración es en el sector servicios ya que este sector se ha vuelto una alternativa de empleo tanto para la fuerza de trabajo desplazada de la manufactura como para la creación de nuevas fuentes de empleo (García, 2005). Además de que el acceso de las mujeres a este sector económico se facilita no solo a través de financiamientos para la creación de micro y pequeñas empresas, sino que también
se asocia con los atributos femeninos y con sus roles tradicionales (maternidad, cuidados, educación, afecto, comprensión, delicadeza, entre otros).
Además, Zabludovsky (2013) señala que este fenómeno se observa principalmente
en las zonas urbanas, donde la contribución de las mujeres en el sector rebasa en número las empresas que son propiedad de hombres.
En México la mayor participación de mujeres propietarias de negocios del sector terciario se localizan dentro de las 55 zonas metropolitanas del país (INEGI, 2004). En el caso de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG), el grueso de empresas femeninas dentro del sector terciario, se localiza en los municipios de Guadalajara y Zapopan, cuyas principales actividades económicas son: escuelas, hospitales, ventas al menudeo, galerías, cafés y restaurantes (Barajas, 2010), siendo estos últimos donde se identifica mayor participación de las empresarias.
Las cafeterías y restaurantes, forman parte de la rama restaurantera del sector terciario, que hasta el año 2010 contaba con 392,242 establecimientos denominados restaurantes o con servicios de alimentos, con una participación del 4.5% en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) (Censos Económicos 2009, 2010). Los estados que se caracterizan por tener un sector restaurantero dinámico y en constante expansión son el Distrito Federal,
Jalisco, Veracruz, Puebla y el Estado de México (INEGI, 2010). En el caso del Estado de Jalisco al 2010 se contabilizan 27,637 establecimientos de preparación y venta de alimentos, de los cuales el 52% se encuentran concentrados en la ZMG (SEIJAL, 2010).
Cabe destacar que el incremento de la inserción de mujeres al mundo empresarial no solo se limita a la generación de empleo y a su aportación económica, sino que además contribuye con el ámbito empresarial a través de reconocer las diferencias que se presentan entre hombres y mujeres, durante el proceso administrativo que implica la operación y dirección de una empresa como responsables de una estructura organizacional que a su vez lleva la carga moral de quienes laboran y económicamente
dependen de su capacidad de gestión empresarial. Por lo tanto, a mediados de la década de los ochenta se dio inicio a una serie de investigaciones en torno a la participación de las mujeres en el ámbito empresarial.
Women’s entrepreneurship has received global recognition and support due to its contribution to the economy, with many initiatives focusing on entrepreneurship programs as a tool for influencing women’s perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The socio-cultural context also plays a role, with a society’s gender role ideology determining the level of normative support and legitimacy accorded to women entrepreneurs. Based on semi-structured interviews, this study focuses on analyzing women’s entrepreneurial motives and perceptions regarding entrepreneurship programs in two different socio-cultural contexts namely Sweden and Tanzania. The study contributes to existing literature on entrepreneurial motives by identifying different non-mutually exclusive categories of ‘pull’ (personal identity, prior experiences, social mission and self achievement), ‘push’ (providing solutions) and ‘combined ‘(part-time entrepreneurs) factors that influence women’s decisions to become entrepreneurs. Second, I find that the socio-cultural context influences the prevalence of entrepreneurial motives in each context. This highlights the fact that women’s entrepreneurial motives are more nuanced and complex than the ongoing academic discourse on ‘necessity’ versus ‘opportunity’ entrepreneurs. Third, entrepreneurship programs can be viewed as having an overall positive impact on women entrepreneurs. However, what was perceived as being of value by the women entrepreneurs differed based on their entrepreneurial motives. Implications for policy and practice are also highlighted.
The debate about the new possibilities for primary cooperative societies to operate differently in a more self-reliant way have sparked recently. To furthering thought regarding these possibilities, we argue that cooperatives can work together to achieve unity of effort and integration could help cooperative societies accommodates the needs of members. In so doing, this chapter assesses the mode of operations among cooperative societies that were considered to implement the integrated cooperative model in Tanzania. Second, this chapter identifies the perceived benefits and challenges by cooperative members during the implementation of the model. The chapter has uncovered that primary cooperatives can be integrated horizontally or vertically or can be part of the vertical financial system involving other organizations, which may or may not be cooperatives. Moreover, findings demonstrate that the consolidation of the Integrated Co-operative Model to primary co-operative societies could unleash new possibilities for self – reliant practices and leverage on integration to enhance unity among members not only in Tanzania but also at the global scale.
This collection of contributions deals with different aspects of women condition and of women’s relationship with the labour market. It focuses the attention on the process of feminization of the educational system and of the labour market, but also on the persistence of strong inequalities based on gender. It clarifies why enterprises and organizations can be described as “gendered institutions” that assign different roles and opportunities to men and women, notwithstanding a widespread rhetoric about women’s quality. Finally, a special attention is devoted to the feminization of international migrations, and to the new international division of reproductive work.
This presentation focuses the attention on the relationships among gender roles’ transformation, international migrations, welfare systems and the labour market, emphasising the various forms of discriminations that migrant female workers have to face. The text reproduced the essay already published with the same title in a book edited by the Author.
Os discursos que circulam sobre o empreendedorismo são socialmente construídos em um determinado tempo e espaço, influenciados por contextos econômicos, sociais e culturais. Apesar dos discursos contemporâneos abordarem temas relacionados a gênero e empreendedorismo, a perspectiva econômica ainda figura como a mais utilizada. Portanto, o contexto empreendedor é reproduzido por meio de discursos que o apresentam como uma atividade econômica desejável, inquestionavelmente positiva, além de uma alternativa para a desaceleração econômica e o desemprego. Trata-se de discursos que contribuem para a reprodução normalizadora de quem pode se tornar empreendedor, reforçando um viés de gênero que demonstra quais espaços empreendedores podem ou não ser ocupados por mulheres. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, formas alternativas de estudar o tema têm contribuído para o avanço no debate sobre gênero e empreendedorismo, especialmente a partir de uma abordagem crítica. Dessa forma, este ensaio teórico busca problematizar os aspectos teóricos que circulam o tema empreendedorismo, considerando as perspectivas econômica, social e crítica, em busca de uma compreensão diferenciada no tema gênero e empreendedorismo, a partir da lente dos Estudos Críticos sobre o Empreendedorismo e do potencial de estudos a partir de uma categoria identitária denominada "mulheres empreendedoras radicais".
This report outlines the key insights gained at the "Hello Diversity! Conference" held in June 2019 at the Freie Universität Berlin (Germany). The two-day event featured 14 talks from experts in academia and practice who shared their perspectives on how entrepreneurial diversity affects the exploration and exploitation of digital innovation potentials. Their insights highlighted the lack of holistic knowledge on the topic, especially concerning the role of digital technologies in fostering entrepreneurial diversity. The shortcomings of related discourses were debated in several panel discussions with the 170 participants involved in research or in fostering entrepreneurial diversity through management practices, policies, and special interest groups. The conference culminated in a "Paperthon", which kick-started interdisciplinary research projects aimed at increasing our understanding of entrepreneurial diversity in the digital age.
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