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Poverty analysis at two levels of gari marketing in Ibadan metropolis
Abstract
Socio-economic characteristics and extent of poverty among gari retailers and wholesalers in Ibadan Metropolis in Nigeria were critically examined. The results showed that gari retailing and wholesaling are low investment, female-dominated ventures the capital for which was derived mainly from personal source. Poverty incidence was 36.7% and 16.7% among retailers and wholesalers at poverty lines of N959.35 and N1,244.83 per month. At these poverty lines, twenty-two (22) retailers and ten (10) wholesalers (out of sixty in each case) were in poverty. The average spending of the 22 and 10 poor retailers and wholesalers were N724.18 and N1,244.14 per month. A poverty depth of 24.00% was obtained for retailers with the cost of eliminating poverty put at N14,110.20 per month. The corresponding values for wholesalers were 15.00% and N6,821.40 per month. Most of the retailers and wholesalers that were poor were just immediately below their respective poverty lines. The poverty severity indexes were 14.9% for retailers and 7.40% for wholesalers. This means that poverty is not very severe as only 15.0% of retailers and 6.7% of wholesalers were experiencing extremely chronic poverty situation. It is recommended that policy interventions which can reduce cost of business operation and increase invested capital for both groups be experimented as possible poverty alleviation strategies.
... For example, the distributive segment of agriculture has not received much attention in poverty studies. Consequently, research findings with respect to the poverty indices of agricultural traders are rare (Mafimisebi and Okunmadewa, 2004). For any policy intervention to be effective and meaningful in poverty eradication and consequently improve the food security situation in the country, it is instructive to delineate poverty concerns with respect to the specific actors in the agricultural sector. ...
... Onuche (2005) On agricultural marketing specifically, Mafimisebi and Okunmadewa (2004) in a study of poverty at two levels of garri marketing in Ibadan metropolis revealed that there are two marketing intermediaries for garri-wholesalers and retailers. In their study, the incidence of poverty was 16.7 percent and 36.7 percent wholesalers and retailers respectively at their respective poverty lines of N1244.8 and N959.35. ...
... This suggests that the rural buyers and the retailers were on about the same poverty level. The moderate poverty line for retailers and rural buyers were lower than that of N959 for garri retailers in Ibadan metropolis constructed by Mafimisebi and Okunmadewa in 2004 and similar to that of N814.24 arrived at for rural agricultural workers in Kogi state by Omonona (2000) and the N834.02 arrived at the NBS in the 1996/1997 national consumer survey using the 1999 prices. ...
Poverty is unarguably a rural menace and by implication, an agricultural problem in Nigeria. Incidentally, the rural areas are important as the bedrock of food security. As such, successive governments have made efforts to reduce its incidence though with little success. This low level of success is partly because studies in rural or agricultural poverty have often been based on a general picture. Agricultural marketing has not received much attention in poverty studies. It was therefore deemed necessary to specifically study the poverty profile of the market actors in the sector. The study was carried out in Kogi state of Nigeria. It relied on the use of multi-stage random sampling technique in the selection of 180 yam tubers marketing participants for the purpose of questionnaire administration. Data pertaining to their socioeconomic characteristics and their expenditure levels were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and the FGT poverty decomposing tools. The findings revealed that initial investment capital for the rural buyers and the retailers was less than N11,000 while that for wholesalers was greater. It further revealed that the moderate poverty lines were N887.37, N1773.89 and N908.04 for the rural buyers, wholesalers and retailers respectively. At these poverty lines, the incidence of poverty for rural buyers was 37.5 percent; that of the wholesalers was 21.1 percent at a poverty line of N1773.89. For retailers, it was found to be 38.4 percent at the poverty line. The study also revealed that although the level of poverty was mild among the traders, it was relatively more severe among retailers and rural buyers. The amounts required to lift the poor traders up to the poverty line were N16,210.58 for rural buyers, N10,62.46 for wholesalers and N17,611.40 for retailers. Yam traders, especially the rural buyers and retailers are advised to form cooperatives in order to facilitate access to credit so as to increase their investments in order to earn more incomes from their businesses.
... The average cost of malaria treatment based on ACT is estimated to be about N1,500 (USD 10.00) inclusive of cost of laboratory tests. This is a princely sum for the average Nigerian in the rural areas which are characterized with low household incomes [8,474849 . A TM therapy for the same ailment will cost on the average N200 or could even be procured for free, if the person could collect the medicinal plants and prepare the medicament personally. ...
Agrarian rural dwellers in Nigeria produce about 95% of locally grown food commodities. The low accessibility to and affordability of orthodox medicine by rural dwellers and their need to keep healthy to be economically productive, have led to their dependence on traditional medicine. This paper posits an increasing acceptance of traditional medicine country-wide and advanced reasons for this trend. The fact that traditional medicine practitioners' concept of disease is on a wider plane vis-à-vis orthodox medicine practitioners' has culminated in some socio-cultural and magico-religious practices observed in preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health management. Possible scientific reasons were advanced for some of these practices to show the nexus between traditional medicine and orthodox medicine. The paper concludes that the psychological aspect of traditional medicine are reflected in its socio-cultural and magico-religious practices and suggests that government should fund research into traditional medicine to identify components of it that can be integrated into the national health system.
Both hypnosis and acupuncture have gained credibility over the years in their effectiveness for treating various health conditions. Currently, each of these treatments is administered in distinct settings and separate times. That is, even if patients receive both treatments as part of a multidimensional therapeutic program, they would typically receive them separately rather than simultaneously at the same session. This separation however might be undesirable since, at least theoretically, hypnosis and acupuncture could potentially augment each other if administered concomitantly. In this article we outline the rationale for this hypothesis and discuss the potential ramifications of its implementation.
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