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Cultivation of Grafted Vegetables I. Current Status, Grafting Methods, and Benefits
... Öztekin et al. (2009) found a significant increase in the root density by 25.3% on average in tomato plants grafted onto 'He-Man' and 'Beaufort', in comparison with self-grafted plants. The more vigorous root system of the rootstock results in increased nutrient and water uptake, and this may enhance the growth rate and yield performance of the whole plant (Lee, 1994). Grafting: Effect on Quality There are many conflicting reports on changes in fruit quality due to grafting and whether grafting effects are advantageous or deleterious. ...
... Unfortunately, most of the rootstocks available in the market have been selected especially for disease resistance and vigour so breeding program is needed to select rootstock/scion combinations with high fruit quality attributes under the different growing conditions. Problems in Grafting and Cultivating Grafted Vegetable Seedlings Various problems are commonly associated with grafting and cultivating grafted seedlings (Lee 1994, Table 1). Major problems are the labour and techniques required for the grafting operation and post-graft handling of grafted seedlings for rapid healing for »7 to10 days. ...
... An expert can graft 1200 seedlings per day (150 seedlings per hour), but the numbers vary with the grafting method. Problems associated with grafting and cultivating grafted vegetable seedlings (Lee 1994). ...
Vegetable grafting is a horticultural technology that is gaining popularity in recent years. Grafting is an effective way to improve the salinity tolerance of fruit-bearing plants. In this chapter, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using grafted vegetable seedlings.
... Soil pathogens in the right conditions attack the roots or stems of crops, resulting in reduced crop yields or even crop failure. This type of disease is collectively referred to as "soil-borne diseases", and improper fertilization is one of the causes of soil-borne diseases [1,2]. Vegetable grafting technology combines disease-resistant root systems with high-yielding crop varieties to improve the disease resistance and resilience of vegetable crops, significantly reduce dependence on pesticides, reduce pesticide residues in agricultural products, and protect consumer health and food safety [3,4]. ...
... The rootstock cutting mechanism is the core component of the grafting machine, completing the rootstock seedling cotyledon and growth point cutting. The grafting robot workflow involves the following steps ( Figure 3): 1 The system is powered on, and the gas source is connected. The rootstock and scion clamping and carrying mechanisms are reset to the seedling-loading station. 2 At the seedling-loading station, the seedling-loading operation of the rootstock and scion is completed by two persons, and the clamping claw clamps and picks up the seedling of the rootstock and scion. ...
... The visual image test system consists of a CCD camera (model MV-EM120C), lens (model AFT-ZML1000), bracket, LED fill light, laptop, white backdrop, cutter, and dongle, as shown in Figure 11. Experimental process: 1 Manually adjust the direction of the two cotyledons of the rootstock and the height of the upper seedling, and place the rootstock seedling onto the upper seedling table. 2 The rootstock clamping and carrying mechanism completes the rootstock clamping and rotates 90 • anticlockwise to transport the rootstock to the cutting station. 3 To fully expose the growth point and another cotyledon, the pressure seedling cylinder moves the seedling pressure piece to extend and press down on the retained piece of cotyledon. ...
The grafting machine cutting step is the core step of the grafting process. The existing grafting machine cutting mechanism adopts fixed angle cutting and manually adjusts the cutting angle based on experience, and the cutting angle is not definite for rootstock cutting in different growth periods. In this paper, we proposed a method to guide the precise cutting mechanism according to internal and external parameters of melon rootstock at a specific period. First, we constructed a cutting model based on internal and external characteristics of rootstock cutting in the growth period of “two leaves and one core” and clarified the safe cutting area. Second, we designed a rotary precision cutting mechanism for rootstock cutting with automatic angle adjustment and constructed the displacement equation of the cutting trajectory of the cutter according to the cutting model. Last, we examined the cutting effect of the precision cutting mechanism and determined the precise cutting angle of the rootstock cutting mechanism in the growth period. Finally, the cutting effect of the precision cutting mechanism was examined, and the precision cutting angle of the rootstock during the growth period was determined. A comparison test between the precision cutting mechanism and the traditional cutting mechanism was carried out, and visual images of the incision were captured and analyzed. The results show that under the five horizontal cutting angles in the safe cutting area of rootstock, the length of the cut surface is inversely proportional to the cutting angle, and the flatness of the cut surface is directly proportional to the cutting angle. Comprehensive evaluation of the length of the cut surface, the cutting success rate, and the quality of cutting revealed that the average cutting angle of the precision cutting mechanism in the safe cutting area (26°) is better than that of the traditional cutting mechanism. It meets the technical requirements of the cutting technology for mechanically grafted rootstocks. The results provide a reference for studying new rootstock precision cutting mechanisms and cutting angle adaptive control models.
... Forty-eight cell plastic trays filled with peat and perlite (1:3) were used for planting. Seedlings were grafted by splice grafting method (Lee, 1994). ...
... However, they reported that there were no significant differences between watermelons grafted onto five wild watermelon accessions and un-grafted plants, whereas we found that the yield significantly increased in plants grafted onto Sabzevar rootstock compared with control GC at T 3 (Fig. 1). Increased vigor of Shintoza GC at T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 , as well as Sabzevar GC at T 3 , indicated by their higher yields and shoot dry weights (Figs. 1 and 2), are suggestive of positive interactions between scion and rootstock, increased absorption of nutrients and water through the elaborate root system of the rootstock (Lee, 1994;Ruiz et al., 1997;Pulgar et al., 2000), and potential increases in the production of endogenous hormones by roots (Zijlstra et al., 1994). ...
... Negative effects of Cucurbita rootstocks on fruit quality have also been shown previously (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2003;Edelstein et al. 2014). According to Table 4, fruit quality aspects including TSS, TA, peel thickness, and flesh firmness were different only in Shintoza GC compared to the other treatments. ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
... The use of vegetable grafts will be most successful when complemented with sustainable farming system practices (Kubota, 2008) [11] . Grafting imprints resistance to pathogenic agents and soil pests, tolerance to abiotic stress factors, improves water and nutrient absorption and increases the graft vigor (King et al., 2010;Lee, 1994) [10,15] . Grafting of eggplant cultivars on perennial and wild Solanaceous species was proved to increase yield and availability period of the fruits (Gisbert et al., 2011;Lee, 1994) [5,15] . ...
... The use of vegetable grafts will be most successful when complemented with sustainable farming system practices (Kubota, 2008) [11] . Grafting imprints resistance to pathogenic agents and soil pests, tolerance to abiotic stress factors, improves water and nutrient absorption and increases the graft vigor (King et al., 2010;Lee, 1994) [10,15] . Grafting of eggplant cultivars on perennial and wild Solanaceous species was proved to increase yield and availability period of the fruits (Gisbert et al., 2011;Lee, 1994) [5,15] . ...
... Grafting imprints resistance to pathogenic agents and soil pests, tolerance to abiotic stress factors, improves water and nutrient absorption and increases the graft vigor (King et al., 2010;Lee, 1994) [10,15] . Grafting of eggplant cultivars on perennial and wild Solanaceous species was proved to increase yield and availability period of the fruits (Gisbert et al., 2011;Lee, 1994) [5,15] . Solanum torvum Sw., a native of western tropics and India, exhibits resistance to a wide range of soil pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum and root knot nematodes (Bletsos, 2003;Gousset et al., 2005;Bagnaresi et al., 2013) [3,6,2] as well as being tolerant to abiotic stresses (Savvas et al., 2010) [23] . ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
... Grafting is carried out in vegetables for purposes such as combating soil-borne diseases (Balázs et all. 2011;Edelstein et all, 2011), more efficient intake and use of water and nutrients (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997), stronger development of plants (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010), growing double crops by grafting tomatoes and eggplants on potatoes (Lee, 1994), protecting the environment by reducing the use of pesticides with the use of disease-and pestresistant/tolerant rootstocks (Lee, 1994;Lee and Oda, 2010) and increasing earlyness and yield by developing the plant strongly in the early period (Ruiz and Romero, 1997). In Antalya province, 206.029.353 ...
This study aimed to determine the pesticide use in grain maize production in the Yunak district of Konya province and the attitudes and behaviours of producers, as well as their knowledge levels about pesticide use. The model structure designed in the study; was prepared by benefiting from the questionnaire study developed by Günay, (2020). The questionnaire prepared by the researcher was adapted to the regional conditions. Based on demographic variables in the model, it was investigated whether there were statistically significant differences in pesticide use awareness, attitudes and behaviours on pesticide use, and agricultural pesticide supply characteristics scales.
... Eggplant was grafted onto scarlet eggplant (Solanum integrifolium Poir) in the 1950s. Since then, according to Lee (1994) and Oda (1995), the cultivation of grafted fruitbearing vegetable plants has increased greatly and grafting is an important technique for the sustainable production of fruitbearing vegetables in Korea, Japan, and some Asian and European countries, where land use is very intensive and continous cropping is common. Oda (1995) reported that the proportion of area in Japan producing grafted watermelon, cucumber, melon, tomato and eggplant reached 59% of the total production area in 1990. ...
... The effect of the two rootstocks on the agronomic characteristics of the two tomato cultivars, allow a series of considerations on the feasibility of this technique in the cultivars tested. In agreement with Lee (1994) and Oda (1995), there seems to be an interaction between rootstocks and scions, resulting in a fruit yield enhancement. ...
The influence of different grafting methods on the success of grafting and fruit yield of two tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was studied in a greenhouse trial in Ljubljana. The cultivars used as scion were 'Monroe' and 'Belle', and as rootstock 'PG 3' and 'Beaufort'. Two grafting methods were applied: cleft grafting and tube grafting. Grafted plants were then hand planted in a plastic house. The treatments applied in each cultivar were: cleft grafting onto 'PG 3' and 'Beaufort', and tube grafting onto 'PG3' and 'Beaufort', and ungrafted control. The following measurements were recorded: number of plants that survived until the transplanting date; fruit yield (g plant-1) and total number of fruits harvested per plant. The high percentage (79-100%) of succesful grafting observed for both tomato scions and rootstocks, using cleft and tube grafting methods, indicated that both grafting methods are suitable for tomato grafting. A positive effect of grafting was recorded when 'Monroe' was used as scion, and 'Beaufort' as rootstock. When 'Belle' was used as scion, a negative effect of grafting was observed, since the total fruit yield of non-grafted plants was significantly higher than that of plants grafted onto both rootstock cultivars. Grafting is thus considered an important technique for sustainable greenhouse production of fruit-bearing vegetables.
... These vegetables are important crops globally, and grafting can offer several benefits in their production. One of the primary advantages of grafting in solanaceous and cucurbitaceous vegetables is the ability to increase resistance to soil-borne diseases viz., Fusarium and Verticillium wilt (Lee, 1994). Grafting can also improve the productivity of vegetables by increasing plant vigour, quality, and tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and temperature fluctuations. ...
... Many vegetable grafting rootstocks were selected or produced from natural genotypes. They are distinguished by big and strong root systems, as well as specialized disease resistance Lee 1994). Soilborne infections frequently infect and damage plant roots, affecting plant nutrition and water uptake. ...
Vegetable grafting is a technique for creating a separate plant source that aids in the drastic decrease of plant vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as reducing the production costs by minimising the use of plant protection chemicals. Vegetable grafting was invented in Japan and Korea, and it is now used to maximise yield per unit area all around the world. Grafting is commonly used in vegetable crops to reduce soil-borne diseases such as Fusarium wilt and Bacterial wilt, as well as to improve quality such as TSS, pigments, and nutrient uptake due to the existence of a vigorous root system.
... The Montreal Protocol (United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat 2020) encouraged the banning of MB, and by 2010, MB use was completely prohibited in Europe and banned with exceptions for criticaluse needs in the United States (Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards 2019; US Environmental Protection Agency 2021). While the search for alternative chemical fumigants continues, other nonchemical approaches have shown their effectiveness in soilborne disease management, including the vegetable grafting technology (King et al. 2008;Lee 1994;Lee and Oda 2003;Lee et al. 2010). ...
... The rootstock is chosen based on the biotic and abiotic stress resistance or tolerance of its root system as well as its vigor and input use efficiency. These first heterografting trials resulted in increased soilborne disease resistance and drove the innovation of grafting techniques for many vegetables (Lee 1994). Many rootstocks have been developed for commercial production of cucurbitaceous and solanaceous vegetables (Davis et al. 2008a(Davis et al. , 2008bLee and Oda 2003). ...
Globally, there has been an increase in stringent regulations governing the use of chemical soil fumigants for controlling diseases, pests, and weeds. Grafting has been identified as an effective alternative to soil fumigation for managing soilborne diseases and pests in intensive vegetable cropping systems. The majority of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) grafting research confirms that selected rootstocks play a role in improving plant resistance or tolerance to common soilborne diseases. Currently, there is a lack of evidence-based literature on the effects of grafting on watermelon fruit quality attributes and yield components. Previous reviews report wide variation in the impact of grafting on watermelon production, depending on rootstock–scion combinations and environmental conditions. This review employed evidence-based synthesis methods to comprehensively and methodically summarize research results of the impact of grafting on watermelon, with a focus on fruit quality and yield. In this systematic review, 548 citations (studies published during 2011–21) were screened against strict inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from 47 studies. Meta-analysis of percent differences between the grafted watermelon treatment and the nongrafted or self-grafted watermelon control was performed using extracted data of yield components and a wide range of fruit quality attributes. Meta-analysis of research data with variance measures was also conducted based on a rather limited number of studies. Our findings showed higher levels of total yield, average fruit weight, fruit length and width, fruit lycopene and soluble solids content, rind thickness, flesh firmness, lightness, chroma, and flesh nitrogen (N) content in grafted watermelon treatments compared with the nongrafted or self-grafted control. In particular, total yield, average fruit weight, and flesh firmness exhibited significant increases of a more than 10% difference. In contrast, grafted plants demonstrated decreases in fruit pH, hue angle, and flesh calcium content, although the reduction was not greater than 10% relative to the control. Meta-analysis of research data with variance measures further confirmed significantly greater total yield and flesh N content in grafted watermelon treatments compared with the nongrafted or self-grafted control. In addition, the meta-analysis results confirmed greater benefits of watermelon grafting in the presence of known soilborne disease pressure in contrast to the production scenarios without soilborne disease problems.
... El injerto comercial de hortalizas se originó en Japón y Corea y de forma lenta pero progresiva se introdujo en los países occidentales a principios de los años 90. En estos años, en Japón cerca del 60% de los cultivares de sandía, pepino, tomate y berenjena ya hacían uso de plantas injertadas [23], mientras que en Corea esta cifra ascendía a 81% [13]. Sin embargo, fuera de Asia, la elevada mano de obra especializada necesaria para realizar el proceso y los altos costes que conllevaba hicieron que la adopción de estas técnicas se produjera muy lentamente. ...
... Este método puede ser utilizado sobre cualquier especie. Sin embargo, no se utiliza comercialmente de forma regular debido a que precisa una mayor mano de obra para eliminar las partes inservibles y retirar el clip de injerto; a que se necesita mayor espacio para crecimiento de las plantas injertadas; y a que de manera frecuente la parte de variedad desarrolla raíces adventicias después del trasplante [13]. ...
Grafting of seedlings is a fundamental process for the plant production sector. Vegetable grafting is widely used among nurseries and producers as a method for plant propagation. This process is labor-intensive, and it is traditionally carried out manually by highly skilled workers under extreme environmental conditions involving high humidity and temperature. During the last few decades, some efforts have been made in order to automate the grafting process using complex machines. However, due to the high production rates required by vegetable plant producers to meet the demand, only a few of these machines managed to reach the market. The use of industrial robots can help automate the grafting process in a more precise, versatile, and controlled manner. This study aims at applying robotics and automation technologies to improve the efficiency and repeatability of the vegetable grafting process. This approach can help standardize procedures and reduce costs in vegetable plant production environments. The use of advanced techniques and methods can help technify and professionalize the agricultural sector.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10835/5840
... The grafting method, maintenance conditions, and nutritional status of the rootstock and scion are important in grafting (Philippines, 1990;Ertok and Padem, 2007). In the case of low compatibility, besides the decrease in quality and yield of the obtained product, deaths in plants occur (Lee, 1994). It was observed that the level of incompatibility decreased when hybrid rootstocks of the same genus and species were used, while the level of incompatibility increased in rootstocks between different genera. ...
... Otani and Seike, 2007;Ulaş and Yetişir, 2016 Due to the strong root systems of grafted seedlings, plant growth and performance are positively affected, resulting in an increase in yield. Lee, 1994;Sarı, 2003, Miguel, 2004;Davis et al. 2008;Yetisir and Uygur, 2010 Increase in resistance to soil-borne diseases. Nisini et al. 2002;Davis et al. 2008;King et al. 2010;Lee et al. 2010;Louws et al, 2010;Villocino and Quevedo, 2015;Fallik et al. 2016;Kyriacou et al. 2016;Melnyk, 2017;Cardarelli et al. 2020 Tolerance can also be provided to biotic factors such as soil-borne pathogens and pests, and abiotic stress conditions such as drought, cold, temperature, salinity and heavy metal toxicity. ...
... Grafting has been shown to be a means to avoid biotic and abiotic stress, promote plant growth, and increase crop productivity (Lee 1994;Kubota et al. 2008;Lee et al. 2010). Vegetable grafting is used extensively within protected environment production systems, such as greenhouses and high tunnels. ...
... Vegetable grafting is used extensively within protected environment production systems, such as greenhouses and high tunnels. While vegetable grafting has been employed predominantly to manage plant diseases (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad 1982;Lee 1994Lee , 2003Lee , 2007Paroussi et al. 2007;Sakata et al. 2007;Kubota et al. 2008), it also has been utilized to enhance nutrient uptake and increase nutrient-use efficiency (Ruiz et al. 1997;Santa-Cruz et al. 2002;Martinez-Ballesta et al. 2010). Grafting provides a rapid response to production constraints and is considered an ecological approach for growers to manage biotic and abiotic stress and provide high-quality tomato fruit (Rivard and Louws 2008). ...
... Many examples of host tolerance have been described in the literature and there is little doubt that breeding directed towards pathogen control can help in the management of soilborne pathogens. Grafting susceptible crops onto resistant rootstocks is possible for several crops, such as tomato hybrids that are resistant to Verticillium and Fusarium wilt and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, cucumber (Cucurbita ficifolia), which is rootstock resistant to Fusarium wilt, and melon (Benincasa cerifera), which is resistant to Fusarium wilt (Lee, 1994). Examples of the contribution of host resistance to the management of tomato diseases were reviewed by Chitwood-Brown et al. (2021). ...
Vegetable crops are economically important throughout the world and they all share some common features, such as high value, globalisation of the seed market, continuous intensification and innovation of their production systems, the presence of a high number of crops and varieties, and a limited availability of chemical pesticides for their disease management. In this review, we focus on fungal plant pathogens, although several diseases caused by bacteria are becoming important. Many diseases caused by soilborne pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum (different formae speciales ), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp. and Phytophthora spp., become more severe over the last few years. Many of these diseases can be considered the consequence of the profound changes that soil disinfestation has undergone since the use of methyl bromide was prohibited in 2005. In the meantime, new hosts have been detected for diseases caused by foliar pathogens ( Alternaria spp., Stemphylium spp. Fusarium equiseti , Albifimbria verrucaria , Paramyrothecium roridum ), often as a consequence of climate change. The phytopathological situations of vegetable crops is discussed hereafter, with special emphasis on Italy, which is one of the most important vegetable production countries in Europe (not worldwide). The evolution of some diseases as a possible consequence of the current limitations in the use of chemicals, of the globalisation of the markets and/or of climate change is critically discussed. The disease management options that are currently available (e.g. the use of healthy planting material, host resistance, soil health, soilless systems, biological control, and integrated pest management) are discussed.
... asiatica (the Asian gourds)" [5], (Heiser,1973). "Another recent utilization of bottle gourd is as rootstock for watermelon against soil-borne diseases and low soil temperature" [6,7]. ...
An investigation was carried out to assess the gene action in bottle gourd for twenty- three characters at Main Experiment Station, Department of Vegetable Science, A.N.D.U.A.&T., Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P). during Zaid 2022 using 12 genotypes, nine lines i.e., Narendra Rashmi, NDBG-17, Pusa Naveen, NDBG-21, Punjab Komal, NDBG-28, NDBG-65-2, NDBG-105, NDBG-Sel-2 and three testers i.e., Narendra Prabha, Narendra Kamna, Narendra Pooja and their 27 hybrids obtained through line × tester mating pattern. The variances due to sca (σ2 s) were higher than variance due to gca (σ2g) for all the characters. The value of dominance genetic variances (σ2 D) were larger than additive genetic variance (σ2 A), indicating the presence of dominance and over dominance effects and preponderance of non-additive gene action .The heritability in narrow sense was low for most of the traits except fruit length, days to first staminate flower anthesis and primary branches per plant where high estimate of heritability in narrow sense with low genetic advance were recorded, indicating the presence of non-additive gene action accompanied by environmental influence.
... On May 1st, healthy Artemisia annua plants 30 cm in height and with a 6-mm stem diameter were used as the rootstocks, and apical shoots with a length of 15 cm and a stem diameter of 4 mm from healthy chrysanthemums were used as the scions. Insert grafting was performed as described by Lee (1994). In order to maintain high humidity, the grafted seedlings were covered with a layer of transparent plastic film, and the grafted seedlings were placed in the shade for 72 hours. ...
... The grafting process was carried out when the plants reached a stem diameter of 3mm, which was obtained 32 days after planting the variety. For this, the splicing technique was used Lee et al. [13] which consists of a cut at an angle of 45° to the two plants to form the union of the stems, for the fastening of the union point of the graft. They used special 2-mm-wide silicone tweezers. ...
Malnutrition problems are related to diets that lack one or more essential elements, which it is extremely important to food enrichment to improve the content of compounds effective for health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ on the induction of nutraceutical quality in grafted tomatoes grown in the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system. In the experiment, two factors were evaluated: plants with and without grafting and the foliar application of 10 ml L−1 Ca2+, 4 ml L−1 K+ and 10 ml L−1 Mg2+ cations separately for each case, in addition to the control. The treatments were evaluated using a completely randomized design, with 5 repetitions per treatment. The interactive effects between grafting and foliar application of Ca2+ induced a greater content lycopene, β-carotene and total flavonoids in fruits of tomato. The interactive effects between the graft and the Mg2+ foliar applications obtained the best results in the phenol content. As regards, capacity DPPH and ABTS, the graft decreased concentration, increasing the content of these through foliar applications of calcium. Regarding the enzymatic variables, graft factor increased activity catalase, glutathione peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonium lyase, obtained the best results graft interaction and foliar application of calcium and magnesium. The results obtained demonstrate the influence of the use of grafts and foliar applications of cal-cium and magnesium as tools that could improve the nutraceutical quality content of tomato crop
... Grafting vegetables on resistant rootstocks is a mean of controlling root-knot nematodes in areas with intensive land use (Lee, 1994;Greco, 1999;Ioannou, 2001;Kacjan Maršić and Osvald, 2004;Lopez-Perez et al., 2006 ). ...
This is a preliminary communication reporting on a case where the scion of a grafted tomato in a greenhouse crop of Crete became infected by the root–knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
... Even though there were many advantages in utilizing grafted plants, not all vegetables can be grafted since the success percentage of grafted plants depends on the genetic makeup, growth characters, anatomy and biochemical and physiological aspects of the species. The Cucurbits and solanaceous crops remain as the most commonly grafted vegetable crops around the world (Lee, 1994;Schwarz et al., 2010). The inter-graftability of cucurbitaceous vegetables including cucumber, watermelon, bitter gourd, muskmelon and other gourds has been used and there were other related graft-compatible wild and cultivated species that could be employed as rootstocks to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses (Huang et al., 2014). ...
Cucurbit grafting has grown in favour among vegetable gardeners all over the world. The approach was originally developed to prevent soil-borne diseases, which remain still very important in today’s intensive agriculture. Important diseases that can be controlled by utilizing cucurbit rootstocks include fusarium and verticillium wilt, bacterial wilt, phytophthora and root-knot nematode. Demand for vegetables has been tremendously increasing around the world and due to the scarcity of arable land, persistent cultivation of vegetables being done under unfavourable soil and environmental stress conditions, especially in protected cultivation. Hence to lessen the production losses brought on by such abiotic and biotic stresses in cucurbits be to graft them onto rootstocks. Cucurbit grafting has also resulted in the production of organic and environmentally safer produce by reducing the intake of unfavourable pesticide residues. However, due to recent developments, this strategy now multifarious and used for a multitude of things. Increased usage of grafted seedlings will surely be encouraged by the development of versatile rootstocks, effective grafting tools and methods in numerous nations. The current review work highlights numerous studies on cucurbitaceous crop grafting carried out globally on issues including abiotic and biotic stresses, growth, yield and quality of cucurbitaceous crops.Cucurbit grafting has grown in favour among vegetable gardeners all over the world. The approach was originally developed to prevent soil-borne diseases, which remain still very important in today’s intensive agriculture. Important diseases that can be controlled by utilizing cucurbit rootstocks include fusarium and verticillium wilt, bacterial wilt, phytophthora and root-knot nematode. Demand for vegetables has been tremendously increasing around the world and due to the scarcity of arable land, persistent cultivation of vegetables being done under unfavourable soil and environmental stress conditions, especially in protected cultivation. Hence to lessen the production losses brought on by such abiotic and biotic stresses in cucurbits be to graft them onto rootstocks. Cucurbit grafting has also resulted in the production of organic and environmentally safer produce by reducing the intake of unfavourable pesticide residues. However, due to recent developments, this strategy now multifarious and used for a multitude of things. Increased usage of grafted seedlings will surely be encouraged by the development of versatile rootstocks, effective grafting tools and methods in numerous nations. The current review work highlights numerous studies on cucurbitaceous crop grafting carried out globally on issues including abiotic and biotic stresses, growth, yield and quality of cucurbitaceous crops.
... During the past few years, hybrid cucumber was intensively grown in different areas of the country, but the critical problem is low yield due to unfavourable soil properties, soil-borne diseases, and successive cropping methods (Mihaljlovic et al., 2017). In addition, vegetable farming adversely affects cucumber production, especially in a greenhouse (Lee, 1994). Therefore, to overcome these problems, crop rotation is the most effective way to remediate such issues by avoiding cucumber cultivation in the same field for at least five years. ...
In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) male and female flowers' production rate is not the same in every variety, which is the main cause to create variation in fruit set. Though natural pollinators (honeybees and flies) are significant catalysts in fruit settings, but if genetically the female flower production rate is lower then we cannot expect more fruits from that plant. Knowing the female flower-bearing characteristics of selected cucumber plants is important otherwise cannot expect the desired yield from the plant. Considering the overall issues, a study was conducted for the evaluation of performance of five cucumber varieties namely, Timun Putih Besar (TPB), Timun Hijau Manis (THM), Timun Hijau Tanga (THT), Timun Susu Besar (TSB), and Timun Putih (TP). The study was carried out in Nethouse 7 at the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture (FSA), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sandakan. Data on plant height (cm), numbers of leaves, days to first male and female flowering, total numbers of male and female flowers, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight (g), total numbers of fruits per plant, total yield (kg), and leaf chlorophyll content were collected and analysed. The result showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the varieties for days to first male and female flowering, total numbers of female flowers, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight (g), total number of fruits per plant, total yield (kg) and chlorophyll content, respectively. Overall, Timun Hijau Manis (THM) significantly (p<0.05) exhibited the best performance for days to first female flowering (25.50 days), total numbers of female flowers (21.50), total number of fruits per plant (5.75), and total yield (1.99 kg) compared to other 4 varieties. Therefore, THM variety is highly recommended to farmers for the overall performances and yield followed by TBP, THT, TSB and TP cucumber varieties, respectively.
... Grafted plants had a greater fresh and dry shoot and root weights (Table 7). Grafting has been reported to increase both shoot and root biomass in several studies (Gioia et al. 2010;Lee 1994;Leoni et al. 1990;Lin et al. 2020;Rahmatian et al. 2014;Ruiz et al. 1997;Venema et al. 2008;Zijlstra et al. 1994). Hydroponic systems had greater shoot fresh and dry weights than aquaponic systems, and aquaponic systems had a 46.4% greater root fresh weight than hydroponic systems (Table 8). ...
Cherokee Purple' tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are a highly sought-after heirloom cultivar in the United States but are low yielding and highly susceptible to soil-borne pathogens, and may benefit from being grafted. Soilless systems such as aquaponics and hydroponics help increase yield, mitigate disease, and serve as an alternative to field production. The objective of this study was to evaluate a grafting combination of 'Cherokee Purple' × 'Maxifort' and nongrafted controls in 1.85-m 2 media grow beds with hydroponic and aquaponic systems using copper nose bluegill in a greenhouse. Grafting increased stem diameter, leaf count, stem height, flower count, and bud count compared with nongrafted plants. In aquaponics, grafting increased the phosphorus uptake over nongrafted plants grown in the aquaponic system. Grafting resulted in greater fresh (49.2%) and dry (40.0%) shoot biomass, and fresh (33.3%) and dry (42.8%) root biomass. Grafting also increased the uptake of copper and sulfur in the aquaponic systems. The hydroponic systems resulted in greater leaf count, soil plant analysis development, stem height, shoot biomass, and greater boron, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese levels than aquaponic systems. Total fruit number and weight were greater in hydroponic systems than in aquaponic systems by 35.4% and 30.4%, respectively, but fruit splitting was a problem in both. Aquaponics resulted in greater root fresh weight than hydroponics. The nutrients zinc and copper increased with the use of aquaponic systems over hydro-ponic systems. This research suggests that the type of system can affect growth and nutrient uptake, and 'Cherokee Purple' should not be used in a soilless system because of excessive fruit splitting, leading to unmarketable fruit and low yield, unless environmental conditions can be managed during the heat of the summer.
... Grafting is considered a faster alternative to the oftenprolonged breeding process. For the past four decades, productive scions have been grafted onto resistant rootstocks to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, namely in East Asia with solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops (Lee, 1994;Schwarz et al., 2010). It permits organic production, reduces dependency on agrochemicals (Rivard and Louws, 2008), and facilitates organic farming. ...
... The efficiency of water and nutrient uptake is increased by rootstocks that possess a vigorous root system architecture. As a result, this condition not only leads to increased yield but also aids in disease control (Lee, 1994;Balkaya, 2014;Karaağaç et al., 2018;Karaağaç, 2020). In recent years, researchers have directed their attention towards examining root system architectures as promising avenues for crop improvement (Sarıbaş et al., 2019;Karaağaç et al., 2020;Karaağaç, 2021). ...
This study was conducted to select promising Turkish local Cucurbita rootstocks among intraspecific and interspecific hybrids for grafted melon seedling based on hybrid success rate, hypocotyl traits and graft compatibility. Rooting potentials, root system architecture and plant growth parameters of the rootstocks grafted with melon were also evaluated. Two lines of C. maxima (male parent) and eleven lines of C. moschata (female parent) at S5 generation were used. In addition, six winter squash lines were used as male parent and six pumpkin lines were used as female parent in intraspecific hybridization program. Intraspecific hybrid combinations had quite high number of seeds per fruit as compared to interspecific hybrid combinations. The highest number of seeds per fruit was obtained from HMO2 × OMO2 (359) and OMO5 × HMO8 (314) hybrid combinations. Hypocotyl lengths of all hybrid cucurbit rootstock combinations ranged from 32.96 mm (RS17) to 73.35 mm (RS8) and hypocotyl thicknesses ranged from 2.71 mm (RS2) to 3.55 mm (RS8). Graft success rates varied between 96.6 – 100% in winter squash and pumpkin intraspecific hybrids and between 87.1 – 100% in interspecific hybrids. Significant differences were seen in root architecture parameters (root length, root volume, mean root diameter, root surface area and root dry matter weight) of intraspecific and interspecies hybrid Cucurbita lines. The findings of the study indicated that the intraspecific and interspecific local cucurbit rootstock candidates developed within the rootstock breeding program showed promise as viable options for commercial use as rootstocks for grafted melon seedlings. Research about the effects of selected intraspecific and interspecific hybrid Cucurbita rootstock candidates on earliness, fruit quality and yield parameters of grafted melon will continue. Keywords: Cucurbita maxima; Cucurbita moschata; Rootstock breeding; Root system architecture; Melon
... Concurrently, the presence of sufficient moisture and nutrients in the growth medium led to increased sprouting, subsequently enhancing various morphological aspects such as plant height, circumference, and leaf count. This result agrees with the findings of lee [17] and Ioannou et al., [18]. ...
An investigation entitled, “Effect of different rootstocks and scion compatibility study on Rosa sp.’’ was conducted to study the graft compatability and growth performance of grafted rose plants and the experiment was conducted in Vegetable Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Palur, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu during the year 2022. It was carried out using completely randomized design (CRD) with fifteen treatments (T1- Andhra red rose + Dog rose, T2-Andhra red rose + Button rose, T3-Andhra red rose + Ebb tide rose, T4- Andhra red rose +Fairy rose, T5- Andhra red rose + Edward rose, T6- Edward rose+ Dog rose, T7-Edward rose + Button rose, T8-Edward rose+ Ebb tide rose, T9-Edward rose + Fairy rose, T10-Edward rose+ Edward rose, T11-Damask rose + Dog rose, T12-Damask rose + Button rose, T13-Damask rose + Ebb tide rose, T14-Damask rose+ Fairy rose, T15-Damask rose+ Edward rose) and two replications. The results indicated a significant difference between the different treatment combination for graft union, success percentage, survival percentage, plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), days taken for leaf initiation. The experiment data revealed that the maximum graft success (90) and graft survival percentage (80), length of leaves (3.9 cm) and plant height (67.6) was recorded in the treatments T7 (Edward rose + Button rose). It can be concluded that the combination of rootstock as Edward rose and scion as Button rose is said to be most compatible and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.
... However, final main-stem length and leaf number in grafted plants were significantly higher than in non-grafted ones. Superior vigor and vegetative growth in grafted plants can be explained by their resistance to soil-borne diseases (Lee, 1994), better root-system activity in the rootstock (Salehi et al, 2009) leading to increased water and plant nutrient uptake, higher endogenous levels of hormones (Zijlstra et al, 1994) and tolerance of the rootstock to other unfavorable soilconditions (Rivero et al, 2003). ...
'Tainan No.1' cucumber, an F1 hybrid, is powdery-mildew resistant and is, therefore, fit for greenhouse-culture. Soil-borne diseases in cucurbits have gained increasing importance with intensive cultivation of these crops. In the present experiment, cucumber cv. 'Tainan No. 1' was grafted onto two rootstocks, viz., Cucumisand Cucurbita. Nongrafted cucumber plants were used as the Control. Results revealed that both kinds of grafted plants had similar graft-survival rate, and, better vegetative growth than non-grafted ones; however, between the two rootstocks, grafted plants did not differ in vegetative growth or yield. Further, plants grafted on Cucumis had significant effect on fruit quality. In is therefore recommended that grafting procedure in cucumber greenhouse-culture can be practiced on Cucumis.
... Although research has shown that grafting can confer a number of benefits to high tunnel tomato production (Kubota et al. 2008, Lewis et al. 2014Rivard et al. 2010b), there is a significant cost both to produce and purchase grafted plants. The challenges of using grafted plants include additional labor, cost of seeds, selection of compatible rootstock, fertilizer management, excessive growth, and adventitious scion rooting (Lee 1994). It has been estimated that the production of a grafted tomato transplant costs $0.49 to $0.76 more than an equivalent-sized ungrafted plant; however, the potential savings from reduced pesticide use and increased yields may justify the investment (Rivard et al. 2010b). ...
Grafted and ungrafted ‘Primo Red’ tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) transplants were planted at 16-, 20-, and 24-inch spacing in a commercial high tunnel in central New York, USA, to compare yields. ‘Primo Red’ scions were grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstocks and left to heal in a commercial greenhouse facility. Tomatoes were harvested as they ripened, and the weight and number of fruit per plot was recorded and then calculated out to a per-plant basis. Wider plant spacings resulted in higher yields for both grafted and ungrafted plants. However, economic returns remained highest in the highest density (16 inches in-row) spacing with grafted plants. This indicates that growers may not need to adjust density despite additional foliage from grafted plants. Foliar incidence of Botrytis gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea ) was not significantly different under spacing or grafting treatments. Grafting resulted in higher yields across all plant spacings compared with ungrafted plants. Commercial growers can use this information to make choices on grafting and spacing in high tunnel tomato.
... Crop rotation, which suggests that watermelon should not be grown for at least five years in the same field infected with the Fusarium wilt pathogen, is one of the most successful techniques for reducing Fusarium wilt of watermelon (Messiaen, 1974). Besides that, grafting susceptible types onto resistant rootstocks may help manage some soil-borne diseases and improve yield and quality (Lee, 1994;Oda, 1995;Yetisir et al., 2003). The first goals of grafting in watermelon were to prevent soil-borne diseases such Fusarium wilt (Salam et al., 2002;Yetisir et al., 2003;Yetisir et al., 2007), to encourage nutrient uptake (Pulgar et al, 2000) and plant growth (Yamasaki et al., 1994;Yetisir et al., 2003;Karaca et al., 2012), but these goals have increased significantly over time. ...
This study's goal was to look at how grafting affected the concentration of plant nutrients in watermelon plants which different rootstocks and various ground skin colors lines. During the 2020 spring/summer growing season, this study was conducted in the greenhouses and labs of the Alata Horticultural Research Institute in Mersin, Türkiye. Rootstocks included Argentario from a commercial rootstock, 3335 from Turkish landraces of the Lagenaria spp. group, Nun9075 and TZ148 from commercial rootstocks of the Cucurbita maxima×C. moschata group, and PI 296341 from Citrullus amarus. Türkiye is an important producer where Nun9075 and TZ148 are used as rootstocks for watermelon. As scions, B1, B2, S1, and S2 pure lines were used. Striped rind pattern can be seen on the S1 and S2 pure lines. Dark green rind pattern can be found in the B1 and B2 pure lines. As a result, there was no direct prominence in plant nutrient intake in terms of pumpking and bottle gourd rootstocks and dark or striped rind pattern lines. N content, the highest value was taken from Argentario (2.58) rootstocks and line S1 (2.60). P and Fe content, there was no statistically significant difference between rootstocks, and between lines. K content, the highest value from Argentario (2.83) and NUN9075 (2.82) rootstocks, and from S1 (2.88) and line B1 (2.81) lines. Mg content, the highest value was obtained from NUN9075 (0.39) and line B2, while the other lines received the highest values and were in the same group. Zn content, the lowest value among rootstocks was obtained from 3335 (17.50) rootstocks, while other rootstocks took the highest values and took place in the same group. Mg content, the highest value was taken from 3335 (58.80) rootstocks and line B1 (52.01).
... Para ello se tomaron al azar dos muestras por repetición de cada tratamiento cuando las plantas presentaron sus cotiledones expandidos (estadio 009, código BBCH) (Meier, 2001), y luego con una frecuencia de 3 días hasta el estado de primera hoja verdadera (estadio 101, código BBCH) (Meier, 2001). En este estadio fenológico se considera que la planta se encuentra apta para su uso como pie de injerto (Lee, 1994). Las muestras de sustrato se diluyeron con agua destilada en una proporción de 5:1 y agitadas con espátula durante cinco minutos. ...
La salinización de los medios de cultivo en producciones intensivas como consecuencia del uso de agua de riego con alta conductividad eléctrica se ha incrementado en condiciones protegidas. Una estrategia para mitigar el efecto de las sales sobre los cultivos es el uso de plantas injertadas sobre un pie que tolere este estrés abiótico. El melón (Cucumis melo L.) usualmente se injerta sobre distintas especies del género Cucumis o Cucurbita, sobre híbridos interespecíficos del género Cucurbita, o sobre Lagenaria siceraria. En este estudio se comparó a través de tres experimentos el patrón de acumulación de biomasa aérea y radicular de plantines de Cucurbita maxima Duch. x Cucurbita moschata Duch. bajo riego con solución nutritiva de diferente salinidad (0,84, 4, 6 y 8 dS.m-1). El incremento en la cantidad de sales aportadas hacia fines del ciclo evaluado determinó una menor acumulación de materia seca en las plantas con indicadores de crecimiento (RPF, TAC, ICRF e ICRP) que reflejaron esta merma, por lo que no sería recomendable el uso de este híbrido como pie de injerto para producción de plantines en condiciones salinas.
... The successful assembly of grafting tissues could be explained by plant age and young tissue (46 DAS) of rootstocks and scion cultivars, in agreement with the findings of Johkan et al. (2008). Also, grafting success, according to Acosta-Muñoz (2005) and Lee (1994), is influenced by the high affinity and compatibility of the grafted species. Other factors that enhance grafting success are an environment with abundant oxygen, a temperature of 25 to 27 C, relative humidity of 80% to 100% (Acosta-Muñoz 2005), and no direct sunlight (de Miguel et al. 2007). ...
The genus Capsicum has been distinguished by its lack of compatible rootstocks with commercial cultivars to successfully protect against Phytophthora capsici . Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) has been used worldwide in crosses and as a rootstock to protect against P. capsici . However, novel sources of resistance to this pathogen, such as ‘Pasilla 18M’ have not yet been explored as rootstocks. A good rootstock should be highly compatible with the scion and also maintain the quality and/or provide a benefit to the grafted cultivar. Our objectives were 1) to evaluate grafting survival using ‘Pasilla 18M’ and CM334 as rootstocks of two susceptible commercial cultivars: Sweet Pepper California Wonder (CW) and Serrano Coloso; and 2) to evaluate the efficiency of ‘Pasilla 18M’ as rootstock against P. capsici using CM334 as a resistant control. Grafting survival was analyzed over 58 days after grafting in sets of 60 plants per varietal combination. Disease severity and incidence were recorded during 24 days after inoculation with P. capsici (DAI). Incidence was also evaluated at 54 and 84 DAI. A severity scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 4 (dead plant) was applied to evaluate root rot per plant. Incidence was recorded as the percent of diseased plants (severity >0). Grafting survival of intervarietal grafts was 87% to 94%, similar to ungrafted cultivars, and exceeding autograft survival. Ungrafted and autografted Sweet Pepper and Serrano showed root rot severities 2.3 to 3.3, with 89% to 100% incidence. In contrast, intervarietal grafts remained almost free of infection (severity 0.14; incidence 0% to 4%). CM334 and ‘Pasilla 18M’ rootstocks are highly compatible with ‘Serrano Coloso’ and ‘Sweet Pepper CW’. ‘Pasilla 18M’ confers the same level of protection against P. capsici as CM334.
... For instance, more than 90% of watermelon seedlings are grafted in Japan and Korea (Lee et al., 2010), and over 80% of watermelons are grafted in protected production of China (Chen et al., 2017). Initially, grafting was applied to watermelon production to cope with soil borne diseases, including Fusarium wilt (Davis et al., 2008;Lee, 1994). Now grafting has been used to induce tolerances to abiotic stresses, such as soil salinity (Colla et al., 2006), low temperature (Lu et al., 2021), nutrient deficiency (Huang et al., 2016), water deficiency Seymen et al., 2021). ...
Sweetness is an essential quality trait of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai), and it depends on both the concentration and composition of sugars. Grafting is a routine technique for watermelon production globally. However, it remains unknown whether rootstock alter the profiles of sugars in watermelon. To address this issue, we grafted watermelon seedlings onto a Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata rootstock, photosynthesis in leaves, contents of main carbohydrates, activities of invertase and sucrose synthase and expressions of invertase genes and sugar transporters in watermelon fruits were examined. Results showed that grafting could have delayed fruit ripening as fruits from grafted plants had a higher hexose/sucrose ratio (increased concentration of glucose and fructose and decreased concentration of sucrose) compared to fruits from self-grafted plants. These changes were associated with increased vacuolar invertase (VIN) activity. Meanwhile, a watermelon VIN gene (ClVIN2) and two CWIN genes (ClCWIN1 and ClCWIN4) were identified in updated watermelon genome, and ClVIN2 was upregulated accompanied by the elevated activity of VIN. In addition, rootstock grafted plants displayed improved net photosynthesis rate, increased expression of ClAGA2 (coding alkaline alpha-galactosidase), ClVST1 (coding vacuolar sugar transporter) and ClCWIN4 (coding cell wall invertase), and higher activity of cell wall invertase when compared with self-grafted plants, contributing to increased fruit weight. In summary, our results imply that invertase and related sugar transporters might play a role in sugar profiles and fruit weight differentiation observed during fruit maturity evolution.
... Найпоширенішими підщепами для кавуна є пляшковий гарбуз, міжвидові гібриди між C. maxima та C. moschata та дикий кавун (Citrullus lanatus) (Davis, A. R. et al., 2008). Щеплення прищеп кавуна на підщепи практикується в усіх основних регіонах виробництва кавунів у світі (Lee, J. M. 1994;. Щеплення кавуна на підщепи пляшкового гарбуза зараз практикується в більшості районів вирощування кавунів у всьому світі (Davis and Perkins-Veazie, 2005;Hassell et al., 2008;Schwarz et al., 2010). ...
Study of the influence of various commercial rootstocks on the quality of diploid and triploid watermelon fruits in the conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical - statistical processing of the results of the experiment. The results. Based on the results of the research conducted in 2019-2021, we see that grafting on bottle gourd rootstocks of the hybrid Pelops F1 and the interspecific hybrid Cobalt F1 is used as an effective option for combating diseases, increasing yield, and resistance to abiotic factors in the production of watermelons; however, this process may affect fruit quality parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different rootstocks on vitamin C content, total soluble solids, total sugar and nitrate content in Kidman F1 and Yukon F1 watermelon hybrids at harvest. The study determined the influence of two rootstocks on some qualitative characteristics of watermelon fruits. The results showed that the quality parameters of the samples varied depending on the combination of the watermelon hybrid and the rootstock hybrid. Inoculation did not significantly affect vitamin C content and was lower than that of control plants in both diploid and triploid watermelons. The highest content of vitamin C was in Yukon F1 watermelon (in control) - 8.72 mg/100 g, and the combination of Yukon F1 with Cobalt F1 8.65 mg/100 g and Yukon F1 with Pelops F1 8.37 mg/100 g, respectively. Grafted watermelon plants on Cobalt F1 rootstock had the highest total soluble solids content in the test, which was -10.88% on Kidman F1, which was 1.5% more than the control, and 10.21% on Yukon F1, which was 1.06% more than the control, respectively. The highest content of total sugar was observed in the combination of Yukon F1 and Cobalt F1 8.84%, which is 1.71% more than the control, and the combination of Kidman F1 and Pelops F1 8.69%, which is 0.79% more than the control plants respectively. The content of nitrates was below the MPC (60 mg/kg) and ranged from 21.4 to 27.7 mg/kg. The lowest nitrate content was observed on the combination of Cobalt F1 rootstock and Kidman F1 watermelon 21.4 mg/kg, and on Yukon F1 watermelon 23.9 mg/kg, respectively, which is not significantly different from the control plants. Conclusions. The conducted studies indicate the expediency of using different rootstocks for diploid and triploid watermelons to improve fruit quality in the conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Inoculation provides a significant increase in the content of dry soluble matter, total sugar, and a lower content of nitrates, but inoculation negatively affected the content of vitamin C, especially in triploid watermelon. Comparing the two rootstocks, over three years of testing, we can conclude that grafted watermelon plants on the Cobalt F1 hybrid rootstock had a higher content of dry matter, total sugar, and lower nitrate content than on the Pelops F1 rootstock. The feasibility of using grafted plants in modern growing conditions has been proven.
... Mofeed [36] on Kalamata and Dolce olive trees, which %) with M/F followed by M/C, respectively. However, revealed that the number The findings of Pulgar et al. [24] and Hu et al. [25], a sizable amount of xylem sap, which is known to contain who showed that grafting effects the absorption and a high concentration of minerals, organic compounds and translocation of phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium and plant hormones like cytokines and gibberellins that calcium, are consistent with the present findings on the regulate the number of flowers per node [37][38]. Similar influence of various rootstocks on leaf mineral content. ...
The current study was conducted on Manzanillo olive cultivar grafted on Frantoio and Chemlali olive rootstocks, during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons at a private orchard in Cairo/Alexandria desert road. Trees were grown under sandy soil conditions with drip irrigation and planted at 6×6 meters as planting distances. The current study was set out to determine the impact of, Frantoio and Chemlali rootstocks, on productivity of Manzanillo olive cultivar. In this study, we assessed the effect of the examined rootstocks on Manzanillo olive's flowering, production, fruit quality and mineral content of the leaves. The obtained results indicated that different rootstocks had significant effects on the evaluated variables of the grafted Manzanillo olive trees, as compared to the same parameters measured for own-rooted Manzanillo trees. Furthermore, Manzanillo olive cultivar grafted on Frantoio rootstock had the highest flowering characteristics; N, P and K leaf mineral content and the highest yield and oil content. Meanwhile, Chemlali rootstock ranked the second place in improving the productivity and quality characteristics of the fruits. So, to maintain high productivity from Manzanillo olive trees, it is recommended to graft Manzanillo scions on Frantoio rootstocks followed by Chemlali.
... Batang atas (entres) adalah tunas tidur yang berasal dari 50 galur F1 mete berumur 12 bulan yang ditanam di lapang. Penyambungan entres dengan batang bawah dilakukan mengikuti metode Lee (1994). Panjang entres pada saat penyambungan adalah 20-25 cm sedangkan tinggi tanaman batang bawahnya 30 cm. ...
p> One of the causes of low cashew productivity in production centers is the attacks by pest, especially the mosquito bug Helopeltis sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae). Control efforts can be done by using the resistant varieties. The study was conducted at Cikampek Experimental Farm, from January–December 2018. This study aims to determine the level of resistance of crossbred cashew (F1) against Helopeltis sp. using the free-choice test method. The study was arranged in a Randomized Group Design and repeated 2 times. Total of 50 crossbred cashew strains propagated by grafting were placed in cages in a circular position. The number of plants in each cage was 23 strains. A total of 5 pairs adult of Helopeltis sp. that had been fed for 2 hours were introduced and placed in the center of the cage. The observation began 2 days after Helopeltis sp. infested which repeated every 3 days for 1 month or stopped if the insects died. Parameters observed included the number of eggs laid, number of eggs hatched, number of Helopeltis sp. perched, attack intensity, number of shoots, number of leaves grown and length of recovery period. The results showed that 23 strains were tolerant to Helopeltis sp., namely numbers: 2.1, 5.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.3, 11.4, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.3, 21.1, 21.3, 22.3, 22.4, 24.1, and 25.4. The attack intensity was 10-87.5 %. At the time of recovery, shoot growth reached 1-4 shoots and leave growth reached 2-11 leaves. The recovery period occurred for 10-14 days. The yield of the tolerant strains obtained required for further testing in the field. </p
... The fact that grafted plants have a strong root structure increases the resistance of the plants to soil-based problems and increases productivity. (Lee, 1994;Tüzel et al., 2005;Yarşı et al., 2008;Ece ve Çimen, 2013). ...
In this study, the effects of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum cv. Depar F1) seedlings grafted on three different rootstocks (Kudret, Hamarat, Pençe) on yield and some quality parameters of tomato plants grown in the greenhouse and open field were investigated. According to the results we obtained, while the plants grown in greenhouses grew up 42.3% faster than those grown in the open, an increase in yield was achieved by 265%. While TA and vitamin C values, among the fruit quality characteristics, came to the fore in the plants grown in the greenhouse, the fruit firmness values came to the fore in the tomatoes grown in the field. Kudreç rootstock came to the fore regarding yield and fruit quality characteristics. When the nutrient contents of the fruits were examined, the highest N, Ca and Mg were measured in greenhouse-grown tomatoes, while the highest O.M and Mn were measured in field plants. Hamarat rootstock has come to the fore in terms of fruit nutritional content. As a result, the importance of growing conditions for grafted plants to show their performance has been demonstrated again. However, it has been demonstrated for the first time that such successful results can be obtained, especially with organic plant nutrition methods.
... Rootstock selection with high resistance and compatibility in grafting increases crop yield [33]. The higher yield of fruit from grafted tomato plants was most likely an effect of the robust root system of the rootstock and also due to enhanced water and mineral uptake [34,35]. Grafted plants can improve the quality of growth and yield, extend the harvest, and increase the efficiency of water use and nutrition [31,36]. ...
Grafting technology is one of the best alternatives to mitigate limiting factors to tomato production (Solanum lycopersicum L). The study aimed to assess grafting combinations of tomato scions and rootstocks of eggplant (S. melongena L.) varieties Gelatik, EG203 line, and Takokak (S. torvum Sw.). Tomato varieties Cervo, Karina, and Timoty were used as scions. The grafted Cervo and Timoty yielded 30% more than non-grafted plants. The results show that grafted tomatoes suppressed disease incidence by more than 20%. The suppression resulted in higher shelf-life capacity and total dissolved solids of more than 10%, red colour intensity (a+) of more than 16%, lycopene content, fruit hardness level of more than 20%, and reduced water content by more than 1%. Vitamin C content was not affected by grafting technology. There is the potential for economic performance in the market for producers and consumers. Grafting technology in tomatoes using eggplants as rootstock could reduce disease incidence and improve agronomic aspects, product quality, and nutrient contents. Different cultivars of scions and rootstock showed different responses. Grafting technology could be disseminated to farmers for economic advantages during the off-season.
... Grafting presents a unique solution to this problem by allowing growers to select preferred vegetable varieties/scions for grafting onto vigorous and/or disease resistant rootstocks (Harrison and Burgess, 1962;Louws et al., 2010;Rivard et al., 2010a;Grieneisen et al., 2018). The hardiness, disease resistance, or vigor of rootstocks can improve yield of grafted scions, specifically fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) cultivars (Lee, 1994;Oztekin et al., 2009;Grieneisen et al., 2018). The use of grafted plants is common in greenhouse vegetable production but has not been as widely adopted in field production systems in the USA (Kubota et al., 2008). ...
Grafting high yielding tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) onto vigorous rootstocks can increase marketable yields, but questions remain regarding optimal cultural and growing conditions such as pinching and plant spacing. This study addressed some of the dynamics between grafted plants and cultural practices. Two scions, ‘Tasti-Lee’ (TL) and ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’ (MFP) were grafted onto each of three rootstocks, ‘Beaufort’, ‘Arnold’, and ‘Shield’. Plants were pinched (removal of main shoot to induce both axillary shoots to grow) or non-pinched, and spaced at 56 or 61 cm. All 32 grafted treatments were compared to the grower standard: non-grafted TL and MFP spaced at 46 cm, which were non-pinched. Fruit quality traits including soluble solids content, pH, lycopene concentration, and titratable acidity were recorded for fruit harvested from tomatoes grafted onto ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, ‘Shield’ and non-grafted TL. The overall effect of grafting TL and MFP onto vigorous rootstocks ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, and ‘Fortamino’ increased marketable yields per hectare by 24-35% compared to non-grafted grower standards. The rootstock ‘Shield’ did not significantly increase yields with either scion. TL had a more positive response to grafting than MFP. ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, and ‘Fortamino’ significantly increased TL fruit size, but the fruit size results were not as significantly impacted by graft treatments for MFP. Plants spaced at 56 compared to 61 cm generated similar yields. Pinched plants significantly increased yields over non-pinched plants by 15% in 2018 but did not impact yield in 2017. No consistent difference was observed between pinched and non-pinched plants with regard to fruit size, only plants grafted with ‘Shield’ benefited significantly from being pinched. Soluble solids content, pH, total lycopene concentration, and titratable acidity differed slightly between grafted and non-grafted plants but was unlikely to positively or negatively affect overall perception of fruit quality in tomatoes. A partial budget analysis revealed that grafting with ‘Arnold’ or ‘Beaufort’ consistently increased profits in this low-disease field.
... The seed oils in Lagenaria siceraria possess acceptable acid and peroxide values with high linoleic acid and low linolenic acid levels making it a potential source of quality edible oils (Emmanuel et al., 2013). Moreover, Lagenaria siceraria was reported to be resistant to soil-borne diseases and used as rootstock for watermelon in grafting (Lee, 1994). However, the dioecious species are localised in Africa, Madagascar, and Comoro Island (Khosa & Dhatt, 2015). ...
Okunlola B.O., Azeez S.O., Faluyi J.O., 2022: Reproductive biology of two Lagenaria (Curcubitaceae) species .-Botanica, 28(2): 133-144. https://doi.org/10.35513/Botlit.2022.2.5 The genus Lagenaria (Cucurbitaceae) members are underutilised, neglected and on the verge of being threatened to extinction. An investigation of their reproductive biology will serve as the basis for effective strategic planning towards their conservation. The plant materials used for this study were collected from Osun, Ekiti and Niger States in Nigeria. Reproductive parameters, including seed germination, phenology and pollination mechanism, were documented. The highest seed germination rate was observed in the accession of Lagenaria siceraria, Ekiti Bowl. The male flowers appeared first, followed by female flowers' emergence 14-28 days later, on the secondary shoots. The female flowers of each accession had unique inferior ovary shapes, which developed into different fruit shapes with distinct seed morphology. This study showed that the members of La-genaria performed better as climbers than as trailers, and the number of fruits produced per accession depends on the size or weight of the fruit. Chrysomelidae and Coryna apicicornis beetles were the primary pollinators observed. Furthermore, the pollens were predominantly monad, spheroidal and tricolporate, and pollen stai-nability ranged between 81% and 91% in all the accessions studied. Therefore, the fruit and seed morphology were diagnostic for each accession, and the flowers were pollinated mainly by beetles.
... During this period, the purpose of 2 grafting was also expanded. It was initially started to reduce infection by soil-borne diseases caused by pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht (Marukawa and Takatsu, 1969;Ryu et al., 1973;Hirata, 1975;Yamakawa, 1983;Itagi, 1992;Lee, 1994). Other research has shown that the use of certain rootstocks can increase the tolerance of grafted seedlings to low-temperatures of soil, a situation that farmers may encounter in greenhouses covered with plastic film (Rivero et al., 2003;Edelstein, 2004;Aidoo et al., 2017), to improve salt and wet/dry soil tolerance (Park, 1987), to improve water and nutrient uptake (Marukawa and Takatsu, 1969;Gomi and Masuda, 1981;Masuda and Gomi, 1982;Kate and Lou, 1989;Kim and Lee, 1989;Heo, 1991;Jang, 1992) and to provide a vigorous plants growth. ...
During the healing process, the scion and the rootstock must establish vascular connection, which is considered the most critical process in the production of grafted vegetables. Therefore, the healing process must be carried out in a monitored and controlled environment, in special healing areas, where parameters characterizing the microclimate must be maintained at the optimal values, ideally with great precision. The main objective of the current experiment was to analyse the variation of microclimate factors in the curing and acclimatization chambers of grafted vegetable seedlings during specific technological phase. The measurements of different abiotic factors such as relative humidity, temperature, light radiation intensity and CO2 concentration were carried out inside an experimental research healing tunnel situated inside a greenhouse. After grafting, the grafted seedlings were placed in specialized enclosures for their healing and the results shown that variations of the plants density and determined microclimate factors significantly affect the quality of seedlings. Because the stages of obtaining grafted seedlings are relatively short, fluctuations in environmental factors can have dramatic effects on the quality and quantity of grafted seedling production. Such a study of the prediction of microclimate factors must lead to the development of a versatile prediction model that can be used in any climatic conditions, at any time of the year and in any geographical location.
... Türkiye'de aşılı fide kullanımı toprak kaynaklı sorunlar nedeniyle artmaktadır. Aşılı bitkilerin kuvvetli kök yapısına sahip olmaları, bitkilerin toprak kökenli sorunlara dayanımını sağlayarak verimliliği artırmaktadır (Lee, 1994;Tüzel vd., 2010;Ece ve Çimen, 2013). ...
Bu çalışmada, aşılı ve aşısız olarak yetiştirilen domates fidelerinin (Solanum lycopersicum cv. SC-2121) dikim sonrası ilk meyve tutum dönemine kadar büyüme hızlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla SC-2121 domates çeşidi üç farklı domates anacı (Kudret F1, Hamarat F1, Pençe F1) üzerine aşılanmıştır. Ayrıca, aşısız SC-2121 hibrit domates çeşidi kontrol olarak kabul edilmiştir. Domates bitkilerinde en yüksek gövde çapı (12.3 mm), bitki boyu (35 cm) ve kök izdüşüm alanı (1.405 cm2) Pençe F1 anacı üzerine aşılanan domates bitkilerinde belirlenmiştir. En yüksek yaprak klorofil içeriği (50 CCI) ve nispi büyüme hızı (0.037 gm-2 gün-1) Hamarat F1 anacı üzerine aşılanan domates bitkilerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda aşılama yapılmış bitkilerde bitki nispi büyüme hızı ve kalitesi artırılmıştır. Ancak, aşısız olarak yetiştirilen domates bitkilerinin büyüme hızı Kudret F1 ve Pençe F1 anacına aşılanmış bitkiler ile benzerlik göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kontrol bitkilerinde gövde çapı ve bitki boyu değerleri Kudret F1 ve Hamarat F1 anacına aşılanan bitkilerden daha üstün olmakla birlikte Pençe F1 anacına aşılanan bitkiler ile benzer bulunmuştur.
... According to Lee (1994), generally, the rootstocks are known to influence the plant growth and fruit yield, however it was recognized that the quality of the fruits, as well as the flavor, firmness, shelf life, peel color, etc., can also be influenced by the rootstocks. One way to check this change is by the biochemical analysis of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, but some more sPTGific analyzes, as total carotenoids, phenolic compounds (including the flavonoids and vitamin C may indicate the antioxidant capacity of a system, differentiating the food). ...
Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the two methods of grafting on Passiflora gibertti in this antioxidant capacity. Experiment was conducted under field conditions in two agricultural years 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 following a randomized block design, being studied three treatments, plants not grafted, grafted plants by cleft grafting and grafted plants laterally and with maintenance of the root system. Fruit were harvested when they were physiologically ripe and taken to the laboratory for juice extraction and antioxidant compounds analysis. Total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, Xanthoids contents and total antioxidant activity (DPPH) were evaluated. The use of two root systems showed higher contents of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and ascorbic acid, however, had the total xanthoids contents decreased. It is concluded that the technique of grafting with the use of two root systems is favorable to the accumulation of higher levels of antioxidants.
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replication and 8 treatments under use differenent organic manures. The results revealed that maximum Gross returns (Rs. 70548.00) was observed with the Treatment [Fym+ Neem cake] and Maximum net returns (Rs. 32796.47) were also recorded with the same treatment. The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded as 1.87 with above said treatment.
The effects of nutrient indused salinity of cucumber grafting on fruit sensory characteristics were studied in glasshouse conditions. Cucumber cv."Kiara F1 were grafted on Cucurbita maxima Duch. х Cucurbita moschata Duch. ('Carnivor' F 1 , Syngenta Ltd.); Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.(landrace); Cucurbita moschata Duchense ex. Lam. ("Muskatna 51-17"). There are no significant differences between the individual characteristics of the sensory evaluation. The fruit color and flesh color are the two most stable indicators of the sensory evaluation. Two-factor dispersion analysis proves a significant influence of genotypes and lower influens of nutrient induced salinity on sensory evaluation of fruits.
Vegetable grafting entails cutting the stem (scion) of a seedling vegetable plant and combining it to the rootstock of a seedling vegetable plant. Vegetable grafting is a method that increases production under biotic and abiotic challenges such as sub-optimal and supra-optimal temperature, salt, drought, pest damage, diseases, and so on. Commercial vegetable grafting has been practised for a few decades, and the area under vegetable grafting is steadily expanding. Vegetable grafting has the ability to boost production per unit land available by expanding the area under cultivation of vegetables under non-traditional conditions and unstable agro-ecosystems. Nowadays, most watermelons, cucumbers, and other solanaceous crops are grafted before being planted in the field. In many other nations, grafting is an effective technology for use in conjunction with more sustainable crop production practises, such as lower rates and overall use of soil fumigants. Vegetable grafting is a low-cost alternative to long and sluggish breeding techniques for developing resistant cultivars.
The growth and yield traits of brinjal grafts, and their bacterial wilt resistance was differed significantly among the combinations of grafts. The maximum plant height, fruits per cluster, and fruits per graft [Arka Kusumakar (scion) and Solanum torvum (rootstock)] was recorded. The highest leaves per plant, number of branches, yield from a plant, and fruit yield of brinjal per hectare was witnessed from the grafts of scion Arka Kusumakar grafted on to the rootstock variety Surya. Surya and Solanum torvum as rootstocks exhibited superiority in brinjal growth and yield parameters. The scions Arka Kusumakar and PLR-2 plants grafted on rootstock Surya and S. torvum showed bacterial wilt resistance, and hence rootstocks would be suitable for the advancement of commercial grafting.
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction: Momordica charantia L., a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and commonly known as bitter gourd and bitter melon, thrives in humid and subtropical regions around the world. Bitter gourd is a common herb usually consumed as a vegetable for medicinal purposes in different parts of the world, including Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, and Africa. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals such as iron and calcium, vitamins, especially vitamin C, and dietary fibers. Grafting is a connection of two plant tissues, which are forced to develop vascular connections and grow as a single plant. Grafting has become imperative for vegetable production. Grafting of herbaceous seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land for vegetable production. In the study effect of different cucurbit rootstocks on some morphological and yield indices of bitter gourd.
2. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of commercial cucurbit rootstocks: Marvel, Tetsukabuto, Sentinel (Takii Seed Company, Japan), and scion: bitter gourd Preeti variety (Kian Darou Zagros company, Iran) on qualitative and quantitative bitter gourd an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design under hydroponic with three replicates in the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, in greenhouse conditions at 2019. In this experiment, in addition to pH of xylem sap, EC of xylem sap, water absorption (ml/day), and growth indices including day to first female flowering (Day), green and ripe fruit shape, green and ripe fruit weight (g), water content green and ripe fruit (ml), dry matter green and ripe fruit weight (%), number of fruits per plant, rootstock diameter (cm), graft site diameter (cm), and scion diameter (cm).
3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that rootstocks and grafting caused an increase in first female flowering, green and ripe fruit shape, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and pH, EC xylem sap, water absorption. The highest weight of green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight were observed in Marvel rootstock and the lowest was observed in Sentinel rootstock. The highest water absorption was observed in the Tetsukabuto rootstock and the lowest was observed in the Sentinel rootstock. Also, the highest green fruit diameter (6.87 cm), green fruit length (18.48 cm), and ripe fruit length (18.57 cm) were observed in the Tetsukabuto rootstock and the lowest was observed in Sentinel rootstock (green fruit diameter (3.19 cm), green fruit length (12.43 cm), and ripe fruit length (13.12 cm)). But the highest green and ripe fruit shape (4.09), graft site diameter (3.8 cm), day to first female flowering (33.53 days), and water content green fruit (91.89%) were observed in Sentinel rootstock.
4. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, Marvel and Tetsukabuto rootstocks were better compatible with bitter gourd and showed a significant difference with other treatments in terms of measured indices (green fruit diameter, green fruit length, ripe fruit length, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight). Also, Sentinel rootstock showed a decrease in morphological and yield indicators in most cases (green fruit diameter, green fruit length, ripe fruit length, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight). According to the results of Sentinel rootstock, it showed incompatibility with bitter gourd.
Climate change seems to have an impact on agricultural and horticultural production systems through biotic stresses such as new disease races and insect pests, as well as abiotic stresses such as drought, flood, salinity, and heavy metal stress. Vegetable grafting is one of the most important procedures for improving vegetable production under a variety of environmental situations, as well as increasing yield and product nutritional quality. Many crops, including watermelon, tomato, eggplant, pepper, and cucumber, are currently grafted on a commercial basis. This method is viewed as a quick alternative to the somewhat laborious process of breeding fruits and vegetables to raise their environmental stress tolerance. Despite the fact that this is used in the majority of vegetables, the genetics and genomic foundation of gene transfer, interaction, and epigenetics mechanisms are unknown. Recent advances in molecular breeding and biotechnology techniques including as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and next-generation sequencing will help researchers to better understand the biological basis of root stock–scion interaction. In grafted scions, significant alterations in DNA methylation are seen, suggesting that these epigenetic pathways may be involved in grafting effects. Multiple resistant genes have a key role in the fight against different stresses when resistant rootstocks are used, whether intraspecific or interspecific. Genetic information is horizontally conveyed between the two grafted partners, either as DNA bits or plastids, according to transgenic lines with antibiotic markers in tobacco. Furthermore, the proteomics and transcriptomics research will reveal biochemical alterations in the products produced by the grafted plants. Mapping epigenetic markers and QTLs/genes in grafted crops can reveal fresh information about how to improve the crop. Vegetable grafting, thus, has a huge potential to improve the efficiency of modern and intelligent vegetable cultivation by increasing adaptability and resilience to various stress situations while also increasing yield.
In the study, two commercial Cucurbita maxima×Cucurbita moschata hybrid (Nun9075 and TZ148), Lagenaria spp. hybrid (Argentario) and one
local Lagenaria spp. genotype (3335) and one Citrullus amarus genotype
(PI 296341) were used as rootstocks. The male and female parents of two
watermelon hybrids (187×125 and 11×162) were used as scions. Ungrafted
plants formed the control group and also each parent was grafted on itself.
Male parents were used for pollen measurements. Fruit weight, fruit height,
fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness, total soluble solid content, total number
of seeds, total seed weight and 1000 seeds’ weight and seed vigor tests
were carried out in fruits of female parents crossed with male parents grafted onto the same rootstock. According to results of this study, the highest
pollen production was obtained from Argentario while in terms of pollen
germination and pollen viability there was no difference between applications in general. It was determined that grafting on Argentario and 3335
rootstocks increased fruit height, fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness, and the
amount of total soluble solid, and the best performing rootstocks in terms
of fruit weight were found to be Argentario, 3335, TZ148 and NUN9075. The
highest seed number, seed weight and 1000 seeds weight were obtained
from those grafted on TZ148 and NUN9075 rootstocks. Although variable
results were obtained in terms of early germination, there was no rootstock
that came to the fore in general. There was no difference between the rootstocks regarding accelerated aging test and controlled deterioration test.
In reciprocal grafts of ‘Denali’ and ‘Norchip’ potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), tuber percentage of dry matter was significantly higher at harvest when ‘Denali’ was the stock. In field plantings of ‘Norchip’ and ‘Denali’, tubers from ‘Denali’ had higher percentage of dry matter than those from ‘Norchip’ at tuber initiation and remained higher until harvest.
Axillary shoot growth on scions of poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild, ex Klotz) was regulated by grafting nonbranching (‘C-1’) and self-branching (‘Amy’, ‘Glory’, ‘Super Rochford’) cultivars on each other. Branching of ‘C-1’ was increased when scions were grafted onto self-branching rootstocks and branching was decreased on self-branching cultivars grafted onto ‘C-1’ rootstocks. Initiation of axillary bud growth was promoted on younger nodes of ‘C-1’ when grafted onto self-branching rootstocks. Increased branching propensity of ‘C-1’ scions grafted onto rootstocks of self-branching types continued even after vegetative cuttings were rooted. Axillary bud activity was unaffected by leaf removal. Results suggest that axillary bud activity is governed by shoot and root interactions of the plant and that axillary shoot growth is governed by some endogenous factors translocated from the roots across the graft union to the shoot.
Two resistant (Great Northern ‘Emerson’ and Neb-WM1-83-10) and two susceptible (PI 165078 and ‘Steuben Yellow Eye’) cultivars/lines of dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis, and their reciprocal graft combinations (two methods) were grown in pots in Tripp sandy clay loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Aridic Haplustoll) known to induce Fe deficiency chlorosis. Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber under low (24°/13°C) and high (29.5°/18.5°) air temperature regimes at 15/9 hr (light/dark) periods. The experimental plan was a split-plot with temperature regimes as main plot and treatments in a completely randomized design with two replications. When scions of entries susceptible to Fe deficiency were grafted onto rootstocks of resistant entries, the leaves of the grafted plants were greener than the ungrafted susceptible entries. In reciprocal combinations, the leaves of scions of the resistant entries became chlorotic. These data indicate that rootstocks of dry beans appear to control chlorosis resistance, presumably due to root uptake or translocation of Fe. The chlorosis was more severe on leaves of cleft-grafted-scions than with approach-grafted-scions and more severe under the low compared to high temperature regimes.
Xylem sap from three apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks was vacuum-extracted during and after artificial chilling and during forcing of chilled and unchilled trees. Sap was assayed for cytokinins by immunoassay and for soluble carbohydrates (sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and sucrose) by enzymatic assays. Xylem cytokinin increased after 10 days of forcing at 21/18C regardless of chilling treatment. Cytokinin levels decreased significantly as budbreak occurred in fully chilled trees, but not in unchilled trees with very little budbreak. Xylem sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations decreased upon exposure to 21/18C, then increased after 30 days in both chilled and unchilled trees. Sorbitol level remained low and unchanged throughout growth. Full chilling was not necessary in apple for adequate cytokinin and carbohydrates to be transported to the developing buds via the xylem stream. Sorbitol apparently is not used in carbohydrate transport from reserve, as it is in photosynthesis.
Xylem fluid and cotyledon, stem, and leaf tissue of eight watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus Thunb. (Matsum. and Nakai)] cultivars differentially suspectible to races 0, 1, and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum , (E.F. Sm.) Synd. and Hans., causal agent of fusarium wilt, were assayed for general proteins and specific enzymes using SDS and IEF-PAGE and starch gel electrophoresis (SGE). SGE detected no variant isozymes among the watermelon cultivars in the six enzyme systems examined (GOT, MDH, PGI, IDH, PGM, PER); however, electrophoretic variants between tissue types were observed. Cotyledon tissue expressed an additional peroxidase band not seen in stem tissue. When xylem fluid samples were applied to IEF and SDS-PAGE and silver-stained, variant protein banding patterns were observed between the cultivars. The fusarium wilt-susceptible cultivar Black Diamond lacked the protein bands at pI = 5.1, 5.2, and 5.6 that were present in other cultivars. In addition, wilt-resistant ‘Dixielee’ possessed a differential band at pI = 6.0. We believe this to be the first report of electrophoretic differences among commercial watermelon cultivars.
The free-branching poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotzsch) cultivar Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond (BD) contained a free-branching agent that was graft-transmissible to the restricted-branching cultivar Eckespoint C-1 Red (CR). CR plants were transformed by the agent regardless of whether BD plants were used as scion or stock, indicating that the agent moved basipetally and acropetally through the graft union. The agent was repeatedly transmitted to a CR plant by serial grafting with a free-branching poinsettia plant. A minimum of 10 days contact through grafting was required for BD plants to transmit the agent to CR plants. Percentage of CR plants exhibiting the free-branching characteristic increased from 0% for < 10 days of graft contact with BD plants to 100% after 30 days.
In vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity in roots of both cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Suyô) and figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouchè) grown at a root temperature of 20°C was greatly reduced by low temperature of the enzyme assay medium. In contrast, NR activity in roots of plants grown at either 13° or 20°C root temperature did not differ, based on the temperature of incubation. Activity of root NR was very low compared to that of leaf NR, particularly in figleaf gourd.The fate of nitrate nitrogen (N) in plants exposed for 2h to K15NO3 solutions at either 13° or 20°C root temperature was determined by chase experiments for 8h in the light after transfer of plants to non-labeled media at the same temperatures as those used for exposure to 15N. Absorption of nitrate-15N at 13°C root temperature was significantly lower than that at 20°C, especially in cucumber. However, in both species the assimilation and translocation of absorbed nitrate-15N were little affected by root temperature. Roots of both species accumulated very slight amounts of reduced-15N. Most of 15N translocated to leaves was assumed to be in the form of nitrate.These results suggest that nitrate assimilation takes place predominantly in leaves in both cucumber and figleaf gourd, and that the nitrate assimilating capacity is not affected by low root temperature and therefore not responsible for the differential root-chilling tolerance of these plant species.
Young plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars, ‘Suyô’and ‘Kurumeochiai H’, widely used as summer and spring crops respectively, figleaf gound (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) and ‘Suyô’ grafted on figleaf gourd were grown for 10 days in a third strength Hoagland No.1 solution kept at 12, 14, 17, 20, 25 and 30°C. Growth of ‘Suyô’ was severely suppressed at 12 and 14°C, while that of ‘Kurumeochiai H’ was suppressed at 12°C. Figleaf gourd showed a high ability to toleratelow root temperatures. Growth of ‘Suyô’ at lower root temperatures was significantly improved when grafted on figleaf gourd. The difference in growth response between cucumber and figleaf gourd was most remarkable in the roots. Thus, at lower root temperatures, the root growth was suppressed greatly in both cucumber cultivars, whereas it was promoted in figleaf gourd. Leaf water content decreased at lower root temperatures, and the decrease was most marked in ‘Suyô’. Chlorosis occurred at lower root temperatures on the leaves which expanded after the beginning of root temperature treatment, and most pronounced in ‘Suyô’ at 12°C, where the plant growth was severely depressed. Low root temperature reduced nutrient concentrations of leaves, and it was particularly true for P and Mn. When the 4 crops were included, highly significant correlations were observed between the degrees of growth suppression and decrease in the nutrient concentrations of leaves, particularly in N, P and K.
Respiratory response of detached roots to lower temperatures was compared between a chilling-sensitive species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Suyo) and a less sensitive species, figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche), which were grown at a root temperature of 20°C. Respiration of figleaf gourd roots was less susceptible to low temperature than that of cucumber roots. It was mainly the cytochrome respiration that was responsible for the differential susceptibility of root respiration. Experiments with 2, 4-dinitrophenol(DNP) indicated that the oxidative phosphorylation rate was higher in figleaf gourd than in cucumber roots at low temperature. These results strongly suggest that the response to low temperature of the cytochrome respiration of roots, coupled with oxidative phosphorylation, is an important aspect of differential root-chilling tolerance between cucumber and figleaf gourd.
The practical and theoretical aspects of the problem of sex regulation by external factors have been of great interest to many botanists. The answers to these questions will increase our ability to understand and direct the growth and development of plants. The determination of sex and the formation of sex organs during growth and development are determined not only by the genetic apparatus, but also by environmental factors. There is a considerable body of evidence indicating that external forces cause changes of sex characteristics in animals and plants, under both natural and experimental conditions (Pezard 1915; Zavadovskyi 1923; Morgan 1928; Grishko 1935; Astaurov 1937, 1940, 1963; Minina 1952; Heslop-Harrison 1957; Strunnikov 1962; Djaparidze 1963, 1965; Lvova 1963; Vince-Prue 1975; Frankel and Galun 1977). As yet, all the extensive experimental material and theoretical considerations have failed to give a definite answer to the question of exactly how environmental conditions act to change the sex in different plant groups. The extent to which these sex transformations involve solely genetic control (Correns 1928), or solely metabolic changes (Schaffner 1927), or both (Sabinin 1940) remains an open question.
A great amount of effort has been made to develop automated transplant production systems in Japan. A total of eight transplant production systems are selected and introduced: five micropropagation systems, two grafting systems and one transplanting system. Their basic concepts and technical characteristics are presented. Most are prototypes and are presently under development.
Cleft and bud graftings were performed between widely different genotypes of cucumber plants. The stock caused a considerable change in the flowering pattern of the scion, especially when it was shootless. The results were compared with previous ambivalent information, and interpreted as indicating that the regulating substances flow from the stock to the scion.
Grape berries (Vitis vinifera L., `Thompson Seedless') exuded a variety of compounds through the cuticle and epicuticular wax layer onto the berry surface. The composition of the exudate changed through the course of the growing season. Phenolic compounds and malic acid were in relatively high concentrations in grape berry exudates after bloom, but were low in exudates from mature fruit. The rate of decrease of phenols and malic acid was more rapid during the early stage of berry growth than during the ripening period. Sugar and potassium concentrations in the berry exudates were low at bloom, but increased rapidly in the later stages of ripening. Water extracts of berry exudates contained sugars, malic acid, potassium, and sodium. The water extracts promoted mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ethanol and ether extracts contained phenols and lipids. These fractions from fruit sampled in the first 3 weeks after bloom strongly inhibited mycelial growth. The inhibitory effect of these fractions decreased later in the season.
Eggplants, cv. Hayabusa, Kokuyou and Beikokudaimaru, grown either on their own roots or on the rootstocks, cv. VF, Akanasu and Torubamu, were used to study the effects of rootstock on the yield of eggplant in relation to the number of thick roots, mineral flux and hormone levels in xylem sap.
1. All of three varieties grafted on VF showed the highest yield and the most vigorous growth, and more thick roots were found on those plants. Own-root plants produced lower yields with fewer thick roots than grants. There was a close positive correlation between the number of thick roots and yield.
2. Xylem exudation rate and mineral flux in xylem sap were the highest in the plants grafted on VF. The mineral flux, especially nitrogen, was closely correlated with yield.
3. Cytokinin, gibberellin-like substances and indole-acetic acid levels were the greatest in the xylem sap of plants grafted on VF rootstock, which produced the highest yield. The difference in yield between rootstocks was significantly attributed to difference in cytokinin production, depending on the number of thick roots.
4. From these results, it may be concluded that the growth and yield of eggplant was affected by mineral absorption and hormones especially cytokinin production of rootstocks via many thick roots.
The xylem sap in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) which were or were not grafted onto figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) was collected after decapitation from the cut end of the stems hourly. The exudation rate was highest in the first one hour collection regardless of grafting, and then decreased rapidly with time. However, there was a diurnal change in the exudation rate with the maxima occurring at 1:00 to 3:00 PM and the minima at 7:00 to 8:00 AM, irrespective of decapitation time. The grafted cucumbers were smaller in amplitude than the non-grafted ones.The rate of xylem exudation and the concentrations of NO3-N, P, Ca and Mg in the first one hour exudate were higher in the grafted cucumbers than in the non-grafted ones. Only the K concentration was higher in the non-grafted cucumbers. The mineral concentration in the exudate changed remarkably with time after decapitation; the NO3-N, K and Ca concentrations decreased and the P concentration increased rapidly for the first several hours. The Mg concentration scarcely changed. Thereafter, the NO3-N and K concentrations of the exudate in the grafted cucumbers fell below the NO3-N and K concentrations in the nutrient solution, while in the non-grafted cucumbers the former was kept always above the latter.From these results, the grafted cucumbers were considered to be superior to the non-grafted ones, in water uptake and nutrient absorption except for K and also to depend more intensely in NO3-N and K absorptions on some metabolities from the upper parts of the plants.
Mineral absorption and oxygen consumption were investigated in comparison of own-root cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tokiwa-hikari No. 3) and grafted cucumber on figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche).Mineral concentrations in the nutrient solution at the end of culturing experiments under a vinyl-coverd greenhouse in winter were expressed in percent of those in the solution without plants. NO3-N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations evaluated as the contents of mineral absorbed per unit volume of water absorbed were higher in grafted plants than own-root plants, but with K the reverse was the case. These results coincided with the previous report on xylem sap analysis. In the present experiments, no differences between grafted plants and own-root plants were found in water uptake per unit top weight.Such tendency of mineral absorption as mentioned above was also found except for K at 10°C, 16°C and 20°C in growth chamber. In particular, the P absorbed per unit volume of water absorbed by own-root cucumber plants decreased remarkably at 10°C.The quantity of O2 consumption in roots excised from grafted plants and own-root plants was almost the same at 16°C and 24°C, but it was 1.5 times higher at 12°C in grafted plants than own-root plants. A similar result was also obtained in comparison of roots of young figleaf gourd and young cucumber plants.
Capsaicin contents were measured in the progenies from the test crosses between the strain, G5S17 derived from fruit with the graft-induced change in fruit shape and the original two cultivars, Yatsubusa (Capsicum annuum L. var fasciculatum
Ilish) and Spanish Paprika (C. annuum L. var. grossum
Sendt) used for grafting.
The strain, G5S17 contained a lower amount of capsaicin than the original pungent cultivar Yatsubusa used as scion. The characteristic of the lowered capsaicin content in the strain has been stably inherited through seed propagation, and has also been transmitted to the progenies from the crosses with the original two cultivars used for scion or stock. These features in the capsaicin content agreed with those in fruit shape in the graft-induced change.
Investigation was carried out to gain a better understanding of the mineral transport from root to shoot during the day and the night. Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, and cucumber plants, Cucumis sativus L., were grown in a nutrient solution containing NO3-N, P, K, Ca and Mg at concentrations of 16, 4, 8, 8 and 4 meq/l, respectively. Xylem exudates were collected from 2-month-old tomato plants or 1.5-month-old cucumber plants for 1h just after decapitation at 10 cm above the ground, at midday (12: 00) and midnight (0: 00) with solution temperatures of 26°C and 20°C, respectively.Exudation rates in day-time were 8 to 14 times those in night-time in tomato and 7 to 8 times in cucumber plants, respectively. In day-time, the concentrations of NO3-N and K in the xylem exudate were higher than those of night-time. On the other hand, P, Ca and Mg concentrations were higher in night-time. In particular, P concentration in night-time was markedly higher than in day-time; that is, 6 times as much in tomato and 5 times in cucumber.Xylem sap concentration factor (XSCF) calculated as a ratio of mineral concentration in xylem exudate to that in nutrient solution was over 1.0 in both day-time and night-time for NO3-N, P and K. These minerals seem to be concentrated at all times in xylem stream of the intact plants.Xylem stream flow showed down rapidly after decapitation. We found that when the xylem stream flow before decapitation (an intact plant) was high, the reduction rate of flow was also high. The greatest reduction rate of xylem stream flow was 73.2% in the afternoon (14:30).
Induction of hereditary changes by grafting in tomato was reconfirmed by combination of the cultivar Jubilee (yellow skin-orange flesh) as scion and the cultivar Tiny Tim (yellow skin-red flesh) as stock.The phenotypic change from yellow-orange (Jubilee type) to yellow-red (Tiny Tim type) was observed in the grafted scion (G0) on the Tiny Tim stock. In the selfed progeny (G1) from this Tiny Tim type variant fruit on the Jubilee scion, new type (colorless-red) was segregated in addition to Jubilee type (yellow-orange) and Tiny Tim type (yellow-red). The genotypic change of skin and flesh color is assumed to have occurred from Yyrr (yellow-orange) to YyRr (yellow-red) in the grafted scion and in the first self ed progeny, Y-R-(yellow-red), Y-rr (yellow-orange) and yyR-(colorless-red) were segregated from the YyRr variant (G0). Most of the successive progenies (G2 and G3) obtained from the segregants in the G1 generation accorded with Mendelian inheritance. But the phenotypic changes inexplicable in terms of Mendelism were assumed to have changed from yyR-(G1) to Y-R-(G2), from Y-rr (G2) to Y-R-(G3) and from yyR-(G2) to Y-R-(G3). But yyrr (colorless-orange) was not detected in all successive progenies. No other characters than skin and flesh color have been changed in the present study.It is likely to suppose that the transmission of genetic material from stock to scion would have occurred, though the mechanism is quite obscure yet.
Micrografting is au effective technique for elimination of viruses, early diagnosis of grafting incompatibilities, rejuvenation of mature tissue, and bypassing the juvenile phase in fruit trees. Current micrografting procedures are difficult, impractical, expensive, and generally result in an inefficient rate of successful graft production. To alleviate some of these limitations, a unique apparatus was designed to splice the in vitro-derived scion and rootstock together during the micrografting process. The dual-layer device was constructed with an outer layer of aluminum foil, with flexibility to facilitate manipulation during the grafting of micro-scale plants. A delicate, absorbent inner layer of paper toweling cushions the plant tissue. It also may be treated with hormones and other compounds. After healing, it is easy to remove the grafting apparatus from the grafted plant without damaging the tissues. This apparatus may be used to unite a scion and a rootstock with different stem diameters. Shoot-tip cultures of `McIntosh' and M.7 apple and `North Star' sour cherry, and in vitro seedlings of lemon, orange, and grapefruit were used as a source of in vitro scions and rootstocks. Successful graft unions were developed, and the grafted plants were transplanted into the greenhouse environment.
Hereditary changes of certain Mendelian traits in red pepper after grafting are described. It is suggested that these changes are induced by a mechanism similar to that of transformation in higher organisms.
An official journal of the Genetics Society, Heredity publishes high-quality articles describing original research and theoretical insights in all areas of genetics. Research papers are complimented by News & Commentary articles and reviews, keeping researchers and students abreast of hot topics in the field.
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