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New Species of Agaricales
Mycobiology
Abstract and Figures
Clitocybe alboinfundibulliforme sp. nov. is widely distributed in Korea. Volvariella koreana sp. nov. is rarely distributed in Korea. These taxa were occasionally found together at the same place. Both of these species seem to be associated with each other. These two species are fully described and illustrated in this paper.
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... This genus is distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Singerocybe species are saprotrophic and usually grow on soils rich in humus, dead wood, or rotting leaves (Peck 1873, Harmaja 1988, Takahashi 2000, Seok et al. 2009, Qin et al. 2014). Although no Singerocybe species has been reported from Thailand (Chandrasrikul et al. 2011), during a taxonomic survey of macrofungi collected in northern Thailand, we found specimens that corresponded to the description of Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis, a species previously reported from China, Korea, and Japan (Takahashi 2000, Seok et al. 2009, Qin et al. 2014. ...
... Singerocybe species are saprotrophic and usually grow on soils rich in humus, dead wood, or rotting leaves (Peck 1873, Harmaja 1988, Takahashi 2000, Seok et al. 2009, Qin et al. 2014). Although no Singerocybe species has been reported from Thailand (Chandrasrikul et al. 2011), during a taxonomic survey of macrofungi collected in northern Thailand, we found specimens that corresponded to the description of Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis, a species previously reported from China, Korea, and Japan (Takahashi 2000, Seok et al. 2009, Qin et al. 2014. Here, we describe and illustrate the morphological characters of the Thai material and provide results from ITS sequence analysis. ...
... The presence of vesicles in the cuticle of the pileus and stipe support our collections in Singerocybe. All three specimens collected in northern Thailand were initially identified as S. alboinfundibuliformis based on descriptions by Takahashi (2000) and Seok et al. (2009) and the key provided by Qin et al. (2014). This species is easily distinguished from other Singerocybe species by a pileus that is deeply infundibuliform down to the base of the tubular stipe, the narrow and intervenose gills, and elliptical smooth basidiospores. ...
Specimens collected in Thailand have been identified as Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis, based on morphology and ITS molecular analysis. A description and illustration are provided. This is the first record of the genus from Thailand.
... Harmaja (5 C. hydrogramma), and S. viscida Harmaja, in the genus, with the last taxon selected as the generic type, but neglected S. clitocyboides. The taxonomic foundation of Singerocybe or its precursor Singerella, however, has not been widely accepted by mycologists (Singer 1975, Bigelow 1982, Clémençon 1984, Singer 1986, Corner 1994, Kuyper 1995, Takahashi 2000, Horak 2005, Seok et al. 2009). ...
... Clitocybe trogioides var. odorifera, which was described from Japan (Takahashi 2000), shares identical macro-and micromorphological characters with C. alboinfundibuliforme described from South Korea (Seok et al. 2009) and some specimens collected from China. Pileus 20-40 mm diam, plane at first, then umbilicate to slightly infundibuliform, strongly depressed but not hollow when matured; surface white (4A1) to cream (3B2, 4A2) to pale brownish (biscuitcolored, 4B3-4C3); margin paler, often wavy to undulate when mature; context thin (up to 2 mm thick), white to cream. ...
... Both S. phaeophthalma and S. hydrogramma originally were described from Europe. Although Harmaja (1988) retained both species, it has been widely accepted that S. hydrogramma is a synonym of S. phaeophthalma (Kuyper 1981, Bigelow 1982, Clémençon 1984, Kuyper 1995, Gminder and Krieglsteiner 2001, Horak 2005, Seok et al. 2009, Vizzini et al. 2010. We thus follow Kuyper (1981) and adopt S. phaeophthalma to represent samples from Europe. ...
... Harmaja (5 C. hydrogramma), and S. viscida Harmaja, in the genus, with the last taxon selected as the generic type, but neglected S. clitocyboides. The taxonomic foundation of Singerocybe or its precursor Singerella, however, has not been widely accepted by mycologists (Singer 1975, Bigelow 1982, Clémençon 1984, Singer 1986, Corner 1994, Kuyper 1995, Takahashi 2000, Horak 2005, Seok et al. 2009). ...
... Clitocybe trogioides var. odorifera, which was described from Japan (Takahashi 2000), shares identical macro-and micromorphological characters with C. alboinfundibuliforme described from South Korea (Seok et al. 2009) and some specimens collected from China. ...
... Both S. phaeophthalma and S. hydrogramma originally were described from Europe. Although Harmaja (1988) retained both species, it has been widely accepted that S. hydrogramma is a synonym of S. phaeophthalma (Kuyper 1981, Bigelow 1982, Clémençon 1984, Kuyper 1995, Gminder and Krieglsteiner 2001, Horak 2005, Seok et al. 2009, Vizzini et al. 2010. We thus follow Kuyper (1981) and adopt S. phaeophthalma to represent samples from Europe. ...
The genus Singerocybe (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) has been the subject of controversy since its proposal in 1988. Its taxonomic foundation, species circumscription and geographical distribution have not yet been examined with molecular sequence data. In this study phylogenetic analyses on this group of fungi were conducted based on collections from Europe, eastern Asia, southern Asia, North America and Australia, with four nuclear markers, ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rob2. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, together with morphological observations, strongly support Singerocybe as a monophyletic group and identify the vesicles in the pileal and stipe cuticle as a synapomorphy of this genus. Six species are recognized in the genus, including one new species and four new combinations. Clitocybe trogioides and Clitocybe trogioides var. odorifera are synonyms of Singerocybe humbles and Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis respectively. Most of these species are geographically restricted in their distributions. Furthermore our study expands the distribution range of Singerocybe from the North Temperate Zone to Australia (Tasmania) and tropical southern Asia.
... The recently described Volvariella terrea Musumeci & A. Riva and Volvariella koreana Seok et al. grow among basidiocarps of Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. and Clitocybe alboinfundibuliforme Seok et al. respectively, but the exact nature of the relationship between both pairs of fungi is not yet known (Musumeci & Riva 2007; Seok et al. 2009). The family is readily morphologically distinguishable among the Agaricales, especially based on the inverse hymenophoral trama and basidiospore characteristics , and a close relation to the Amanitaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar has been repeatedly postulated (Singer 1986). ...
The phylogeny of the genera traditionally classified in the family Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) was investigated using molecular data from nuclear ribosomal genes (nSSU, ITS, nLSU) and consequences for taxonomy and character evolution were evaluated. The genus Volvariella is polyphyletic, as most of its representatives fall outside the Pluteoid clade and shows affinities to some hygrophoroid genera (Camarophyllus, Cantharocybe). Volvariella gloiocephala and allies are placed in a different clade, which represents the sister group of Pluteus, and a new generic name, Volvopluteus, is proposed to accommodate these taxa. Characters such as basidiospore size and pileipellis structure can be used to separate Pluteus, Volvariella and Volvopluteus. The genus Pluteus is monophyletic and includes species with partial veil traditionally classified in the genus Chamaeota. The evolution of morphological features used in the infrageneric taxonomy of the genus, such as metuloid cystidia and pileipellis structure, was analyzed. Agreement between the molecular phylogeny and morphological subdivision of Pluteus is, generally speaking, good, though some rearrangements are necessary: (i) species with non-metuloid pleurocystidia and pileipellis as a cutis are placed either in sect. Celluloderma, together with the species characterized by a hymenidermal pipeipellis, or in sect. Pluteus, with the metuloid bearing species; (ii) subdivision of sect. Celluloderma according to the presence/absence of cystidioid elements in the pileipellis is not supported by molecular data.
A new species of Volvariella, collected from Aydın Province on the coast of the Aegean Sea in southwestern Turkey, is described as Volvariella turcica, sp. nov., based on morphology and multigene molecular analysis of three nuc rDNA gene regions: internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), 28S, and 18S. The new species was found in forests dominated by Pinus brutia and Quercus coccifera and mainly characterized by small basidiomata with a white pileus covered with pale ochre center and an ochre-discoloring volva, small basidiospores, lageniform pleurocystidia, balloon-shaped to clavate cheilocystidia, and stipitipellis hairs that are cylindrical or cylindrical-tortuous with subcapitate or lobe-like projections. A comprehensive description, illustrations, and line drawings are provided, and comparison with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species is discussed.
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
Clitocybin A is a novel anti-wrinkle cosmetic agent produced by the strain from a Korean native mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca. In this study, fermentation, extraction, and purification conditions for a large scale production of clitocybin A were optimized, and its cytotoxicity and inhibition activity on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were characterized. The mass production of anti-wrinkle agent was achieved according to the 300 L fermentation process with a fedbatch cultivation using the modified yeast-maltose (YM) broth, and a total of 12.5 kg of cell mass was obtained in a 120 L culture broth for 14 days. After extraction and purification, clitocybin A was identified by HPLC. The cytotoxicity of clitocybin A was examined by the MTT assay. When assayed at 100 and 200 μg/ml concentrations, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity, demonstrating safety. The inhibition activity of clitocybin A on the expression of MMP-1 was examined against UV irradiation. Oleanolic acid (control group) showed a relatively low MMP-1 inhibiting activity (ca. 16.7%) at 10 μg/ml and showed increased cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. In contrast, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity at 100 μg/ml, and exhibited a relatively high MMP-1-inhibiting activity (33.1%). These findings indicate that clitocybin A may be a safe and effective anti-wrinkle agent for use in functional cosmetics.
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