No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Students Evaluate Carl Rogers and His Relationship With Gloria: A Brief Report
Abstract
The Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (TAP) video series introduces students, both undergraduate and graduate, to three major schools of psychotherapy: client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, and rational-emotive therapy. A sample of students were asked to watch the TAP video series and were then surveyed on their perceptions of the therapists' practice of psychotherapy and explanation of his theory, and the relationship between the client and therapist, including the therapists interest in and treatment of the client. This article focuses on findings based on Carl Rogers's session with the client, Gloria. Results were consistent in that students were pleased with Rogers's theory, practice, and interaction with Gloria.
... To depict the value of this method, we apply it to Shostrom's (1966) well-known films in which a client, Gloria, met with three prominent psychotherapists with differing theoretical orientations-Albert Ellis (rational-emotive), Frederick Perls (gestalt), and Carl Rogers (client-centered). These filmed therapy sessions are useful for our purpose because they are widely familiar (e.g., Reilly & Jacobus, 2008;Weinrach, 1990) and because we can contrast our novel approach with previous research applying a more conventional measurement approach to these sessions (Kiesler & Goldston, 1988). ...
... Gloria and Rogers. We evaluated data from the following segment of Gloria's session with Rogers, which has received prior empirical attention (e.g., Reilly & Jacobus, 2008;Weinrach, 1990) and is notably sentimental. Near the end of the session (data ranging from 1,500 to 1,690 s), Gloria and Rogers have the following interchange: ...
To demonstrate how a novel computer joystick coding method can illuminate the study of interpersonal processes in psychotherapy sessions, we applied it to Shostrom's (1966) well-known films in which a client, Gloria, had sessions with 3 prominent psychotherapists. The joystick method, which records interpersonal behavior as nearly continuous flows on the plane defined by the interpersonal dimensions of control and affiliation, provides an excellent sampling of variability in each person's interpersonal behavior across the session. More important, it yields extensive information about the temporal dynamics that interrelate clients' and therapists' behaviors. Gloria's 3 psychotherapy sessions were characterized using time-series statistical indices and graphical representations. Results demonstrated that patterns of within-person variability tended to be markedly asymmetric, with a predominant, set-point-like interpersonal style from which deviations mostly occurred in just 1 direction (e.g., occasional submissive departures from a modal dominant style). In addition, across each session, the therapist and client showed strongly cyclical variations in both control and affiliation, and these oscillations were entrained to different extents depending on the therapist. We interpreted different patterns of moment-to-moment complementarity of interpersonal behavior in terms of different therapeutic goals, such as fostering a positive alliance versus disconfirming the client's interpersonal expectations. We also showed how this method can be used to provide a more detailed analysis of specific shorter segments from each of the sessions. Finally, we compared our approach to alternative techniques, such as act-to-act lagged relations and dynamic systems and pointed to a variety of possible research and training applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
... (1) Shostrom & Riley (1968), (2) Zimmer, Wightman & McArthur (1970), (3) Zimmer & Pepyne (1971), (4) Zimmer & Cowles (1972), (5) Zimmer, Hakistan & Newby (1972), (6) Stoten & Goos (1974), (7) Barak & LaCrosse (1975), (8) Woodward, Burck & Sweeney (1975 LaCrosse & Barak (1976), (10) Helweg & Gaines (1977), (11) Kelly & Byrne (1977), (12) Meara, Shannon & Pepinsky (1979), (13) Hill, Thames & Rardin (1979, (14) Chen (1981), (15) Gustavson, Cundick & Lambert (1981), (16) Meara et al., (1981), (17) Mercier & Johnson (1984), (18) Lichtenberg & Heck (1986), (19) Miller, Prior & Springer (1987, (20) Kiesler & Goldston (1988), (21) Essig & Russel (1990), (22) Tracey & Guinee (1990), (23) Weinrach (1990b), (24) Andrews (1991), (25) Brodley (1994), (26) Gazzola & Stalikas (1997), (27) Wickmann & Campbell (2003, (28) Takens (2005), (29) Klein & Galliker (2007), (30) Keats (2008), (31) Goates-Jones & Hill (2008), (32) Reilly & Jacobus (2008), (33) Moreira & Gonçalves (2011), (34) Daniels (2012), (35) Uşaklı (2012 Kirillova & Keil (2013). ...
Dieser Review fokussiert das im Rahmen der Filmreihe Three Approaches To Psychotherapy (Shostrom, 1965) veröffentlichte psychotherapeutische Demonstrationsgespräch zwischen Rogers und Gloria und geht focussiert dabei auf zwei Fragen (a) in welchem Ausmaß sich die theoretische Orientierung von Rogers klar widerspiegelt und sein Verhalten mit der Theorie des therapeutischen Ansatzes übereinstimmt und (b) die Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung des psychotherapeutischen Beziehungsangebots des Therapeuten („Empathie“, „Bedingungsfreie Positive Beachtung“ und „Kongruenz“) durch Gloria. Dabei werden 36 Studien, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1968 und 2013 veröffentlicht wurden in dieser Arbeit berücksichtigt. Die Datensynthese und -auswertung wird mithilfe einer Meta-Ethnographie (Noblit & Hare, 1988) durchgeführt. Mit Ausnahme der Studienergebnisse der 2010er Jahre, belegt die qualitative als auch quantitative Ergebnisaufbereitung durch die Vielzahl und Kontinuität positiver Forschungsergebnisse und Bewertungen des Demonstrationsgesprächs zwischen Rogers und Gloria dessen hohen Stellenwert und praktische Relevanz.
... TAP is seen as the starting point for the many researches (Bohart, 1991;Dolliver et al., 1980;Ellis, 1986;Essig & Russell, 1990;Hill, Thames, & Rardin, 1979;Kiesler & Goldston, 1988;Meara, Shannon, & Pepinsky, 1979;Mercier & Johnson, 1984;Rogers & Wood, 1974;Rosenzweig, 1996;Shostrom & Riley, 1968;Stoten & Goos, 1974;Weinrach, 1986Weinrach, , 1990Weinrach, , 1991Zimmer & Cowles, 1972) examining one or more of the counseling sessions or compering two or three of them performing in Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (Shostrom, 1965a, b, c). Recend years' studies are (Bageant 2011;Brice, A. 2011;Keats 2008;Magai and Haviland-Jones 2004;Reilly & Jacobus 2008;Reilly & Jacobus 2009). This shows continuum of researches on TAP. ...
Shostrom (1965a, b, c)' profound studies "Three Approaches to Psychotherapy" (TAP) scrutinized by 410 Turkish university students. Three deferent programs from one department of fourth grade students evaluated their preference in 29 items Counseling Preference Inventory. There are significant deference between three programs of students in their counseling theories and theorist's preference in terms of gender, program, GPA, SES and worldview. Both genders preferred Ellis but male preference respectively more than female. Although preschool teacher students preferred Person Centered Therapy and Carl Rogers but primary school education students preferred Rational Behavioral Emotive Therapy and Albert Ellis. Preference of science educations teacher students is also towards to Rational Behavioral Emotive Therapy and Albert Ellis. Although low achievers preferred Rogers, middle and higher achievers preferred Ellis. The same sudation which held in GPA also seen in the socioeconomic status. Conservative and democratic students preferred Ellis, tendency of liberal students toward Rogers. This study seems to be very interesting in terms of it is first meet of Turkish university students with Rogers, Perls and Ellis. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Dr. Zafer Bekirogullari of Cognitive - Counselling, Research & Conference Services C-crcs.
... TAP is seen as the starting point for the many researches (Bohart, 1991;Dolliver et al., 1980;Ellis, 1986;Essig & Russell, 1990;Hill, Thames, & Rardin, 1979;Kiesler & Goldston, 1988;Meara, Shannon, & Pepinsky, 1979;Mercier & Johnson, 1984;Rogers & Wood, 1974;Rosenzweig, 1996;Shostrom & Riley, 1968;Stoten & Goos, 1974;Weinrach, 1986Weinrach, , 1990Weinrach, , 1991Zimmer & Cowles, 1972) examining one or more of the counseling sessions or compering two or three of them performing in Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (Shostrom, 1965a, b, c). Recend years' studies are (Bageant 2011;Brice, A. 2011;Keats 2008;Magai and Haviland-Jones 2004;Reilly & Jacobus 2008;Reilly & Jacobus 2009). This shows continuum of researches on TAP. ...
Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (TAP) Shostrom (1965a, b, c) after watched by 100 Turkish university students evaluated. From one department three deferent programs preschool, elementary and science programs of university students expressed their ideas about Rogers, Perls and Ellis via written statements. 45 % university students preferred Ellis and his therapeutic style. 35 % of students preferred Rogers and his therapeutic style and 20 % university students preferred Perls and his therapeutic style. 85 % university students found Ellis’ therapeutic style as realistic. % 78 university students found Ellis profound and % 76 of university students found Ellis’ thematic style as effective. This study is useful for professionals how they develop themselves. Letter studies
Abstract
Background & Aim: Assertiveness as one of the life skills, leads to an increase in self-esteem , logical expression of thoughts and feelings , reduction of anxiety, improvement of social communication skills and consideration of the rights of others and meanwhile, taking one’s right and finally an increase in life satisfaction and happiness. This study aimed to compare the effect of Gestalt therapy and Ellis Cognitive- Behavioral therapy on assertiveness of nursing students.
Material & Methods: It was a clinical trial, with pre-test - post-test design and control group. Among 80 nursing students enrolled in the school of nursing and midwifery of the Najaf Abad branch of Islamic Azad University in academic year of 2013-2014 who were at the beginning of their field training, those who were deficient in assertiveness (n=36) were detected by ASA questionnaire and randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups (each = 12). The experimental groups including Gestalt therapy and Ellis Cognitive Behavior therapy received training during 8 sessions, while the control group did not receive any interventions .Post- test was performed immediately after training with the same tool. Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance , one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests using SPSS-PC (v . 20).
Results: Analysis of covariance showed no difference between the groups in terms of assertiveness before intervention (P > 0/05) . After the intervention, a significant increase was seen in the mean score of assertiveness in both Gestalt therapy and Ellis cognitive behavioral therapy (P ˂ 0/05). Assertiveness scores were significant between each test and control groups (P ˂ 0/05). There was no significant difference between experimental groups after the interventions (P=0/48).
Conclusion: As the results showed, the effect of Gestalt therapy and Ellis cognitive behavioral therapy on nursing students’ assertiveness is the same. Accordingly , the above mentioned therapies as methods of psychotherapy could be used alternately to reduce inefficient beliefs of nursing students.
This study analyzed Carl Rogers's session with Gloria in Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (E. L. Shostrom, 1965a) to determine how Rogers's conversational style functioned to enact his core conditions of empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. Rogers's conversational style was found to be congruent with his espoused theory as well as a catalyst for client‐centered counseling. The authors suggest that despite the film's popularity, the “client‐centeredness” of the therapeutic interaction between Carl Rogers and Gloria has been previously underrecognized.
Analyzed 3 therapeutic interviews using FORTRAN IV to process natural language. The 3 sessions represented client-centered, gestalt, and rational emotive theories. Each of the 3 sessions were conducted by different therapists with the same client. Transcripts were reproduced on data cards. Selected words and cooccurrences of words within sentences were used as dependent variables. Frequencies and ratios were generated for analysis. In general, the analysis pointed to more questions concerning methodology in counseling research. Interactions between portions of interview, counselor, and dependent variables are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examination of a transcript of the film
Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (E. L. Shostrom, 1965) revealed that 249 words of dialog between the client, Gloria, and C. Rogers had been deleted from the film's end. Classification of Rogers's verbal behaviors, using A. E. Ivey's (1980, 1983; A. E. Ivey et al, 1987) microskills model, suggests that Rogers was not so much a listening therapist as an interpreting one. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Using data generated from a computer-assisted language analysis system, and excerpts from 2 different time periods in each interview from the film series
Three Approaches to Psychotherapy, the stylistic complexity of the language of counselor and client was compared. The analysis indicated that the counselors were significantly different from one another on 4 dependent measures of stylistic complexity: number of sentences, average sentence length, average block length, and average clause depth. The differences were commensurate with expectations derived from each theoretical approach. The client's stylistic complexity also differed significantly on the 4 measures across the 3 interviews. Moreover, by comparing the data within each interview from Time 1 and Time 2, evidence for concerted action was found. Results support and raise questions about the potency of interpersonal influence in counseling, the effect of the theoretical approach on the language by which counseling is conducted, and speculations about how counselor and client establish the ground rules for treatment. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Analyzed the film
Three Approaches to Psychotherapy (E. L. Shostrom, 1966), which depicts C. Rogers (client-centered therapy), A. Ellis (rational-emotive therapy), and F. S. Perls (Gestalt therapy) interviewing the same client, Gloria. Verbal exchanges between participants were analyzed, using T. S. Essig and R. L. Russell's (1988) categories for analyzing psychological relations between subjects and events in discourse. Predictable patterns in how therapists of different theoretical orientations represent subjectivity in discourse can be screened with these categories. Classification categories are appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Rogers’ demonstration in Three Approaches to Psychotherapy provided a strong emotional stimulus to both Gloria and its viewers. This stimulus is obviously open to multiple interpretations of which Bohart’s and Weinrach’s are only two of many possibilities. That Rogers raised the issues of transference and countertransference suggests that he was possibly unconsciously transferring experience from his history to the session with Gloria. It is very curious that Rogers actively rejected the presence of any transferential issues and then 249 words of dialogue, which supported their presence, were subsequently lost. These and other unresolved issues suggest the limits of video demonstrations of complex processes, such as counseling and psychotherapy and the importance of multiple frames of reference as we interpret them.
[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 35(4) of
Journal of Counseling Psychology (see record
2008-10690-001). The date of receipt for this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum.] In this investigation of Shostrom's (1966) psychotherapy demonstration films, we used a checklist inventory measure derived from the 1982 Interpersonal Circle to examine the interpersonal behavior of Gloria, her three therapists, and their respective transaction patterns. Groups of undergraduate raters observed the three films, after which they rated the interpersonal behavior of either Gloria or the therapist. Analyses of Interpersonal Circle axes and segment scores revealed significant differences in the interpersonal behaviors of the three therapists with Gloria and of Gloria with the three therapists. Analyses of transactional patterns showed departures of Gloria's behaviors from the perfect complementary fit predicted from each of the therapist's interpersonal profiles, especially for behaviors categorized on the hostile half of the Interpersonal Circle. Discussion emphasized the complex of dyadic mix and other contextual factors that need to be addressed in future interpersonal studies of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Based on additional dialog (249 words) audiotaped after the original filmed therapy interview ended, S. G. Weinrach (see record
1990-28992-001) has argued that Carl Rogers missed an important therapeutic issue by not responding to his client's (Gloria) feelings as transferential. Weinrach also argued that a scoring of Rogers's responses reveals Rogers to be an interpretative therapist. However, Weinrach's scoring of Rogers's responses is subjective, based on the theoretical perspective of the scorer. An alternative, client-centered view is proposed. From this perspective, the missing 249 words support Rogers's contention that thinking in terms of transference and countertransference is counterproductive. The immediacy of an empathetic therapeutic experience facilitated the self-evolutionary processes in Gloria without Gloria or Rogers having to intellectually characterize the problem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Transcripts of the films of C. Rogers, F. Perls, and A. Ellis each doing counseling with the same client, Gloria, were analyzed according to the 14-category Hill Counselor Verbal Response Category System. Relatively high agreement levels were found between the 3 judges (2 graduate students and 1 psychology instructor) on the system. The system was able to describe the verbal behaviors of the 3 counselors and was able to detect behavioral differences reflective of their differing theoretical orientations. Rogers used mainly minimal encouragers, restatements, interpretations, reflections, and information. Perls used mostly direct guidance, information, interpretations, open questions, minimal encouragers, closed questions, confrontations, approval–reassurance, and nonverbal referents. Ellis was the most active of the 3 counselors, using mostly information, direct guidance, minimal encouragers, interpretations, closed questions, and restatements. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The variables most related to success in counseling outcome research are the client‐counselor relationship and the personal and situational resources of the client (extratherapeutic variables). When these variables are compromised, a “specificity myth” is endorsed purporting that there are specific treatments for particular groups of people. This myth is a direct result of a shift in focus from the client to the counselor as the expert who focuses on “doing” counseling rather than “being” a counselor. Person‐centered counseling cuts to the core of therapeutic success: the relationship of the counselor‐client and the utilization of the client's resources.
Describes new developments in theory, research, and practice in the client centered approach in the mental health field (client centered therapy), and other fields (the person-centered approach). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Transcripts of filmed interviews by Rogers, Ellis, and Perls were classified as to verbal response categories proposed by Goodman and Dooley. Later the films were shown to 80 college undergraduates who filled out semantic differential scales at various points during the films. The three filmed therapists were rated significantly differently on the semantic differential categories of competence, benevolence, client's feelings, and therapeutic atmosphere. Each filmed therapist used significantly different patterns of verbal interaction. Stepwise regressions were calculated to determine the categories of verbal response which would account for the ratings of the undergraduate observers.
Adding feminist therapy to videotape demonstrations
- J L Konrad
- J D Yoder
Konrad, J. L., & Yoder, J. D. (2000). Adding feminist therapy to videotape demonstrations. Teaching of Psychology, 27(1), 57-58.
Three approaches to psy-chotherapy [Motion picture]. (Available from Psychological and Educational Films Rogers and Gloria: The controversial film and the enduring relationship
- E L Shostrom
Shostrom, E. L. (Producer/Director). (1965). Three approaches to psy-chotherapy [Motion picture]. (Available from Psychological and Educational Films, 3334 East Coast Highway, Suite 252, Corona Del Mar, CA 92625) Weinrach, S. G. (1990). Rogers and Gloria: The controversial film and the enduring relationship. Psychotherapy, 27(2), 282-290.
Three approaches to psychotherapy
- E L Shostrom