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The Politics of Child Support in America
... Clearly, state government agencies and their climate specialists have played central roles in policy development, building coalitions rather quietly around policies that are tailored around relatively inexpensive reduction opportunities. This is entirely consistent with a pattern of " bureaucratic autonomy " and agency-based entrepreneurship that has been established in other American policy contexts (Carpenter 2001; Mintrom 2002; Crowley 2003). This contributes to a strong pattern of experimentation in defining and operationalizing climate policy at the American state level. ...
... In this paper, we assess the strategic choices of child advocacy groups active in state politics within the U.S. We have focused on child advocacy groups, which have become more conspicuous as children's issues have attracted the interest of prominent politicians. The passage of child care, child health, and child support legislation at the national level is due in part to the influence of child advocacy groups (Cohen 2001; Rosenbaum and Sonosky 2001; Crowley 2003). Child advocacy groups have also played an important role in the adoption of children's programs at the state level (Raden 2002; Gormley 2005). ...
Public interestgroups have many strategic options, including "insider" strategies, "outsider" strategies, coalition building, and public policy research. Although group resources should affect these strategic choices, the presence of friends and enemies in the political environment should matter as well. We examine the evidence by assessing the behavior of 50 child advocacy groups that seek to influence public policy at the state level. We find that enemies motivate public interestgroups more than friends but that friends also matter, at least for decisions to invest in public policy research.
... RGGI can thus be conceptualized as a kind of case " where administrators have had substantial, even decisive, influence over policy " (Lee and Raadschelders 2008, 429) and maintained that influence into implementation despite some turnover is key administrative and political posts. It is thus reflective of cases in which entrepreneurship can build on initial innovation over time, rather than be confined to a one-time experience (Crowley 2003). ...
Any attempt to mitigate climate change through reduction of greenhouse gas emissions allows governments to consider a wide range of policy tool options. They may select from command-and-control emissions standards, technology-forcing mandates, prohibition on use of specified technologies or fuels, subsidies for alternative technology development or purchase, market-based emission trading systems, taxation on emissions linked to externality, information and education campaigns, and moral suasion. To borrow from William Gormley, these span the full continuum of policy tool options, ranging from “muscles to prayers” (Gormley 1989). In federated systems such as the United States, there are the added questions of whether one or more levels of government pursue policy development and implementation and, if there is a multi-level strategy, whether different tools are employed at different levels.
This study explores the effect of E-government application, the Automated Information Systems (AIS), of child support enforcement on child support collection outcomes. Using Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 2000 to 2005, I employ Heckman's two step method to deal with selection bias. The result in the first step shows a positive association between AIS and the probability of single mothers receiving child support from delinquent fathers. In the second step, AIS is statistically significant, indicating that among single mothers who received support, those living in a state that adopted AIS received $192 more per year, on average, than single mothers living in a state without AIS, holding other factors being constant.
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