RetractedArticle

RETRACTED: Environmental resistance and mechanical performance of basalt and glass fibers

July 2010
Materials Science and Engineering A 527(18-19):4708-4715

July 2010
527(18-19):4708-4715

DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.021

Authors:

Hailin Cao

哈尔滨工业大学

Shenhua Song

Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen

The treated basalt and glass fibers with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions for different times were analyzed, respectively. This paper summarized the mass loss ratio and the strength maintenance ratios of the fibers after treatment. The fibers’ surface corrosion morphologies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and their compositions were detected using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The acid resistance was much better than the alkali resistance for the basalt fibers. Nevertheless, for the glass fibers the situation is different: the acid resistance was almost the same as the alkali resistance. Among the two types of aqueous environments evaluated, the alkali solution is the most aggressive to the fibers’ surface. The possible corrosion mechanisms are revealed.

Effect of GGBS and Curing Conditions on Strength and Microstructure Properties of Oil Well Cement Slurry

Article

Feb 2021

The addition of any supplementary cementitious materials has a significant influence on cement paste properties and its microstructure. In this paper, the effects of micro-fine Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the properties Oil Well Cement (OWC) slurry are investigated. The class G cement is replaced in a varying percentage (30-70%) with GGBS at intervals of 10%. Further, the influence of different curing conditions (i.e., dry curing, moist curing, curing at 60 °C, curing at 110 °C) on the compressive strength of blended cement with GGBS are also studied. The microstructure analysis of blended cement with GGBS is investigated using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Mercury Intrusion Porosity (MIP). The results show that the compressive strength of blended cement with 40 % GGBS have significantly increased and more than that of unblended cement. Further, micro-fine GGBS has influence on the emission of hydration heat due to pozzolanic reaction. The heat of hydration of blended cement is decreased significantly with partial replacement of cement with GGBS. The most significant finding in this study is that the permeability of blended cement paste with 40 % GGBS is decreased by 51 % of that of unblended cement, which is very important because it is one of the main factors affecting the gas migration in the wellbore.

Mechanical and durability properties of sintered fly ash aggregate concrete

Article

Jan 2021

Conservation of natural resources and effective management of waste materials that can harm our environment is a challenging phenomenon. This paper is focused to study the different properties of M30 grade concrete where the coarse aggregate has been completely replaced by commercially available sintered fly ash aggregate and it has proved to meet the target strength. To further improve the crack resisting behavior and tensile strength,basalt fibers was incorporated. The incorporation of fibers has improved the mechanical properties to around 3-4%. The RCPT and water absorption test has proved that the durability properties of sintered fly ash aggregate are within the standard specified.

Developments and Industrial Applications of Basalt Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Basalt mineral fibre, made directly from basalt rock, has good mechanical behavior, superior thermal stability, better chemical durability, good moisture resistance and can easily be recycled when compared to E-glass fibres (borosilicate glass is called ‘E-glass’ or ‘electric al-grade glass’ because of its high electrical resistance) which are traditionally used in structural composites for industrial applications. Industrial adoption of basalt fibre reinforced composites (FRC) is still very low mainly due to inadequate data and lower production volumes leading to higher cost. These reasons constrain the composites industry from seriously considering basalt as a potential alternative to conventional (e.g., E-glass) fibre reinforced composites for different applications. This paper provides a critical review of the state-of-the-art concerning basalt FRC highlighting the increasing trend in research and publications related to basalt composites. The paper also provides information regarding physico-chemical, and mechanical properties of basalt fibres, some initial Life cycle assessment inventory data is also included, and reviews common industrial applications of basalt fibre composites.

FEA TO STUDY EFFECT OF BASALT FRP ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE WITH PARAMRTRIC STUDY USING ABACUS MODEL COMPARISON

Thesis

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Abdallah Badran

Sustainable construction practices are gaining impetus worldwide. The use of environmental friendly sustainable construction materials is on the rise in the construction industry. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) offer various environmental benefits due to their characteristically low weight, improved mechanical properties, low cost and excellent resistance to corrosion. Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) bars are relatively new type of FRP reinforcement material as an alternative to conventional steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. Basalt is available in abundance with desirable chemical and mineralogical composition. It has non-toxic reaction with air or water, is non-combustible, is explosion-proof, and it is generally characterized by high levels of eco-compatibility and recyclability, resulting into a high-performance green inorganic material. In construction sector this material is tested to be used as an alternative to steel reinforcement bars in the concrete structures. The present paper is an attempt to study flexural behavior of concrete members reinforced using BFRP rebars using finite element analysis (FEA) and . FEA software – Abaqus is used for numerical simulation of selected beams and slab strip specimens. FEA results are compared with experimental results obtained by various researchers and were found in good agreement. The FE analysis was also used for investigating effect of reinforcement ratio, reinforcement details and type of FRP reinforcement on flexure related parameters of specimens such as load-deflection response, crack distribution and propagation along length of member, maximum and minimum values of Von Mises stresses and maximum deflection in members. A comparison between experimentally evaluated and numerically obtained load vs midspan deflection response of beam is presented. Due to a good agreement between these two approaches, FE model was used to conduct parametric study. The parameters that were changed from experimentally tested beams are number and size (diameter) of BFRP bars to study effect of reinforcement detailing and reinforcement ratio on load vs. midspan deflection response. A comparison between experimentally determined and numerically evaluated load vs midspan deflection response was carried out and found to be consistent with mean absolute percentage error of 4.80%.

Effect of Diameter of Reinforced Bar in Various Fiber Reinforced Concretes

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Alwyn Varghese

An experimental investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of fibers on the bond strength of different grades (M20 and M50) of concrete by using reinforced bars of different diameters(10mm and 12mm). Different types of fibers such as glass, polypropylene, basalt were used in the preparation of concrete mix with 0.25% of volume proportion. Then the bond strength was determined by the pull-out test as per IS 2770 (part 1). Based on the test results of the study, grade of concrete, type of fibers and different diameter of reinforcement bar are the key parameters that affect the bond strength of concrete. The contribution of basalt fiber in enhancing the bond strength was found to be more significant compared to other fibers (8.227 N/mm 2 for M20 concrete and 9.323 N/mm 2 for M50 concrete). The bond strength has been improved slightly by increasing the diameter of the reinforcement bar. Durability analysis was carried out by curing specimens in HCl and H2SO4. Fibers don't have sufficient influence in the durability of concrete.

H7014068819

Article

Jul 2021

Alwyn Varghese

The effects of aging in seawater and SWSSC and strain rate on the tensile performance of GFRP/BFRP composites: A critical review

Article

May 2021
CONSTR BUILD MATER

Replacing metallic materials (typically carbon steel bars) with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to reinforce marine concrete structures can effectively resolve the corrosion issue of carbon steel due to external chloride ions and moisture. However, the corrosion-free nature of FRP material cannot guarantee its desirable durability in the marine structures. In order to better understand the durability performance of FRP composites, this paper summarizes the quasi-static tensile properties of FRP composites after exposure in simulated seawater and seawater sea sand concrete (SWSSC) environments, and the dynamic performance of the FRP materials. It is found the degradation degree of FRP composites increases with the exposure time, temperature, stress level and alkalinity/salinity of the immersion solution. Currently, the investigations on the dynamic tensile properties of FRP composites after long-term exposure tests are quite limited. Hence this study identifies the possible research needs by summarizing the investigations on the degradation of FRP’s dynamic performance after seawater exposure and the strain rate sensitivity of glass/basalt fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP/BFRP) composites under dynamic loading. The impact strength, Young’s modulus and fatigue life will all be diminished due to exposure in seawater. And both the mechanical performance and failure mode of the FRP composites are obviously influenced by the applied strain rate. This study identifies the current knowledge gap and can serve as a valuable reference for further investigation on the long-term performance, especially the long-term dynamic tensile properties of FRP composites in seawater and SWSSC environments.

Development of basalt based nanoparticles reinforced composites

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

Epoxy resin is used in a various fields, from transport to automotive industrial components due to their outstanding mechanical and chemical indisposition properties, the formulation is very easy and their cost also very low. Basalt fiber is very popular because of its ease in manufacturing and having good mechanical properties. To ensure the proper dispersion, the epoxy filled filler mixed with the hardener using a mechanical stirrer. The composites properties such as density, tensile, compressive, impact strength, hardness and wear rate required dimensions as per the ASTM standards. The wear rates are decreased with increased in TiC weight percentage in basalt fiber, because of high hardness. The values of wear rates are started from 2.179 to 1.337 m3/Nm.

Flexural behaviour of concrete thin sheets prestressed with basalt-textile reinforcement

Article

Nov 2023
CONSTR BUILD MATER

Structural Behavior of Ultra-High Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with Basalt Bars Under Axial Loading

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
IJCSM

The axial compressive behavior of Ultra-High Strength Concrete (UHPC) columns reinforced with basalt bars was investigated in this work. Only a few research projects have used basalt Reinforced Concrete Columns. Under axial stress, 12 columns of 150 × 150 mm in cross section and 1200 mm in height manufactured of M120 grade UHPC, incorporating glass powder lime powder, were tested. The primary characteristics investigated in this study were axial load capacity, axial deformation, failure pattern, ductility, and stiffness. The findings of the experimental tests revealed that the ultimate loads and behavior of UHPCC reinforced with BFRP were superior to concrete columns strengthened with steel reinforcement. When compared to steel RC columns, basalt RC columns carry about 90% of the axial load. Moreover, the BFRP bar tensile strength was 2.5 greater than reinforcing steel yield strength and 1.79 times larger than that of bar. The Ansys software-based analytical analysis assisted in predicting the eventual carrying capacity of UHPC columns. The agreement among the experimental and NLFE ultimate load is around 92.2%, with a standard deviation of 0.005 and a coefficient of variation of 0.00002. The nonlinear BFRP–UHPC columns’ structural performance was adequately predicted by the finite element analysis. In addition, equations are employed to forecast the strength of confined concrete. Equation 4 merely produced improved forecasts, it aids in comparing the outcomes of analytical and experimental tests. Results of this study indicated that the UHPC-columns reinforced with BFRP bars offer potential economic and environmental advantages as compared to traditional RC columns.

Free vibration properties of beetle elytron plate: Composite material, stacked structure and boundary conditions

Article

Jul 2023
MECH MATER

Beetle elytron plate (BEP), which is derived from the bionics of Trypoxylus dichotomus's elytra, is a typical lightweight and high-strength structure with superior and comprehensive mechanical properties. To promote the engineering application of BEPs, this paper explores the vibration characteristics of foam-filled fiber composite BEPs. Through the finite element method (FEM), structural parameters such as the length-to-width ratio, core height-to-thickness ratio, skin thickness and foam density influence the natural frequency and mode. Furthermore, the influence pattern of parameters (such as boundary conditions and the number of stacked layers) toward the first two orders of natural frequencies and modes of the BEP were investigated under controlled total height and controlled single layer height. The results indicate that 1) the ranking of structural parameters on the 1st order frequency from a strong to weak sequence is as follows: length-to-width ratio, core height-to-thickness ratio, foam density and skin thickness; for the 2nd order natural frequency: length-to-width ratio, skin thickness, foam density and core height-to-thickness ratio. 2) Generally, an increase in the length-to-width ratio will reduce the frequency of the BEP, and increases in the core height-to-thickness ratio and skin thickness will raise its frequency. Additionally, foam filling plays a decisive role in local deformation. 3) When the total height of the sandwich plate is controlled, the improvement of the boundary conditions can effectively boost its 2nd-order frequency (approximately 200%), but the 1st-order frequency can be significantly increased (approximately 140%) only when all four sides are improved. 4) In the case of controlling the height of the single layer of the sandwich plate, its frequency gradually increases with the increase in the number of stacked layers. However, when the constraints are weak or there are few stacked layers, increasing the number of stacked layers can effectively boost the vibration frequency. This paper provides references and suggestions for the design and application of sandwich structures, enriching the research on the mechanical properties of BEPs and establishing groundwork for promoting BEPs in engineering practices.

Use of Welded Wire Reinforcement as Lateral Reinforcement in Concrete Beams: Part 1—Shear

Article

May 2023
ACI STRUCT J

Reinforced concrete beams are typically reinforced transversely with rectilinear stirrups made from steel reinforcing bars to resist shear. The process of making stirrups requires extended time and considerable labor, and results in relatively large tolerances. This study aims at studying the viability of using welded wire reinforcement (WWR), cold-formed into the shape of a closed steel cage to resist the shear load effect. To accomplish the objective of the study, 16 half-scale beams were tested by a universal testing machine under displacement-controlled loading conditions. The study considered different wire diameters (4, 6, and 8 mm [0.16, 0.24, and 0.32 in.]), grid openings (25, 50, and 100 mm [1, 2, and 4 in.]), shear span-to-thickness ratios (2.5 and 3.0), and transverse steel reinforcement ratios (251 and 505 N/mm [1433 and 2884 lb/in.]). A comparison was carried out between the test results of WWR-reinforced beams and corresponding stirrup-reinforced beams in terms of the crack formation characteristics, stiffness, shear strength, residual strength, and ductility. Findings of the study showed that the WWR-reinforced beams possessed 2 to 17% higher shear strength than the corresponding stirrup-reinforced beams, without a compromise in the ductility. The predicted shear strength based on ACI 318 was within 10% of the strength obtained by the experiments.

Flexural Behavior and Serviceability Performance of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Beams Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars

Article

May 2023
ACI STRUCT J

This study investigates the flexural behavior and serviceabilityperformance of lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) beams reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. Eleven reinforced concrete beam specimens with a crosssectional width and height of 200 mm (7.87 in.) and 300 mm (11.81 in.), respectively, and with a total length of 3100 mm (122.05 in.) were tested under a four-point bending load up to failure. Nine specimens were made with LWSCC, while the other two were made with normalweight concrete (NWC) as reference specimens. The test parameters were concrete density (LWSCC and NWC), reinforcement type (sand-coated BFRP, helically grooved BFRP, thread-wrapped BFRP, or steel), and longitudinal BFRP reinforcement ratio. The test results indicate that the LWSCC yielded lower beam self-weight (density of 1800 kg/m3 [112.4 lb/ft3]) than the NWC. Increasing the BFRP reinforcement ratio increased the normalized moment capacity of the LWSCC specimens. Thetest results were compared from the standpoint of the cracking and ultimate moment, deflection, and crack-width design provided in the available design standards for FRP-reinforced elements. The comparison indicates that the experimental moment capacities of the LWSCC and NWC beams were in good agreement with the predictions based on design standards with an average accuracy of 90%. The crack width of the LWSCC beams was affected by the surface configuration of the BFRP bars, while the deflection was not significantly affected by the concrete density. The Canadian design code yielded accurate predictions with a bond-dependent coefficient of 0.8 and 1.0 for the sand-coated and helically grooved BFRP bars, respectively, in the LWSCC.

Flexural Properties of Arenga Pinnata and Basalt Composites Under Corrosive and Environmental Exposure

Thesis

Feb 2023

Norizham Abdul Razak

Utilisation of composite materials for retrofitting, rehabilitation and strengthening of civil and industrial structures has been gaining popularity. Traditional repair and strengthening materials and methods currently employed to these ageing structures have shortcomings in terms of its durability, weight, volume and its laborious. The solution to this issue is the application of natural fibre reinforced polymer (NFRP) composites since they possess good corrosion resistance characteristics, a high strength to weight ratio, are durable and versatile. However, there is a lack of understanding of the properties of NFRP composites when exposed to harsh environments. This work evaluated the mechanical properties of Arenga Pinnata (APFRP) and Basalt (BFRP) natural fibre composites exposed to environmental and corrosive conditions. The conditions chosen are accelerated weather, salt fog, immersion in distilled water, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions under a laboratory setup. The APFRP and BFRP laminates were fabricated using the wet lay-up vacuum bagging technique. The density of the AP fibre and the laminates' area fraction and void content were also characterised. The flexural properties were evaluated in terms of their flexural strength and flexural modulus. The results revealed that exposure to the conditions stated has an adverse effect on the APFRP and BFRP flexural strengths and their moduli. The effect from salt fog has been found to be affected the most when compared to other conditions tested. The effect of immersion in distilled water, acidic and alkali solutions shows comparable effects. Salt fog exposure reduced the flexural strength of the APFRP laminate by 9%. Exposure to accelerated weather, HCl and NaOH solutions showed reductions of 4.18%, 4.81% and 3.64% respectively. In terms of APFRP flexural modulus, exposure to distilled water and NaOH solutions showed reductions of 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Other exposures show comparable reductions in the flexural modulus values. The BFRP laminate also experiences reductions in its flexural strength and modulus. Exposure to salt fog and distilled water reduced the BFRP flexural strength by 22.45% and 20.21%. Accelerated weather caused a reduction of 10.68% for the BFRP laminate. The flexural modulus of the BFRP laminate suffers a reduction of 0.7% to 16.7%. The highest reduction was measured for the BFRP samples that were exposed to the salt fog condition. Fractography analysis performed on the sampled revealed fibre pull-out, matrix and fibre breakage as the main course of failure. This was due to the laminates' weakening from the inside through water penetration and hydrolysis. Accelerated weather caused the matrix surface of the laminate to turn dark yellow and flake, leading to fibre matrix debonding and matrix breakage. Overall, the BFRP laminates were discovered to have a greater degree of environmental and corrosive impact compared to the APFRP laminates. The effect of accelerated weather has been found to be less adverse when compared to other conditions while the impact of salt fog, immersion in distilled water, and exposure to acidic and alkaline solutions varied based on the fibre type. This study highlights the importance of understanding the properties of NFRP composites when exposed to harsh environments in order to ensure their durability and longevity in civil and industrial structures.

High-density ceramics obtained by andesite basalt sintering

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

In the present study, andesite basalt originated from the deposit site ?Donje Jarinje?, Serbia, was examined as a potential raw material for high-density ceramics production. The production of high-density ceramics included dry milling, homogenization, cold isostatic pressing and sintering in the air. To determine the optimal processing parameters the sintering was conducted at 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070 and 1080?C, and afterwards the sintering duration was varied from 30 to 240min at the optimal sintering temperature of 1060?C. Characterization of the starting and sintered materials included the estimation of particle size distribution, density, hardness and fracture toughness complemented with X-ray diffraction, optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Phase transformations did not occur during processing in the investigated temperature range from 1040 to 1080?C. The obtained research results showed that 99.5% of relative density and the highest hardness and fracture toughness values of 6.7GPa and 2.2MPa?m1/2, respectively, were achieved for the andesite basalt sintered at 1060?C for 60min in the air. The results of the present study confirmed that the sintered andesite basalt can be used as a high-density ceramic material for various industrial applications.

The influences of silane coupling agents on the heat and moisture resistance of basalt fibre‐reinforced composites

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Basalt fibre composite materials have shown good application prospects in electrical equipment, but their reliability can be affected by damp‐heat ageing. In this work, the interface, mechanical, and electrical properties of basalt fibre composites treated with three coupling agents via damp‐heat ageing were compared. Molecular simulations were conducted to reveal the damp‐heat ageing mechanism of the composites. The results show that γ‐aminopropyl triethoxy silane (KH‐550) and γ‐glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (KH‐560) perform better as coupling agents as they form bonds with the matrix resin, compared with γ‐methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (KH‐570). After the damp‐heat ageing treatment, the hydrolysis of the defects of the amino groups in the interface of the KH‐550‐treated sample can weaken its mechanical properties and insulation properties greatly. The interface layer of the KH‐560‐treated sample is mostly composed of carbon–oxygen single bonds and methylene groups with its interface structure more stable, which endows the sample with better stability of its mechanical and insulating properties. Therefore, KH‐560 is a more suitable coupling agent for processing basalt fibres to be used in electrical equipment.

Analytical and Numerical Approaches for the Design of Concrete Structural Elements with Internal BFRP Reinforcement

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Although basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (BFRPs) have been known for a few decades, new trends such as sustainability and environmental care have provoked intensified research on its structural applications. In construction, BFRPs, as internal reinforcement, have to compete with traditional steel reinforcement products. Because of their high resistance to aggressive environments, BFRPs have emerged as an attractive solution for the infrastructure in coastal zones. In this article, we discuss some aspects of BFRP applications such as flexural reinforcement of concrete beams. The mechanical performances of a BFRP-reinforced beam are illustrated by using a widely accepted model based on the classical beam theory. The elasticity modulus of the BFRP reinforcement is lower than that of structural steel. Therefore, to meet serviceability requirements (e.g., in terms of limitation on the mid-span deflection of a beam), BFRP could be pre-tensioned. The positive effect of pre-tensioning is outlined by finite element analysis. An original numerical procedure involves a constitutive relation for concrete based on damage mechanics. Experimental results previously reported in the literature provide the background for the numerical model procedures. The numerical procedure predicts the mechanical response of the concrete beam with BFRP reinforcement subjected to four-point bending in terms of load-deflection relationship and dominant failure mode.

Residual Fire Resistance Testing of Basalt-and Hybrid-FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Kostiantyn Protchenko

The fire resistance of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) elements depends on the temperature performance of the original concrete member, the fire scenario, and FRP reinforcement behavior. In this study, fire resistance tests are described, along with the characteristics obtained during and after applying elevated temperatures, simulating the effects of fire. The tested beams were reinforced with basalt (BFRP) bars and with a hybrid composite of carbon fibers and basalt fibers (HFRP) bars. Fire tests were performed on full-scale beams, in which the midsections of the beams were heated from below (tension zone) and from the sides for two hours, after which the beams were cooled and subjected to flexural testing. BFRP-RC beams failed before the heating time was completed; the best failure was associated with a BFRP reinforced beam that failed approximately 108 min after heating. Contrary to the BFRP-RC samples, HFRP-RC beams were capable of resisting exposure to elevated temperatures for two hours, but showed a 70% reduction in strength capacity when compared to non-heated reference beams. According to the author, the higher resistance of HFRP-RC beams was the result of the thermal expansion coefficient of carbon fibers employed in HFRP, which "prestresses" the beams and enables smaller deflections. The preliminary findings of this study can increase the feasibility of using FRP materials for engineering purposes.

Effects of cryogenic treatment and interface modifications of basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced composites

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021
E-POLYMERS

Although natural fibre-based thermoplastic composites (NFCs) have the advantages of environmental compatibility and low cost, their mechanical properties are still relatively poor. Hybridization with basalt fibres (BFs) can broaden the industrial applications of NFCs. Hybrid composites were manufactured by means of interlayer hybrid reinforcement; that is, the hybrid composites were prepared by the lamination moulding of BF prepregs and hemp/polylactide fibre (HF/PLA) felts. The effects of cryogenic treatment and interfacial modification in BF hybridization on the mechanical properties of HF/PLA composites were investigated. The study revealed that the hybridization of BFs with hemp fibres (HFs) significantly increased the mechanical properties of composites, and the cryogenic treatment and interface modification of BFs also improved the performance of hybrid composites. Compared with those of untreated BF-reinforced composites (UBF/HF/PLA), the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were increased by approximately 28.5% (120.82 MPa), 44.6% (90.29 MPa), and 192.1% (61.0 kJ/m2), respectively.

Experimental Investigation of Concrete Beams Reinforced With Basalt FRP Bars

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

Bars fabricated from basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (BFRP) are a new material used as an alternative to steel bars in reinforced concrete to overcome corrosion problems especially in harsh and aggressive environments. Basalt fibers also have high tensile strength and enhanced durability, in addition to moderate cost. This research investigates experimentally the flexural behavior of BFRP reinforced beams compared to steel RC beams. In the experimental program, six concrete beams reinforced by BFRP bars, BFRP bars and dispersed steel fibers and steel bars are tested in four-point bending until failure. The experimental results regarding failure load, failure mechanism and deflection of beams are discussed and are compared with published experimental results. Additionally, theoretical predictions for the moment carrying capacity and failure loads are computed using local and international codes, and were found to be consistent with the experimental results.

High-Density Ceramics Obtained By Andesite Basalt Sintering

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Modern industrial requirements include not only the usage of constructive materials with good mechanical properties but also materials obtained through environmentally friendly and low-cost processing procedures. Basalt, as a low-cost raw material, is regarded as a good candidate for industrial constructive parts production. In the present study, andesite basalt originated from the deposit site "Donje Jarinje", Serbia, was examined as a potential raw material for high-density ceramics production. The production of high-density ceramics included dry milling, homogenization, cold isostatic pressing, and sintering in the air. To determine the optimal processing parameters the sintering was conducted at 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, and 1080 °C, and afterward the sintering duration was varied from 30 to 240 min at the optimal sintering temperature of 1060 °C. Characterization of the starting and sintered materials included the estimation of particle size distribution, density, hardness, and fracture toughness complemented with X-ray diffraction, light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Phase transformations did not occur during processing in the investigated temperature range from 1040 to 1080 °C. The obtained research results showed that 99.5% of relative density and the highest hardness and fracture toughness values of 6.7 GPa and 2.2 MPaÖm, respectively, were achieved for the andesite basalt sintered at 1060 °C for 60 min in the air. The results of the presented study confirmed that the sintered andesite basalt can be used as a high-density ceramic material for various industrial applications since this environmentally friendly material shows satisfactory mechanical properties.

Modal analysis of E-glass basalt laminated composite plates based on experimental mechanical properties using FEA

Article

Jun 2021

The research work presents the comparative study on finite element modal analysis of 14 layers E-glass epoxy (G/E plate) and 10 layers basalt epoxy (B/E plate) composite angle-ply trapezoidal plate for various boundary conditions. The G/E and B/E plate having fiber orientations of [0°/+45°/0°/-45°/0°/+45°/0°]s and [0°/+45°/0°/-45°/0°]s are considered for fabricating plates using compression molding technique to minimize void content. Then, orthotropic properties are determined by experimental testing as per ASTM standards. The effects of different geometrical parameters including aspect ratio (a/b = 1 and 2), taper ratio (c/b = 0.25–1), and span-to-thickness ratio (a/h = 50) of trapezoidal plates on undamped modal analysis are done for G/E and B/E plates. A shell 281 element, which obeys first-order shear deformation theory, is applied in commercial finite element software to extract the natural frequencies and mode shapes for various boundary conditions using properties determined by experimental testing. The calculated mechanical properties are compared between G/E plate and B/E plate, and the results show basalt fiber as alternative material to E-glass fiber. The results of nondimensional frequency parameters and mode shapes of G/E and B/E plate also show good agreement with previous research work.

Investigation of the Usage Areas of Different Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Nowadays, the need for concrete to be used in different areas has led to some concrete technology developments. One of the developments in this area is the production of fibrous concrete. It is a material that has a wide application area in fiber concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete building applications. Because of this widespread usage, many studies have been done to improve the properties of concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete obtained with different types of fibers added to concrete is one of these studies. Fiber-reinforced concrete; hydraulic cement, aggregate and discontinuous dispersed fibers mixed with water. The fibers are not very effective on the compressive strength of concrete, but they significantly increase the concrete's flexural toughness. Polymer fibers used in concrete are mostly preferred to reduce shrinkage. Metallic fibers such as steel fiber are used to increase toughness. Also nowadays, it is produced with steel fibers and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC).

Behaviour of concrete beams reinforced using basalt and steel bars under fire exposure

Article

Jul 2021
ENG STRUCT

Basalt bars for concrete reinforcement, known as basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (BFRPs), are new natural inorganic materials with distinct mechanical properties that have been used recently in the construction field. Generally, the FRPs bars have no yield before the brittle failure as steel bars and their behavior, when exposed to fire, is still under investigation, this paper presents an experimental and theoretical study to get more knowledge about the characteristics and the fire resistance of a concrete beam reinforced using BFRPs and BFRPs mixed with steel bars. Eight half-scale concrete beams were constructed and tested up to failure at room temperature and under direct fire at 500 °C for 2 h. The basalt-to-steel percentage is the main parameter of this study. The BFRP-to-main-steel-bar replacement percentages are 100%, 67%, and 33% as three tension reinforcement bars were used. The results are discussed in terms of load capacity, cracking behaviour, and failure modes. Moreover, the experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations according to the ACI code and with numerical results obtained using the ANSYS finite element program. The results show that the beams with both steel and basalt reinforcement showed a better shear strength, enhanced crack stiffness, and lower degree of brittleness at failure. Our results also showed that the BFRPs beams yielded a better degradation resistance when the beams were exposed to fire as the failure load reduction factor for the BFRPs beam was 6.17% compared with that of steel beam which was 22.32%. More studies are needed to justify our observations in details and determine their applicabilities under different conditions.

Short and Long Term Flexural Characteristics of Basalt Fibre Cementitious Composites

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Z.Canan Girgin

Basalt fibre-reinforced concrete: review of fresh and mechanical properties

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Narain Das Bheel

The use of basalt fibres to improve the hardened properties of concrete has increased in recent times. The incorporation of these fibres into concrete results in a change in the hardened state of concrete. However, these fibres also influence the corresponding fresh properties of concrete, specifically its workability. Therefore, it is critical to understand how the incorporation of basalt fibres influences the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. This review presents a summary of the properties of basalt-fibre reinforced concrete (BFRC) in terms of its fresh and mechanical properties. This review focuses mainly on how the basalt fibre dosage and length affect the properties of BFRC.

Mechanical Characterization Of Mmt Nano Clay/Epoxy/ Basalt Fiber Composites

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

The importance of composite fibers have been rapidly increasing since the inception of its discovery, in almost every engineering field. They possess beneficial properties such as low weight, high strength, highly resistive towards corrosion which makes them unique. The objective of present study is to fabricate composite using epoxy as polymer and basalt fiber as reinforcement and to investigate the influence of dispersing MMT Nano clay (Montmorillonite Nano-clay) in polymer. Conventional hand lay-up technique was used for the fabrication of composite laminate. The bi-directional basalt fiber was used as reinforcement and epoxy was taken as matrix material. Mechanical Characterization of MMT Nano clay/epoxy/basalt fiber composites was carried out for tests such as tensile, flexural and impact test, the results showed that the laminate had comprehensible properties, concluding usage of composite material is more beneficial and cost effective than conventional materials in many ways.

Application of BRFP New-Type Anchor Cable Material in High Slopes against Earthquakes

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

To clarify the feasibility of BFRP (basalt fiber reinforced plastics) anchors instead of steel anchors in the seismic application of slopes under different vibration strengths, a series of shaking table tests were carried out to strengthen the slope using BFRP anchors and steel anchors, respectively. By studying the dynamic response recorded in the slope model and the observed experimental phenomena, the acceleration dynamic response and displacement spectrum dynamic response of the two slope models were analyzed. The test results show that the deformation stage of the slope reinforced by the two types of anchors is basically the same during the test, that is, elastic, plastic (potential sliding surface and plastic strengthening), and failure stages, respectively. The slope is in the elastic stage before the 0.2 g seismic wave, and it gradually enters the plastic stage after the 0.4 g seismic wave. However, the peak acceleration and displacement of the slope reinforced by steel anchors are greater than those of the slope reinforced by BFRP anchors under the same working conditions of seismic waves. In addition, we found that the acceleration response spectrum distribution curve of each measuring point in the short period has an obvious amplification effect along the elevation, and its predominant period has a forward migration phenomenon with the increase of the height of the measuring point, which also indicates that the higher frequency seismic wave has a greater impact on the top of the slope. The BFRP anchors, as a kind of flexible structure supporting slope, can effectively reduce the impact of seismic waves on the slope and attenuate seismic waves to a certain extent compared with steel anchors. Furthermore, the BFRP anchors can be deformed in coordination with the slope, which can improve the overall working performance of the slope, especially limit the dynamic response of the middle and lower slopes. These results can provide a theoretical guide for the seismic design of BFRP anchors for high slopes. 1. Introduction In the actual anchoring engineering, the conventional prestressed anchor shows a good antiseismic effect in low seismic intensity, which can limit the deformation of the rock mass and improve the stability of the slope [1, 2]. However, the anchored rock mass deforms greatly under the strong earthquake condition, and it is generally difficult for the conventional prestressed anchors to continue limiting their deformation. In addition, the steel anchor is easily broken owing to its insufficient deformability or overload under the action of instantaneous impact load, causing slope instability and failure [3–5]. Furthermore, some corrosive chemicals in the groundwater and the slope body often cause aging, damage, or destruction of the conventional prestressed anchor tendon, which leads to the phenomenon of overall instability and destruction of the anchored slope. Although technical measures such as hot-dip galvanizing on the surface, epoxy coating, anchor bracket, and grouting slurry mixed with preservatives can be adopted in the anchoring engineering, the problem has not been fundamentally solved [6]. With the continuous improvement of infrastructure, the demand for steel bars is increasing. However, the iron ore resources used to produce steel bars are gradually being depleted. Therefore, a nonmetallic anchor should be adopted instead of the steel anchor for geotechnical anchoring engineering. The new material of basalt fiber-reinforced plastics (BFRP) is gradually used to replace the traditional reinforced anchor because it can fully utilize its relatively high tensile strength and low elastic modulus. In addition, the BFRP anchor has the advantages of good stress transfer characteristics, antiseismic and corrosion performance, which can better adapt to the deformation of the slope, effectively solve the corrosion problem of anchor in the slope; and has obvious antiseismic effect of the slope [5]. Basalt fibers are gradually gaining domestic acceptance owing to their advantages of environmental protection, corrosion resistance, high strength, light weight, fatigue resistance, good adhesion to the grouting body, thermal expansion coefficient similar to concrete, and tensile strength retention rate equivalent to steel bars. Many researchers have done much scientific research on the mechanical properties, bond strength with cement mortar, and anchoring performance, and have obtained a lot of valuable results [7, 8]. In previous studies, scholars have carried out a lot of research on the basic physical and mechanical properties of FRP rebars [9–13]. In their conclusions, the main factors that affect the degree of corrosion of FRP bars are temperature, humidity, salt solution, acid-base environment, ultraviolet intensity, etc., and it was found that the corrosion of FRP tendons is usually formed by the deterioration of the fiber or the matrix interface. Generally, basalt fiber has better resistance in acidic environment than alkaline environment [14, 15]. Some researchers [16, 17] have conducted comparative studies on the corrosion resistance of BFRP, GFRP, and CFRP rebars, and considered that the corrosion resistance and durability of BFRP rebars are better than those of GFRP and CFRP rebars. Furthermore, Urbanski et al. [18] and Zhang et al. [19] studied the ductility, deformability, ultimate stress, and damage mechanism of BFRP-reinforced structures and compared with traditional steel-reinforced structures, indicating that BFRP-reinforced structures have certain advantages. In recent decades, BFRP rebars are mostly used to reinforce concrete beams and supports [20, 21]. Yuan et al. [22] studied the influence of the bond performance between the BFRP sheet and concrete, and proposed a bond strength model considering the influence of strain energy and BFRP bond area. Liu et al. [23] studied the bond behavior between BFRP reinforcement and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) by the orthogonal test method, and proposed the influence of RAC strength grade, volume content, and length of chopped basalt fiber on the bond stress slip constitutive relationship. Nerilli and Vairob [24] studied the failure mode of the BFRP-bar-reinforced concrete support through the push–pull double-shear test of BFRP concrete specimens, and analyzed in detail the strain mode and the bond-slip relationship between BFRP and concrete interface. Owing to the mature performance and technology of BFRP rebars, it is gradually used in slope reinforcement engineering. Lei et al. [25] and Liu [26] carried out experiments to analyze the soil slopes supported by nonprestressed BFRP and FRP bolts, respectively, and proposed relevant values and recommended design parameters for the soil slopes supported by BFRP bolts. Jin et al. [27] and Ho et al. [28], respectively, proposed the use of GFRP and FRP to reinforce the slope, and the reinforcement effect was evaluated through numerical theory and experiment. Furthermore, Huang et al. [29, 30], and Kim and Lee [31] established models to predict the effect of slope reinforced by new composite materials, and the experimental results showed that the proposed prediction model achieved high prediction accuracy. In the past, scholars’ studies on BFRP mainly focused on its physical and chemical properties, bonding properties with concrete, and slope reinforcement. Despite many studies, dynamic response of BFRP-reinforced slopes under seismic loadings is mainly based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and in some cases, the engineering practice for antiseismic design in reinforcing the slopes is still largely based on experience. Furthermore, the use of large-scale model tests to study the dynamic response characteristics of BFRP anchors in slope reinforcement engineering under earthquake action is still lacking. Therefore, to clarify the reinforcement effect of BFRP anchor cables in the protection of high slopes in high-intensity earthquake areas, the large-scale shaking table test was used to study the dynamic response characteristics and the failure mode of the slope strengthened by BFRP anchor (cable) + frame structure. Meanwhile, the effect of the slope strengthened by BFRP was compared with that of traditional reinforced anchor (cable) + frame structure. The study results help us to better understand the dynamic response characteristics of BFRP-reinforced slopes and provide a scientific basis for the dynamic rational design of BFRP anchor cables to reinforce high slopes. 2. Shaking Table Test Design 2.1. Project Overview In this study, the fully weathered basalt slope of the Xiangshui River (K5 + 620∼K5 + 700) on the Gongdong expressway was selected as the experimental prototype. The geological disaster point along the Gongdong expressway and the location of the Xiangshui river slope are shown in Figure 1.

Experimental investigation on tribological properties of UHMWPE with the addition of basalt fiber

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

To seek the effective and feasible way to enhance the tribological properties of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) materials, a comparative investigation on the tribological behavior of basalt fiber (BF) as filler in UHMWPE composites was carried out. BF/UHMWPE composites were investigated through friction and wear tests to evaluate its frictional and lubricate properties. The results showed that the friction coefficient of the UHMWPE composite decreased significantly under water sliding condition; under water and dry friction conditions, the friction coefficient decreases with the increase in load and rises as the rotational speed growing. When the BF/UHMWPE composites were tested under water-lubricated conditions, the material folding and pieces of debris were reduced obviously and the variation of wear depth was consistent with the results of friction coefficient. To evaluate the tribological properties of UHMWPE under various conditions, the research results make useful reference for UHMWPE manufacture and other relative experiments.

Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Piles Through Finite Element Modeling

Conference Paper

Mar 2024

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has gained significant attention as a material for pile reinforcement due to its superior mechanical properties such as high strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. In this study, carbon fiber reinforcement polymer (CFRP) and basalt fiber reinforcement polymer (BFRP) are used for FRP piles. The major goal of this study is to assess the mechanical strength of piles with or without FRP. To achieve this goal, numerical modeling of FRP pile has been performed. The numerical modeling of FRP piles has been carried out in ABAQUS software in which a four-point bending test has been performed by using a concrete damage plasticity model. To obtain the behavior of FRP materials, experimental work has been carried out in this study which includes the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The result shows that the flexural strengths of conventional beam, CFRP beam, and BFRP beam are 4.2, 7, and 6.6 MPa. Also, a validation study has been carried out between experimental work and numerical modeling in which the error difference of flexural strength between experimental work and numerical modeling is found to be 6.3%, 5.1%, and 6%, respectively. The performance of piles has been evaluated in terms of strengths, failure analysis, stress, and strain profile. The significance of this study is to minimize the maintenance cost of piles during its service life and to reduce the risk of damage or failure of piles under marine conditions.

Experimental Investigation of Basalt fiber in Concrete

Article

Sep 2022

Adding fiber can improve the brittleness of plain concrete. Compared with plain concrete, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete has the advantages of strengthening, toughening, and crack resistance. Compared with steel fiber-reinforced concrete, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete has better construction performance. Basalt fiber concrete is a type of inorganic material with environmental protection and high mechanical properties. The main aim is to study the effect of different proportions of basalt fiber added as 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in the mix and to find the optimum range of basalt fiber content in the mix.

Novel basalt-stainless steel composite materials with improved fracture toughness

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

This paper presents the technological process for obtaining basalt-stainless steel composite materials and testing their physical and mechanical properties. The phases of the technological process consist of: milling, homogenization, pressing, and sintering to obtain composite materials with improved fracture toughness. Andesite basalt from the deposit site "Donje Jarinje", Serbia, was used as a matrix in the composites, while commercial austenitic stainless steel 316L in the amount of 0-30 wt.% was used as a reinforcement. Although the increase of 316L amount caused a continuous decrease in the relative density of sintered samples, the relative density of sample containing 30 wt.% of 316L was above 94%. The 316L grains, which possess a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than the basalt matrix, shrinking faster during cooling from sintering temperature resulting in the formation of compressive residual stress in the basalt matrix surrounding the spherical steel grains. The presence of this stress activated toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection and toughening due to compressive residual stress. The addition of 20 wt.% of reinforcing 316L particles increased the fracture toughness of basalt by more than 30%. The relative density of these samples was measured to be 97%, whereas macrohardness was found to be 6.2 GPa.

Dauerhaftigkeit

Chapter

Dec 2022

Textilbewehrte Betone mit Carbon‐ oder Glasfaserbewehrung finden für vielzählige Bauteile Anwendung, die starker mechanischer‐ oder Umweltbelastungen ausgesetzt sind. Dieses Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über den derzeitigen Wissensstand zur Dauerhaftigkeit des Verbundmaterials und seiner Komponenten. Ein zusätzlicher Fokus ist auf den Schutz von Stahlbewehrungen für den Fall der Verstärkung oder Instandsetzung von Bauteilen aus Stahlbeton (Reinforced concrete: RC) mit textilbewehrten Beton gerichtet. So wurden die Transporteigenschaften von TRC im gerissenen Zustand, seine Langzeit Zug‐ und Verbundfestigkeit, das Dehnvermögen sowie sein Widerstand gegen aggressive Umgebungsbedingungen als kritische Parameter herausgestellt. Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zeigt, dass TRC auch im gerissenen Zustand über eine lange Zeit hohe mechanische Leistungsfähigkeit und günstige Transporteigenschaften aufweisen, wodurch sich das Potential mit Hinblick auf die Dauerhaftigkeit bestätigen lässt.

Decarboxylative Cross‐coupling Reaction between Aryl Carboxylic Acids using BF@Propyl/Tris/Pd as a Novel Catalyst

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

A practical synthetic method is developed for the synthesis of biaryls from the decarboxylative cross‐coupling reaction using BF@Propyl/Tris/Pd as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. A variety of aryl carboxylic acids are shown to undergo decarboxylative crosscoupling by BF@Propyl/Tris/Pd system. This novel methodology for the synthesis of biaryls avoids the use of haloarenes and organometallic compounds as starting materials. Hence, compared with conventional methods, this strategy is more environmentally friendly and step‐economic. Furthermore, the usage of basalt fibers (BFs) as ceramic supports has significant potential in terms of cost and approachability of crude materials. image

Investigating the effect of different amounts of basalt fiber (BF) during the mixing process on metal friction and wear

Article

Aug 2022
POLYM TEST

As the basic equipment in the rubber field, the internal mixer is suitable for long-term rubber mixing. For the continuous production of the factory, the wear of the internal mixer is a problem that cannot be ignored. This article mainly studies the wear of the end face of the internal mixer. The end face of the mixer is connected to the mixing chamber. With the increase in mixing time, the end face of the mixer is inevitably worn. The abrasion of the end face of the internal mixer causes the gap between the end face of the internal mixer and the mixing chamber to increase, and the materials in the mixing chamber leak out. This affects the ratio of materials and reduces the mixing effect. And with the increase in material leakage, the abrasion of the end face of the internal mixer is intensified, which eventually leads to a decrease in the compound's performance. BF is a pure natural inorganic non-metallic material. It has good high-temperature resistance, and high compressive strength can be used in various environments and is inexpensive and cost-effective. Based on this, BF is increasingly used in the rubber field. In this paper, the effect of adding different amounts of BF on the friction and wear of the end face of the internal mixer is studied, and the proportions of varying wear forms are distinguished for the first time. The study finds that with the increase of BF in the compound, the proportion of abrasive wear first decreased and then increased, the balance of corrosion wear first increased and then decreased, and the amount of metal wear first decreased and then increased. It is found that the lowest wear of the rubber compound on the metal can be achieved when the amount of BF reaches 10 phr. When the BF amount increases, the corresponding amount of metal wear increases.

Effects of basalt fiber and polyvinyl alcohol fiber on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete and optimization of fiber contents

Article

Jul 2022
CONSTR BUILD MATER

With the rapid economic development, a great quantity of concrete structures is facing dismantling and rebuilding. In this process, many recycled aggregates (RA) that will have an adverse effect on the environment will be produced. Fiber-reinforced RA concrete (RAC) (FRRAC) was prepared using single-incorporated basalt fiber (BF), single-incorporated polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVAF), and double-incorporated BF with PVAF as micro-reinforced materials to improve the environment and the performance of RAC. The influence of fibers on the performance of RAC was analyzed on the basis of workability, mechanical properties and durability along with the desire function to achieve the multi-objective optimization of the comprehensive performance of FRRAC to obtain the optimal content of hybrid fibers. Results showed that the incorporation of fiber improved the mechanical performance and durability of RAC. The double-incorporated BF with PVAF could play an excellent coupling role, that is, BF and PVAF mainly improved the strength and toughness of RAC, respectively. The optimum contents of BF and PVAF for preparing unit volume FRRAC were 0.274% and 0.102%, respectively. This ratio could prepare FRRAC with compressive strength of 54.3 MPa, splitting tensile strength of 3.29 MPa, flexural strength of 3.67 MPa, compressive strength of 49.9 MPa after 200 freeze–thaw cycles and compressive strength of 50.7 MPa after 120 sulfate wetting–drying cycles.

Static mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete reinforced with basalt fibers

Article

Apr 2022

In this article, the effect of length (6, 12, and 18 mm) and volume fraction (0, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5%) of basalt fibers (BFs) on the static mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) was studied. The binding of BFs to matrix in BFRPC was investigated at the micro‐level by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results showed that BFs effectively improved the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the RPC, despite the effect of different lengths. With the increase in the BFs volume fraction, the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength first increased and then decreased. And, for compressive strength, 6 and 12 mm BFs can improve the strength, while 18 mm BFs caused strength recession. Compared with the experimental groups, it was found that the overall performance of RPC with the BFs length of 12 mm and the volume fraction of 0.9% was the best. The research results have great significance in the engineering application of BFRPC.

Experimental study on the durability of polymer‐impregnated basalt textile applied as concrete reinforcement

Article

Apr 2022

This paper presents an experimental study on the durability of polymer‐impregnated basalt textile considering the effects of impregnation material, corrosion temperature, and corrosion solution. The variations in tensile strength, elastic modulus, surface condition, and failure mode were examined. Furthermore, a prediction model for the tensile strength degradation of basalt textiles was proposed. The experimental results showed that the tensile strength degradation of the textile was significantly influenced by the impregnation materials. The epoxy resin/acrylic emulsion‐impregnated textiles had superior durability to the styrene‐butadiene latex/vinyl resin‐impregnated textiles. As the temperature increased, the tensile strength decreased, whereas the variation in the elastic modulus was insignificant. In addition, the tensile strength of the weft textile degraded slightly faster than that of the warp textile owing to the larger contact area with the corrosion solution for the former. The saline–alkaline solution was more aggressive than the alkaline solution for the impregnated textiles owing to the corrosion caused by the combination of alkaline hydroxide ions and salt chloride ions in the former. The proposed model to predict the strength degradation considering both the aging time and temperature effect is in good agreement with the experimental results, which can be used to predict the long‐term strength of basalt textiles used as concrete reinforcement in real engineering applications.

Flexural Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Continuous FRP Bars and Discrete Steel Fibers under Cyclic Loads

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

This research investigated the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with continuous basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and discrete steel fibers. Five concrete beams with the dimensions of 150 × 300 × 2100 mm3 were constructed and tested to failure under four-point bending cyclic loading. The specimens consisted of four BFRP-reinforced concrete beams with various reinforcement ratios (ρf), namely, 0.56%, 0.77%, 1.15%, and 1.65%, and one conventional steel-reinforced concrete beam for comparison purposes. The cracking behavior, failure modes, load-deflection behavior, residual deformation, and stiffness degradation of the beams were studied. Additionally, a deformation-based approach was used to analyze the deformability of the beams. The results show that an increase in the ρf effectively restrained the crack widths, deflections, and residual deformation while also enhancing the flexural bearing capacity of the beams. In comparison to the first displacement cycle, the bearing capacity dropped by 10% on average in the third cycle. The stiffness exhibited a fast to slow degradation trend until failure. The residual stiffnesses were higher in beams with a higher ρf. The over-reinforced beams had superior deformability than the under-reinforced beams, according to the deformability factors.

Assessing the mechanical behavior of glass and basalt reinforced vinyl ester composite under artificial seawater environment

Article

Apr 2022

Glass and basalt fiber reinforced vinyl ester epoxy (GFRP and BFRP) composites offer considerable potential for underwater and deep sea applications. In spite of their increasing usage in various sectors, there are still questions concerning their long term reliability in marine environment. In this article, the response of GFRP and BFRP to seawater ageing and their subsequent mechanical properties were evaluated. The composites were fabricated by vacuum assisted resin injection technique and seawater aged at 30 ⁰C for 18, 28, 38, 258 and 305 days. By using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the failure of dry and seawater aged specimen after mechanical testing showed fiber breaking, debonding and sporadic fracturing along the laminate. This was due to higher moisture concentration in these areas during ageing. The results also revealed an overall steady decrease in tensile, flexural and impact strengths of seawater aged laminates with increasing ageing duration. Overall, the seawater ageing property of BFRP composites is almost identical to that of GFRP. The use of different nano-materials could also be explored in future works to address some drawbacks in the fiber–matrix interface durability after seawater ageing.

Experimental study of the effect of clay nanoparticles on the strength of hybrid sandwich panels under quasi-static loading

Article

Jan 2022
AEROSP SCI TECHNOL

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of clay nanoparticles on the strength of a hybrid sandwich structure with polyurethane foam core with two different densities. The sandwich structure is made of E-glass woven fabric and basalt fiber. Different percentages of clay nanoparticles are 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Furthermore, polyurethane foam with two densities of 40 and 140 (kg/m³) was used for the core of the sandwich structure. By force-displacement diagram obtained from quasi-static impact, the experimental studies of the effect of clay nanoparticles and polyurethane foam with different densities in this type of structure were performed. In addition, crashworthiness features including crush force efficiency and energy absorption capability were discussed. Finally, images of the damage surface and the cut view were taken and the results were reported in order to scrutinize the damage in the hybrid structure. The results indicate that with the increase of clay nanoparticles in the resin of the hybrid structure, the performance of the structure against the indenter effect is improved and displays good resistance. Furthermore, the strength of the structure is enhanced by increasing the density of polyurethane foam. Holistically, polyurethane foam prevents the spread of damage in all structures. In samples with foam with a density of 40 (kg/m³), the hybrid structure with 0.0% Nano absorbs more energy and in samples with foam with a density of 140 (kg/m³), has less energy absorption.

Experimental Study on the Durability of Polymer-Impregnated Basalt Textile Applied as Concrete Reinforcement

Article

Jan 2021

Effects of nano-Al 2 O 3 and PTFE fillers on tribological property of basalt fabric-reinforced epoxy composites

Article

Nov 2021

Effects of nano-Al2O3 and PTFE fillers on tribological behaviour of basalt fabric reinforced epoxy composite (BFRC) produced with a combination of molding and mixing method were studied by Taguchi L9 design. Microstructures and worn surfaces of composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Regression equations were also developed for predicting wear and coefficient of friction. The results indicated that specific wear rate increased with increasing load and decreasing speed, but friction coefficient decreased with increasing speed, PTFE addition and medium load. In addition, wear rate of nano-PTFE was lower than that of nano-Al2O3 because of its microstructure. PTFE decreased the friction about 17%. Load was effective on the wear rate while speed was dominant on the friction. Moreover, multiple fiber fractures and large numbers of debris were dominated for BFRC while fiber debondings, fiber removals and debris agglomerations were effective for Al2O3, but fiber fractures and flake types of debris were responsible for PTFE.

Mechanical and durable properties of chopped basalt fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete and the mathematical modeling

Article

Sep 2021
CONSTR BUILD MATER

Herein, the study conducts an experimental research on the mechanical strength and durability of chopped basalt fiber (BF) reinforced recycled aggregate (RA) concrete. BF at six volumetric dosages of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.5% and RA at five volumetric substitution levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% are used in determining the compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, the specific strength [ratio of splitting tensile strength and apparent density] and the chloride penetration. Results show that BF reinforces both RA and nature aggregate (NA) concrete in a dosage dependent way. Relative to the late strength, BF has a better reinforcement effect on the early strength of RA concrete. BF content though is positively related to the splitting tensile strength is with a declined marginal utility. The opitmal dosage thereby exists and is identifed as 1%. Given the reinforcement of BF and the lower density of RA, the combined use of BF at low dosage and RA in high content results in a specific strength that is higher than that of RA concrete. Besides the strength enhancement effect, BF also descends the porosity and ascends the resistance to chloride penetration of RA concrete. The respond surface methodology interestingly is found to have a prominent role in establishing a mathematical model between the compressive and the splitting tensile strength because both strengths have respond surfaces that are shaped by BF and RA. Aforementioned results verify inferior properties of RA concrete can be offset by BF addition, signifying a complementary effect between BF and RA.

Effects of process factors on tribological behaviour of epoxy composites including Al2O3 nano particles: a comparative study on multi-regression analysis and artificial neural network

Article

Mar 2021

Basalt fabric filled epoxy composites (BFRCs) and adding of nano-Al2O3 particles by conventional stirring and followed by moulding technique to fabric filled epoxy composites (n-BFRCs) were prepared to obtain higher rigidities and strengths for automotive and chemical industries. The tribological property of the composites was studied under dry condition with a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to study influences of material’s type, load and surface roughness. In addition, multiple regression analysis (MRA) was developed for predicting the dry wear results and compared with artificial neural network (ANN). The results indicated that volume loss increased with increasing load and surface roughness, but decreased with increasing hardness. Improvements of nano-Al2O3 particles in basalt composites were about 16.9% in compared with BFRCs. All main factors were effective on the wear of the composites, but hardness and load were the most significant factors, followed by surface roughness. Furthermore, both MRA and ANN approach provided an effective methodology for prediction of the wear of composites, but ANN was found to be more effective tool for getting more accurate results than that of MRA, particularly based on the determination of coefficient and absolute relative errors.

Preparation and characterization of basalt fabrics coated with zirconia obtained by sol-gel method for textile reinforced concrete

Article

Mar 2021

The poor alkali resistance of basalt fabric greatly affects the mechanical properties of textile reinforced concrete. In this study, dense zirconia coating obtained by sol-gel method was coated on the basalt fabrics surface as additional sizing to improve the alkali resistance of basalt fabrics. The morphology, wettability and phase composition of the fabric surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle (SWCA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectra (FI-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman. The tensile properties of various basalt fabrics immersed in alkaline solution for different time and the mechanical property of concrete composites were examined by universal material testing machine. Results showed that a protective membrane was formed on the surface of basalt fabrics to prevent the diffusion of hydroxide ions. The final strength retention ratio of BF-c-ZrO2 (Basalt fabric-coated-Zirconia) fabrics could maintain at 89.92% compared with that of pristine basalt fabrics, which reached below 40%. The compressive strength and flexural strength of BF-c-ZrO2 fabrics reinforced concrete increased by 10.15% and 19.0% compared with that of pristine basalt fabrics reinforced concrete. A theoretical model was proposed to predict the ultimate flexural bearing capacity of BF-c-ZrO2 fabric reinforced concrete based on the equivalent stress rectangle theory. The corresponding predicted value compared with experimental result indicated a good coincidence and a reasonable accuracy, which was less than 5% of their discrepancy.

Mechanical and fracture properties of geopolymer concrete with basalt fiber using digital image correlation

Article

Jan 2021
THEOR APPL FRACT MEC

This paper investigates the mechanical and fracture properties of basalt fiber reinforced fly ash geopolymer concrete with different length (3 mm, 6 mm, 12 mm and 18 mm), which were tested by means of compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and three point bending test. The fiber reinforced mechanism was characterized by SEM. Simultaneously, the strain field and displacement field of FAGC were explored by using of digital image correlation. The results reveal that the addition of basalt fiber improve compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, peak load, fracture toughness and fracture energy, and all of them for fiber reinforced FAGC with 6 mm were biggest. In addition, a decrease in crack length and an improvement in relative COD increment for basalt fiber reinforced FAGC before the load level of post-80% peak load were observed.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS-A REVIEW

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2018

Composite materials (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) are lightweight with high stiffness and strength. Polymeric Composite Materials have been used in boats, ships, submarines and offshore structures for the last fifty-five years. This paper overviews the polymer reinforcement of various fibres and the particles are investigated for their impact strength, energy intensity, the efficiency of the composite structure, ultimate strength, deformations, bending strength and impact resistance. After reviewing the natural fibre reinforcement, the fibre structure and its mechanical and thermal properties are reviewed. The paper also discusses Polymeric materials and honey core materials for its uses in light applications such as marine constructions and research development.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon/Basalt Intra-ply Hybrid Composites. I. Effect of Intra-ply Hybridization

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

The effects of intra-ply hybridization on mechanical and thermal properties of carbon/basalt fibers reinforced epoxy composites were experimentally investigated. Combination of superior mechanical properties of carbon fiber, good thermal stability and basalt fiber toughness is the main purpose of designing of these composites. Three types of homogeneous carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) and intra-ply hybrid of carbon/basalt reinforced polymer (CBFRP) composites were fabricated by using vacuum assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM) method. All fabricated composite plates were cut according to ASTM standard. The effect of incorporation of basalt fiber with carbon fiber on mechanical properties, such as modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength and inter laminar shear strength (ILSS) were studied by bending, tensile and short beam shear (SBS) experiments. Measurement of thermal conductivity, dynamic mechanic analyze (DMA), thermogravimetric analyze (TGA) tests were also carried out for thermal characterization of fabricated homogeneous and hybrid composites. Furthermore, dynamic drop test (DDT) was used to evaluate hybridization effect on hydrophobicity of composites. The results indicated that the CBFP hybrid composites perform a moderate mechanical performance between homogeneous CFRP and BFRP composites. On the other hand, incorporation of basalt fiber in the structure of carbon fiber composite not only enhances the thermal stability of composites but also moderates the fabrication price by alternating cheaper basalt fiber with expensive carbon fiber.

Performance of cementitious composites reinforced with chopped basalt fibres – An overview

Article

Jan 2021
CONSTR BUILD MATER

Adeyemi Adesina

The focus on the use of eco-friendly materials in cementitious composites has resulted in increasing interest and use of materials such as chopped basalt fibres which are a sustainable alternative to the conventional fibres. In addition to the sustainable advantage of basalt fibres, they are cheaper and possess outstanding mechanical and durability performance. However, as the use of basalt fibres in cementitious composites is still relatively new, it is paramount to have a critical understanding of how the properties of the basalt fibre affect the performance of cementitious composites. This paper presents an overview of the use of basalt fibres in cementitious composites and the corresponding effects on the performance. The properties of the basalt fibres were discussed, and the performance of cementitious composites reinforced with basalt fibres in terms of its mechanical and durability properties was explored and discussed. This overview confirmed the enhancement of mechanical properties of cementitious composites such as flexural strength and split tensile strength with the incorporation of basalt fibres. However, more research is still needed in understanding the overall effect of basalt fibres on the compressive strength and durability performance of cementitious composites.

Interactions of fibre-reinforced epoxy composites with different salt water solutions including isotonic liquid

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1988

The interactions between glass, carbon and unreinforced epoxy resins and salt water solutions have been studied by gravimetric and viscoelastic analysis. The viscoelastic behavior of the material, which shows heterogeneous plasticization, has been correlated with water diffusion phenomena. It seems that the salt concentration only restricts the amounts of sorbed water at equilibrium.

Influence of Alumina on the Properties of Continuous Basalt Fibers

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2009

We study the influence of alumina percentage on fundamental properties (structure and crystallization) and applied properties (temperature range of manufacturing and strength) of basalt glasses and continuous basalt fibers (CBFs) on their base. Crystallization of high-alumina glasses and CBFs occurs in three steps. First, magnetite crystallizes, serving as nuclei for subsequent crystallization of augite mineral. Above 900°C, anorthite is the major crystallization product. For low-alumina fibers, augite is the major crystallization product. Fibers and glasses having high alumina percentages have the highest resistance to crystallization. IR spectroscopy showed that the structural connectivity of glasses and fibers increases with increasing alumina percentage. The breaking strength of fibers varies within 1.7–2.5 GPa, increasing with Al2O3 percentage.

Environmental fatigue of unidirectional glass–carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composite

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2001
COMPOS PART B-ENG

Unidirectional glass fiber reinforced and glass–carbon fiber reinforced (glass to carbon fiber volume ratio 3:1) epoxy matrix composite samples were subjected to tension–tension fatigue in air and in distilled water at 25°C. While no significant change in fatigue life was observed for both types of samples tested in air and in water when cyclically tested at 85% of average ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the detrimental effect of water becomes apparent at lower stress levels of 65 and 45% UTS. Compared to samples tested in air, cyclic loading in water results in shorter fatigue lives for both glass and hybrid samples. While all of the glass fiber composite samples did not survive to 106 cycles when loaded in water, hybrid samples showed better retention in structural integrity under environmental fatigue for lives up to 107 cycles, a consequence of the corrosion resistant of carbon fiber. Thus, by incorporating appropriate amount of carbon fibers in glass fiber composite, a much better performance in fatigue can be achieved for glass–carbon hybrid composite.

Low velocity impact properties of 3D woven basalt/aramid hybrid composites

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2008
COMPOS SCI TECHNOL

In order to determine the effect of fiber arrangement in 3D woven hybrid composites on their low velocity impact properties, aramid (Kevlar®129), basalt fibers, and epoxy resin were used to fabricate interply hybrid composite in which different yarn types were placed in different layers and intraply hybrid composite in which each layer was composed of two types of alternately arranged yarns. These composites were impact tested at 2 m/s and 3 m/s impact velocities along warp and weft directions. The interply hybrid composite showed higher ductile indices (8–220%), lower peak load (5–45%), and higher specific energy absorption (9–67%) in both warp and weft directions than that of the intraply hybrid composite due to a layer-by-layer fracture mode for the interply hybrid composite.

Property of continuous basalt fiber and composites

Article

Jan 2000

Overseas development and application of basalt continuous fiber

Article

Jan 2003

Q. Shi

Continuous reinforcing fibers are being offered for construction, civil engineering and other composites applications

Article

Jan 2001

M. Berozashvili

Stability of Basalt Fibers in a Medium of Hydrating Cement

Article

Nov 2001

The stability of basalt and aluminoborosilicate fibers of different diameters under the effect of an alkaline medium of hydrating cement (concrete) is investigated. Kinetic dependences of CaO absorption by fibers from a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 are determined. General regularities of the variation in the breaking strength of fibers after exposure in the specified solution for 3, 6, or 12 months are specified. The obtained data can be used for analysis and deducing estimated dependences of long-time strength of basalt-fiber composites based on cement matrixes.

Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt and Glass Fibers: A Comparison

Article

May 2009

The geometrical and mechanical properties and chemical composition of different basalt and glass fibers have been investigated. Tensile tests were performed on short basalt fiber made by melt blowing, glass fiber and three different types of continuous basalt fibers made by spinneret method. The chemical composition was evaluated by plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The geometrical and mechanical properties of continuous basalt and glass fibers were similar to each other in terms of diameter, tensile strength and modulus. Short basalt fibers had considerably lower average diameter and mechanical performance with relatively high standard deviation. The SiO2 and Al2 O3 content of basalt fibers showed correlation with tensile properties of fibers. Results revealed that continuous basalt fibers were competitive with glass fibers and short basalt fibers were weaker in terms of quality and mechanical properties. It was observed that the joint SiO 2 and Al2O3 content of basalt and glass fibers showed correlation with tensile properties of fibers.

Calcium Deposition on Glass Surface as an Inhibitor to Alkaline Attack

Article

Nov 1979
J AM CERAM SOC

Tensile behaviors of quartz Aramid and glass filaments after NaOH treatment

Article

Mar 2009
MATER DESIGN

Huang Gu

Quartz, aramid and glass filaments were treated with NaCl solutions of various concentrations for different periods of time. The appearance of the treated filaments was examined. It revealed that for the quartz fibre the NaCl density and the treatment time have a minor effect as far as the decrease rate of the fibre strength is concerned. After three weeks of NaCl treatment, dramatic degradation of the aramid filaments was noticed for all the NaCl densities used in the investigation. The glass fibre degradation induced by the NaCl solution was considered regular; both higher NaCl concentration and prolonged treating time would both promote the decrease of the fibre strength.

Effect, on moisture absorption experiments, of failure to dry specimens prior to exposure

Article

Apr 1980
Composites

E.C. Edge

A simple theoretical example is used to illustrate the effect of allowing composite coupon specimens, intended for moisture absorption experiments, to lie in the laboratory awaiting test without drying them prior to exposure. Clearly in these circumstances, the equilibrium moisture concentration will be underestimated and any ‘as manufactured’ values obtained from the measurement of other properties may in fact be partly degraded. The diffusion coefficients obtained by matching theoretical calculations to practical results will also be affected. It is shown that these apparent coefficients may be considerably in error, particularly if the variation of the equilibrium concentration with humidity is small. This distortion is at its maximum when the laboratory exposure time is fairly low, and the deviation from the actual coefficient is of a form which suggests that the diffusion coefficient is increasing with concentration and/or time, although a constant coefficient was assumed in the example used. The theoretical example is based on parameters pertaining to one particular graphite/epoxy composite, but the problem may easily occur with other materials absorbing a penetrant in a near-Fickian manner.

Tensile behaviours of some high performance filaments after NaOH treatment

Article

Dec 2008
MATER DESIGN

Huang Gu

Quartz, aramid, and glass filaments were treated by NaOH solution with various concentrations and periods. The outward appearance of the treated filaments was shown.The investigation revealed that higher density of NaOH solution and prolonged treating time would cause accelerated degradation of the aramid filament; when different NaOH concentrations were involved, the decrease rate of the quartz fibre strength after 3 weeks’ treatment was not as distinctive as that for the aramid fibre; it seems that both NaOH concentration and the treating time used in this research played minor roles on the tensile strength decrease of the glass fibre.

Accelerated ageing of a glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin in water

Article

Jan 1983
Composites

The concept of accelerating the effects of water on a unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin by immersing the composite in water at temperatures up to boiling point has been examined and shown to be less than satisfactory. The mechanisms involved in water absorption at temperatures higher than ambient have been shown to be complex. Irreversible degradation occurred at higher temperatures and the processes controlling absorption were found to be temperature and time dependent above 40°C.

An evaluation of the critical conditions for the initiation of stress corrosion cracking in unidirectional E-glass/polymer composites

Article

Mar 2001
COMPOS SCI TECHNOL

The purpose of this work is to establish the critical surface conditions leading to the initiation of stress-corrosion cracks on the as-supplied surfaces of three unidirectional E-glass/polymer composites with modified polyester, epoxy and vinyl ester resins subjected to a nitric acid solution without mechanical loads. The composite materials considered in this study are commonly used in composite high-voltage insulators on overhead transmission lines with the line voltages ranging from 69 to 735 kV. The initiation of stress-corrosion cracks in exposed glass fibers on the composite surfaces was observed in the absence of externally applied mechanical loads. However, the crack initiation rates are strongly dependent on the amount of exposed fibers. After the initial stage of crack initiation, no further stress-corrosion damage is observed in the composites. The E-glass/vinyl ester system appears to be more resistant to the initiation of stress-corrosion cracking in comparison with the other two composite systems investigated. This system exhibits the lowest number of stress-corrosion cracks and the lowest total surface area of exposed fibers on the composite surfaces. The E-glass/epoxy composite shows the lowest resistance to stress corrosion with the largest areas of exposed fibers. The effect of exposed fibers on the stress-corrosion process in unidirectional E-glass/polymer composites used in high voltage insulators has not been previously reported. It is clear that in order to reduce the rates of failure of composite high-voltage insulators by stress-corrosion cracking (brittle fracture), the presence of exposed fibers on their rod surfaces should be minimized.

Stress‐rupture lifetime of a poly(ethylene terephthalate)/glass composite under an alkaline solution environment

Article

Jul 1984
POLYM COMPOSITE

Stress corrosion testing of injection molded, short-fiber (E-glass) reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), in a 10 weight percent NaOH solution, indicated that a PET-matrix degradation mechanism was operating. This is in direct contrast to the fiber degradation observed in acidic (10 weight percent HCl solution) stress corrosion tests on this material. Stress-rupture lifetime in the alkaline solution was shorter than that in the acidic solution, suggesting that the alkaline attack on the PET matrix is more aggressive than the acidic attack on the E-glass fibers. In both environments, fiber/matrix interface deterioration was also observed. Alkaline lifetime versus toughness behavior has been analyzed by established statistical methodology, using the empirical lifetime expression and the Weibull distribution function.

Hot wear properties of ceramic and basalt fiber reinforced hybrid friction materials

Article

Jan 2007
TRIBOL INT

In the present study, hybrid friction materials were manufactured using ceramic and basalt fibers. Ceramic fiber content was kept constant at 10 vol% and basalt fiber content was changed between 0 to 40 vol%. Mechanical properties and friction and wear characteristics of friction materials were determined using a pin-on-disc type apparatus against a cast iron counterface in the sliding speeds of 3.2–12.8 m/s, disc temperature of 100–350 °C and applied loads of 312.5–625 N. The worn surfaces of the specimens were examined by SEM. Experiments show that fiber content has a significant influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. The friction coefficient of the hybrid friction materials was increased with increasing additional basalt fiber content. But the specific wear rates of the composites decreased up to 30 vol% fiber content and then increased again above this value. The wear tests showed that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing load and speed but increases with increasing disc temperature up to 300 °C. The most important factor effecting wear rate was the disc temperature followed by sliding speed. The materials showing higher specific wear rates gave relatively coarser wear particles. XRD studies showed that Fe and Fe2O3 were present in wear debris at severe wear conditions which is indicating the disc wear.

Analysis of glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite hovercraft hull base

Article

Dec 2008
MATER DESIGN

The use of corrosion resistant and lower density composite has made it one of the choices for this weight sensitive application. Structural analysis was done in this research on the suitability and reliability of the composite for the hovercraft hull base by using NASTRAN/PATRAN software. The future recommendation in constructing the base hull prototype from composite was supported by the results from this analysis and simulations of the composite usage. The finding supported the fact that weight played a significant role in designing a hovercraft as the hull must be strong to withstand the pressure applied yet still remain light.

Aging of alkali-resistant glass and basalt fibers in alkaline solutions: Evaluation of the failure stress by Weibull distribution function

Article

Dec 2009
J NON-CRYST SOLIDS

In alkaline solutions, the reaction of hydroxyl ions with Si–O–Si-groups of the glass network leads to the formation of hydrated surfaces and dissolved silicate. The rate of this corrosion depends on the chemical constitution of the fiber and the alkaline solution as well as on time and temperature. The investigation of the aging of glass and basalt fibers with different chemical constitutions in NaOH and cement solutions shows that the corrosion mechanism changes due to the inhibiting effect of calcium ions. The strength distributions have been evaluated using a Weibull distribution function. The mechanical behavior strongly depends on the chemistry of the solution and determines the parameters of the Weibull distribution function in terms of either single or mixed distributions. The corrosion in NaOH solution leads to a strong dissolution of the outer layer of the glass and basalt fibers, whereas during aging in cement solution at the same pH-value a limited, local attack was revealed.

Corrosion of glass fibres

Article

Jun 1987

Ernesto L. Rodriguez

Two types of glass fibres were examined for surface damage by scanning electron microscopy after exposure to dilute sulphuric acid for 336 and 1200 hr at room temperature.

Structure of Multicomponent SiO2–Al2O3–Fe2O3–CaO–MgO Glasses for the Preparation of Fibrous Insulating Materials

Article

Jun 2005
J MOL STRUCT

Glasses used for the fabrication of fibrous insulating materials are made from natural raw materials, mainly basalts. Basalt alloys, however, show relatively high crystallization capability, which is disadvantageous for throwing and durability of the fibres prepared.In the work new raw materials, such as melaphyres and diabase from the Silesia region of Poland were applied for the preparation of aluminosilicate alloys. In order to study their crystallization ability the glasses were heated in an electric furnace at various temperatures for various time periods. Depending on the raw material used as well as the temperature of heat-treatment amorphous or crystalline materials were obtained. Crystalline phases were identified based on X-ray diffraction studies. It was found that magnetite/titanomagnetite crystallized in the first step. Then pyroxenes phases of diopsides or augite type appeared in the systems.Spectroscopic investigations in the mid IR region were carried out for all the glasses. This made it possible to determine the influence of thermal treatment on the structural changes of glasses (changes in the spectra shapes). Locations of the bands due to Al–O–Si and Si–O–Si bridges vibrations suggested that in most cases the augite-type phases were present in the systems (aluminium coordination number equal to 4 and 6). Appearance of aluminium in coordination 4 and 6 was confirmed by NMR investigations (two clear bands in the spectra).

A methodology for assessing fatigue degradation of joined fibre-reinforced polymer composite tubes

Article

Sep 2007
POLYM TEST

Advantageous properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites, such as high corrosion resistance, may lead to enhanced performance of structures compared to those made from conventional engineering materials. For this reason, composite pipe has been the subject of various studies aimed at mitigating deficiencies that metallic components exhibit in corrosive environments. Using advanced winding techniques, composite tubes can be manufactured cost effectively with high quality. The joining of composite tube sections is best achieved using adhesive bonding. However, incomplete understanding of associated damage mechanisms hampers modelling and failure predictions. The present contribution is concerned with the fatigue damage evolution in joined composite tubes. It was observed from experiments with joined tube sections that two simultaneous damage mechanisms govern the damage evolution under fatigue loading, namely matrix cracking in the tube sections and debonding of the joint. A methodology is presented that allows for the individual quantification of damage in the joint and tube sections by means of a mechanical model. The effectiveness of this methodology is demonstrated employing results form an experimental study on adhesively bonded glass-fibre–reinforced epoxy polymer tubes.

Influence of thermal treatment on tensile failure of basalt fibers

Article

Jun 2002
ENG FRACT MECH

In this contribution selected ultimate tensile properties of basalt fibers are presented. Properties are investigated after tempering to the 50, 100, 200, 300 °C. Scanning electron microscopy identifies structural changes of fibers. The distribution of stress at break is described by the Weibull type model. It was postulated that fracture occurs due to nonhomogeneities in fiber volume (probably near the small crystallites of minerals). The analysis of fibrous fragment evolved during abrasion of basalt weave is presented. Despite of fact that basalt particle are too thick to be respirable the handling of basalt fibers must be carried out with care.

Stress corrosion crack growth in glass/polyester composites with surface crack

Article

Dec 2001
COMPOS PART B-ENG

The propagation characteristics of stress corrosion surface cracks and crack growth rates in a range of unidirectional glass/polyester composites exposed to 0.6 N dilute HCl acid were examined using a fracture mechanics test. Glass/polyester composites were produced from continuous rovings using filament winding method. The shallow surface cracks with various a/c and a/t ratios were machined on the specimens and under uniaxial tension were exposed to one side stress corrosion. The stress intensity factors for glass/polyester composites with surface cracks are obtained from Newman–Raju, Nishioka, and single edge notch expressions. The material constants, such as A and n, are related to crack growth rate and the stress intensity factors were obtained for the test conditions.

Investigation of calcium-iron-silicate glasses by the M??ssbauer method

Article

Sep 1978
J NON-CRYST SOLIDS

The oxidation-reduction and coordination of iron atoms in calciumsilicate glasses has been studied as functions of the basic oxide content and partial oxygen pressure on the basis of Mössbauer spectra. It was found that the equilibrium concentration ratio NFe3+/NFe2+ increased as the CaO content or partial oxygen pressure increased. The coordination behavior of iron atoms was complicated. In the glasses containing a large amount of Fe2O3, the Fe2+ ion was always present in the octahedral site, while the Fe3+ ion showed amphoteric behaviour. The ratio in number of tetrahedrally coordinated to octahedrally coordinated ferric ions did not exhibit any remarkable variation for larger partial oxygen pressures (1 and 0.21 atm), but increased slightly with the CaO/SiO2 ratio for the small oxygen pressure (3 × 10−7 atm). In the glasses containing a small amount of Fe2O3, the Fe2+ ion was present in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. However, the coordination state of the Fe3+ ion was not sufficiently clear in such glasses.

Effect of matrix toughness on crack propagation during stress corrosion of glass reinforced composites

Article

Dec 1987
COMPOS SCI TECHNOL

The propagation of stress corrosion cracks in a range of aligned glass fibre-polyester matrix composites exposed to 0·6 n HCl has been examined using a fracture mechanics test and fractography. Increasing matrix toughness reduces the rate of crack propagation except for highly ductile resins. In the main it is found that crack growth results from the direct action of the acid on the glass fibres at the tip of matrix cracks. However, there are some indications from fractography for diffusion assisted crack growth at low stress intensities for materials with a ductile matrix. Measurements of the mirror zone size have shown that the stress on the fibres at fracture for a given stress intensity is dependent on matrix toughness. It is concluded that the velocity of stress corrosion cracks is related to matrix properties through this effect.

Aging of polymeric composite specimens for 5000 hours at elevated pressure and temperature

Article

Jan 2001
COMPOS SCI TECHNOL

As part of the NASA High Speed Research Program and as a continuation of a test program developed at Boeing — Long Beach [Tsotsis TK, Keller S, Lee K, Bardis J, Bish J. 3000 hours aging of polymeric composite specimens under elevated presssure and temperature. Presented at 44th International SAMPE Symposium 24–27 May, 1999 (closed paper). Tsotsis TK, Keller S, Bardis J, Bish J. Preliminary examination of the use of elevated pressure to accelerate thermo-oxidative aging in composites. Polym Degrad Stab 1999;64:207–12.], the effects of elevated pressures in conjunction with elevated temperatures on the thermo-oxidative stability of polymeric composites are being investigated. This test program examines four different air pressures — 0.101, 0.345, 1.03, and 1.72 MPa (14.7, 50, 150, and 250 psi)—for carbon/epoxy specimens aged at 121°C (250°F) for up to 5000 h. Specimens used were AS4/3501-6 [±45°]2s tensile shear and IM7/8552 [+45°/0°/−45°/90°]2s open-hole compression. The materials used were selected to evaluate the test method and not as candidate materials for use at higher temperatures. The test results show a distinct accelerating effect with the use of elevated pressures especially for the tensile shear coupons. The results also suggest that elevated pressure may be a good tool for significantly reducing screening times for material that will be subjected to long exposures in oxygen-containing environments at elevated temperatures.

An experimental study on the effect of environmental exposures and corrosion on RC columns with FRP composite jackets

Article

Jul 2007
COMPOS PART B-ENG

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various environmental conditions on the long-term behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Small-scale RC columns were manufactured in the laboratory and conditioned under accelerated environmental cycling and accelerated corrosion process of reinforcing bars. Then, uni-axial compressive failure tests were conducted in order to evaluate the change of mechanical properties of the test columns due to the environmental effects. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of RC column system (RC + FRP) were altered due to the environmental conditioning and the corrosion of steel reinforcement, and each type of environmental conditions had its unique effects and features.

Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structure

Article

Dec 2005
COMPOS PART B-ENG

This study investigates the applicability of the basalt fiber as a strengthening material for structural concrete members through various experimental works for durability, mechanical properties, and flexural strengthening. The basalt fiber used in this study was manufactured in Russia and exhibited the tensile strength of 1000 MPa, which was about 30% of the carbon and 60% of the high strength glass (S-glass) fiber. When the fibers were immersed into an alkali solution, the basalt and glass fibers lost their volumes and strengths with a reaction product on the surface but the carbon fiber did not show significant strength reduction. From the accelerated weathering test, the basalt fiber was found to provide better resistance than the glass fiber. However, the basalt fiber kept about 90% of the normal temperature strength after exposure at 600 °C for 2 h whereas the carbon and the glass fibers did not maintain their volumetric integrity. In the tests for flexural strengthening evaluation, the basalt fiber strengthening improved both the yielding and the ultimate strength of the beam specimen up to 27% depending on the number of layers applied. From the results presented herein, two layers of the basalt fiber sheets were thought to be better strengthening scheme. In addition, the strengthening does not need to extend over the entire length of the flexural member. When moderate structural strengthening but high resistance for fire is simultaneously sought such as for building structures, the basalt fiber strengthening will be a good alternative methodology among other fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening systems.

Verhalten von Glasfasern in Zementsuspensionen

Article

Hannes Wolfgang Bauer

Environmental stress-corrosion cracking of fiberglass: Lessons learned from failures in the chemical industry

Article

May 2007
J HAZARD MATER

Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials are often used to construct tanks, piping, scrubbers, beams, grating, and other components for use in corrosive environments. While FRP typically offers superior and cost effective corrosion resistance relative to other construction materials, the glass fibers traditionally used to provide the structural strength of the FRP can be susceptible to attack by the corrosive environment. The structural integrity of traditional FRP components in corrosive environments is usually dependent on the integrity of a corrosion-resistant barrier, such as a resin-rich layer containing corrosion resistant glass fibers. Without adequate protection, FRP components can fail under loads well below their design by an environmental stress-corrosion cracking (ESCC) mechanism when simultaneously exposed to mechanical stress and a corrosive chemical environment. Failure of these components can result in significant releases of hazardous substances into plants and the environment. In this paper, we present two case studies where fiberglass components failed due to ESCC at small chemical manufacturing facilities. As is often typical, the small chemical manufacturing facilities relied largely on FRP component suppliers to determine materials appropriate for the specific process environment and to repair damaged in-service components. We discuss the lessons learned from these incidents and precautions companies should take when interfacing with suppliers and other parties during the specification, design, construction, and repair of FRP components in order to prevent similar failures and chemical releases from occurring in the future.

Advanced concept concrete using basalt fiber composite reinforcement

V B Brik

V.B. Brik, Advanced concept concrete using basalt fiber composite reinforcement, Tech Res Report Submitted to NCHRP-IDEA, Project 25, 1999.

Feasibility study on the use of basalt fibers in friction material

Jan 2005
5-11

S L Xiong
Y Chen
Z W Li
J L Shi

S.L. Xiong, Y. Chen, Z.W. Li, J.L. Shi, Feasibility study on the use of basalt fibers in friction material, Fiber Glass 6 (2005) 5-11.

Unrealized Potential of Composites of Offshore, ICCM-13

Jul 2001

O O Ozden

O.O. Ozden, Unrealized Potential of Composites of Offshore, ICCM-13, Beijing, June, 2001.

Jan 2008
Mater Des
867-870

H Gu

H. Gu, Mater. Des. 30 (2008) 867-870.

Jan 1984
208-214

J M Shultz
C Lhymn

J.M. Shultz, C. Lhymn, Polym. Compos. 7 (1984) 208-214.

Jan 1978
347-356

N Iwamoto
Y Tsunawaki
H Nakagawa

N. Iwamoto, Y. Tsunawaki, H. Nakagawa, et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 29 (3) (1978) 347–356.

Jan 2005
504-512

J Sim
C Park
D Y Moon

J. Sim, C. Park, D.Y. Moon, Composites: Part B 36 (2005) 504-512.

Jan 2008
Mater Des
1453-1458

A K Amiruddin
S M Sapuan

A.K. Amiruddin, S.M. Sapuan, et al., Mater. Des. 29 (2008) 1453-1458.

Jan 2001
123-129

A Akdemir

A. Akdemir, et al., Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 123-129.

Jan 2001
COMPOS SCI TECHNOL
75-86

K Thomas

K. Thomas, et al., Compos. Sci. Technol. 61 (2001) 75-86.

Jan 1979
504-512

J Sim
C Park
D Y Moon Oka
S Ricker
M Tomozawa

J. Sim, C. Park, D.Y. Moon, Compos. Part B: Eng. 36 (2005) 504–512. [35] Y. Oka, S. Ricker, M. Tomozawa, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 62 (1979) 11. [36] H.W. Bauer, Verhalten von Glasfasern in Zementsuspensionen, Universitat Erlangen-Nürnbern, Dissertation, 1979.

Jan 1983
55-60

N E Ablesimov
Yu M Dubik
V N Zemlyanukhin

N.E. Ablesimov, Yu.M. Dubik, V.N. Zemlyanukhin, et al., Tikhookean. Geol. (2) (1983) 55-60.

Jan 2002
ENG FRACT MECH
1025-1033

J Militky
V Kovacic
J Rubnerov

J. Militky, V. Kovacic, J. Rubnerov, Eng. Fract. Mech. 69 (2002) 1025-1033.

Jan 2009
645-651

T Deák
T Czigány

T. Deák, T. Czigány, Tex. Res. J. 79 (2009) 645-651.

Jan 2009
J NON-CRYST SOLIDS
2588-2595

C Schefflera
G Heinrich

C. Schefflera, G. Heinrich, et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 355 (2009) 2588-2595.

Jan 1987
193-200

J N Price
D Hull

J.N. Price, D. Hull, Compos. Technol. 28 (1987) 193-200.

Unrealized Potential of Composites of Offshore

Jun 2001

O O Ozden

O.O. Ozden, Unrealized Potential of Composites of Offshore, ICCM-13, Beijing, June, 2001.

Jan 1988
243-246

J P Soulier

J.P. Soulier, Polym. Commun. 29 (1988) 243-246.

Performance evaluation of basalt fibers and composite rebars as concrete reinforcement

V B Brik

V.B. Brik, Performance evaluation of basalt fibers and composite rebars as concrete reinforcement, Tech Res Report Submitted to NCHRP-IDEA, Project 45, 1999.

RETRACTED: Environmental resistance and mechanical performance of basalt and glass fibers

Abstract

No full-text available

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