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Pesticides and Philippine Rice Farmer Health: A Medical and Economic Analysis
Abstract
This paper reports on a unique study in which economists and a medical doctor teamed up to assess the impact of prolonged pesticide use on farmer health. The specific objectives of this study were to identify the types of health impairments that may be attributed to long-term pesticide use and to quantify the magnitude of the impairments relative to the level of pesticide use. Detailed medical examinations found rice farmers exhibiting symptoms of long-term exposure to hazardous chemicals. Econometric analysis showed the magnitude of the chronic health effects and health costs to be directly related to pesticide exposure, among other factors. When health effects were explicitly included, the net benefits of insecticide use were negative. -from Authors
... As a consequence, each year a high number of farm workers worldwide experience unintentional poisonings and injuries related to exposure to toxic pesticide ingredients (WHO 2009;Abdalla et al. 2017). Exposed farmers may suffer from a wide variety of health problems ranging from mild diseases, like minor skin irritation, to more severe diseases, like strong dizziness, or nausea (Pingali, Marquez, and Palis 1994;Damalas and Koutroubas 2016). ...
... To measure pesticide-related health impairments, h, we followed Pingali, Marquez, and Palis (1994) and Antle and Pingali's (1994) approaches focusing on specific diseases and clinical symptoms associated with exposure to specific pesticide ingredients. 25 The studies by Pingali, Marquez, and Palis (1994) and Antle and Pingali (1994) have shown that eye, dermal, respiratory, neurological and, kidney problems together with their clinical symptoms are significantly associated with exposure to toxic pesticide ingredients. ...
... To measure pesticide-related health impairments, h, we followed Pingali, Marquez, and Palis (1994) and Antle and Pingali's (1994) approaches focusing on specific diseases and clinical symptoms associated with exposure to specific pesticide ingredients. 25 The studies by Pingali, Marquez, and Palis (1994) and Antle and Pingali (1994) have shown that eye, dermal, respiratory, neurological and, kidney problems together with their clinical symptoms are significantly associated with exposure to toxic pesticide ingredients. We rely on these five broad categories of health problems to identify pesticide-related dis- the amount of decoupled subsidies received by farmers measured in Euros, and (c) the price premium for organic product measured in Euros. ...
This paper develops a novel methodology for measuring the economic losses resulting from the negative health impacts of pesticides while taking into account their role as a damage control agent. To this effect a production model is presented that takes into account both the effect of the health impairment caused by pesticides on labor units and the pest control and crop enhancing properties of pesticides. The supply responses and optimal cost adjustments made by rational farmers in the absence of health effects are examined, which facilitates the proper measurement of the private economic losses associated with the health effects of pesticides. The biases in previous pest-damage measures that ignore the presence of health effects are also examined. The model is empirically applied to a unique panel dataset of organic and conventional Greek greenhouse vegetable producers where the use of health-hazardous pesticides is particularly prominent. Moreover, the estimation of health impairment indices takes into account the observational nature of the data collected, applying recently developed treatment effects methods. The results show that farmers suffer considerable quasi-rent losses due to the negative effect of pesticides on health.
... Indiscriminate use of pesticides has adversely affected pest control and Farmers and farm workers face acute and chronic health hazards due to their prolonged exposure to pesticides. Eye, skin, pulmonary, neurological and gastro-intestinal problems are associated with long term pesticides exposure" [5]. Under these circumstances, Bt. ...
The study was carried out at Irrigated North Western Plain Zone 1b of Rajasthan in agricultural year 2012-13. This zone covers about 80 percent of the total area of cotton in the state. The study focused on the cost and return, efficiency of resource use and problems faced by the farmers in American cotton production under different farm sizes. Two villages namely 4C and Mirjawala were selected from Sriganganagar tehsil of the zone. Thirty farmers were selected at random in proportion to the total number of farmers in each size group from the list of from American cotton farmers group. The total variable cost of per hectare American cotton was Rs 28985. The yield per ha was 18.70 quintals. The return over variable cost per hectare American cotton was Rs 61436. The Cobb Douglas production function, revealed that the in American cotton farmers were underutilized fertilizer. Non-availability of labour during peak season was reported as highly acute constraint for cotton farmers. The damage caused by insect pests was reported as main problem for American cotton sample farmers.
... Li et al. [12] found that risk perception positively mediated the relationship between farmer differences and soil and water conservation techniques. Pingali et al. [13] argued that the greater the risk farmers perceived, the more they intend to adopt pest control. The high risk of pests and diseases could lead to crop yield reduction, thus affecting their choice of control techniques. ...
Green control techniques support the concept of green plant protection, advocate for the safe and reasonable use of pesticides, and finally achieve the goal of controlling pests and diseases and protecting the environment. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of risk perception of pests and diseases on farmers' usage intention of green control techniques. Based on 747 samples of tea farmers in Sichuan province, China, introducing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework and using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach, this paper found that risk perception has a negative impact on behavioral intention. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence can positively affect behavioral intention, and facilitating conditions can also positively influence usage behavior. Moreover, the mediating analysis indicated that the higher the risk perception is, the less performance expectancy of green control techniques and the weaker the behavioral intention. Meanwhile, risk perception also plays a mediating effect on the relationship between effort expectancy and behavioral intention. This study could help to provide references for policymaking to improve the adoption of green control techniques.
Description
Offers the most current information and latest technological advances on the subject of protective clothing evaluation and use. A wide spectrum of experts in the field have presented 28 peer-reviewed papers ranging from testing the integrity of fabrics to withstand numerous hazards to fitting considerations for pregnant women. The following comprehensive topics are discussed:
• Materials development and testing in such areas as thermal protection, physical hazards and dangerous biological exposure
• Innovative performance evaluation methods and current test procedure reassessment
• Testing and performance of entire items of industrial protective clothing in a variety of work environments
• Combining the human factor with the challenge of defining and producing protective clothing that is both comfortable and efficient.
Pest species pose a significant threat to the agricultural industry as they can negatively impact crop productivity and result in potential financial losses due to damage. This research aims to address agricultural challenges in the local area and improve the efficiency of pesticide application. A solar-powered, remote-controlled, semi-automated knapsack sprayer vehicle has been developed to address this issue. It operates using a 100 AH battery that is charged by four 30W solar panels connected in tandem to produce 120 W, providing power to the motors and pump. The vehicle uses a 12 V hub motor to drive the back and steer the front and is equipped with a 12 V window regulator/wiper motor. The vehicle is controlled by a remote control and an HC-05 transmitter and receiver, programmed with an ATMEGA32A linked to a relay board. The vehicle utilizes a 116 psi ≈ 799.8 kPa pump for the sprayer. Results indicate that as the feed pressure increases, the flow rate steadily rises and reaches 4 L per minute at the 799.8 kPa pump. With a pump spray rate of 5 L per minute when increased and a pesticide tank capacity of 20 L, the vehicle can spray for a total of 4 min and cover 159 m. Employing a remote control reduces the need for manual labour, making pesticide spraying more consistent, efficient, and productive. The sprayer also saves time compared to traditional methods and poses no harm to the operator.
This article proposes an analytical review of the research in the Humanities and Social sciences (HSS) on pesticides carried out in the French academic context since 1945. The research is presented from a historical perspective that takes into account the agricultural, political, macroeconomic, and institutional context in which it was published. The authors distinguish two main phases: a first (1945-2000) where pesticides are mainly understood as a resource for agricultural modernization, and a second (2000-2021) where they emerged gradually as a field of study in the Humanities and Social sciences, in which they are considered as a more controversial object. This analytical review highlights the community of researchers involved in the subject in France and abroad, and the main themes explored during this period.
In modern agricultural technology agrochemicals are inevitable inputs but its indiscriminate use in agriculture has serious repercussions on the farmers’ health and the environmental. The Kullu district in Himachal Pradesh was chosen purposively for the study. The secondary data has been used for the year 2006 and primary data was collected for the year 2017 from 100 farmers by using pre-tested schedule. From the last decades, intensification of the agriculture has led to extensive use of agro-chemicals by the farmers especially in cash crops like apple and vegetable crops. Most of the farmers using agro-chemicals without using the protective equipment and have its direct exposure. The study concluded that agro-chemicals exposure is more in recent time than the earlier. The practice of indiscriminate agro-chemicals is due to inferior quality, resistance developed by the pest and the effect of climate change. Therefore, there is a need to enhance and provide depth knowledge to the farmers to strengthen their understanding regarding the use of agro-chemicals which have direct or indirect impact on human health and environment.
Economic impact of agricultural pests remains poorly studied, resulting in interventions rarely being evidence-based. When pests (re)emerge, researchers and donors often implement quick studies that tend to overestimate losses, leading to recommendations for immediate and substantial interventions. Incentives are lacking for scientists/research institutes to invest in objective pest assessmenst, as donors routinely fund projects without them. In this review, we argue for inclusion of social scientists and systematic economic analysis of pest problems and their control, consisting of four major steps: (1) estimating pests’ extent and intensity, (2) conducting trials for technical and economical efficacy of control methods, (3) RCTs with participatory evaluation and effectiveness analysis of control options, and (4) impact assessment of pests and control methods. To optimize pest control, scientists and donors need to include socioeconomic analysis, leading to better use of research funds and reduction of negative environmental impacts.
The use of natural substances for pest control in agriculture is economically viable. It benefits both the human being and the environment due to its low persistence and toxicity. Therefore, the biopesticidal potential of three- plants-derived extracts (clove [Syzygium aromaticum], Hing [Hing (Asafetida)], and Wood Ash [Eucalyptus globulas]) was evaluated against different ' 'insect's pests on five okra varieties. All the treatments were sprayed at two stages, 1st before flowering and 2nd at the fruit-bearing stage. The results of the 24h pre-spray revealed that the mean density of Aphis gossypii, Erias insulana, and Bemisia tabaci were significantly lower on a Shehzadi variety. However, among the treatments mean density of the A. gossypii and E. insulana after 1st and 2nd treatments were substantially more bass with E. globulas. Moreover, the Mean density of aphids was significantly lower after 72h and 1-week time intervals. Furthermore, after 1st and 2nd treatments, the B. tabaci was considerably lower with hing on Shehzadi variety. It was found in the present study that the yield of five okra varieties was affected significantly by the application of the three treatments-pesticides. Among the various treatments, the application with E. globulas recorded a considerably higher crop yield. Therefore, clove, hing and E. globulas could be effective as alternative pest management methods. Furthermore, biopesticides generally are encouraged since they can proffer the solution of controlling insect pests without any environmental concern.
The increasing level of pesticides and herbicides in food and water sources is an imposing threat to human health and the environment. The development of portable, sensitive, specific, simple, and cost-effective sensors is in high demand to avoid exposure or consumption of these chemicals through efficient monitoring of their levels in food as well as water samples. The use of nanomaterials (NMs) for the construction of an immunosensing system was demonstrated to be an efficient and effective option to realize selective sensing against pesticides/herbicides. The potential of such applications has hence been targeted for a variety of NMs including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal nanoparticles, and nano-polymers either in pristine or composite forms based on diverse (e.g., electrochemical, optical, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)) sensing principles. This article evaluates the development, applicability, and performances of NM-based immunosensors for the measurement of pesticides and herbicides in water, food, and soil samples. The performance of all the surveyed sensors has been evaluated on the basis of key parameters, e.g., detection limit (DL), sensing range, and response time.
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