No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structure
Abstract
This study investigates the applicability of the basalt fiber as a strengthening material for structural concrete members through various experimental works for durability, mechanical properties, and flexural strengthening. The basalt fiber used in this study was manufactured in Russia and exhibited the tensile strength of 1000 MPa, which was about 30% of the carbon and 60% of the high strength glass (S-glass) fiber. When the fibers were immersed into an alkali solution, the basalt and glass fibers lost their volumes and strengths with a reaction product on the surface but the carbon fiber did not show significant strength reduction. From the accelerated weathering test, the basalt fiber was found to provide better resistance than the glass fiber. However, the basalt fiber kept about 90% of the normal temperature strength after exposure at 600 °C for 2 h whereas the carbon and the glass fibers did not maintain their volumetric integrity. In the tests for flexural strengthening evaluation, the basalt fiber strengthening improved both the yielding and the ultimate strength of the beam specimen up to 27% depending on the number of layers applied. From the results presented herein, two layers of the basalt fiber sheets were thought to be better strengthening scheme. In addition, the strengthening does not need to extend over the entire length of the flexural member. When moderate structural strengthening but high resistance for fire is simultaneously sought such as for building structures, the basalt fiber strengthening will be a good alternative methodology among other fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening systems.
... Moreover, research suggests that basalt fibers surpass glass and carbon fibers in resisting corrosion due to saltwater (Wu et al., 2015). However, it is noteworthy that the strength of basalt fibers decreases by more than 80% after 90 days, although this effect is less pronounced than observed in glass and carbon fibers (Sim et al., 2005). ...
... Research indicates that basalt fiber can enhance the chemical properties of concrete, exhibiting robust resistance against corrosion, heat, alkali, and acid (Sim et al., 2005). The threedimensional irregular network formed by basalt fibers is interconnected with the cement matrix and aggregates (Monaldo et al., 2019). ...
... The concrete reinforced with basalt fiber exhibited decreased mass and strength when immersed in a 1 M sodium hydroxide solution (Lee et al., 2014). The prolonged immersion of basalt fiber in sodium hydroxide solution resulted in surface flaking was studied in (Sim et al., 2005). The studies conducted by (Ramachandran et al., 1981) indicated that basalt fiber demonstrated more excellent resistance to alkali environments Frontiers in Built Environment frontiersin.org ...
This study investigates on the impact of basalt fiber reinforcement concrete in protected building and structures. Basalt fibers, derived from the melting of basalt rock at temperatures ranging from 1,500 to 1700°C, are recognized as sustainable and environmentally friendly fiber materials. Various studies have revealed differing optimal percentages of basalt fibers for enhancing the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effects of basalt fibre reinforcement on mechanical properties like tensile, compressive, and bending strengths. Additionally, performance indicators like void content, water absorption, chloride ion permeability, alkali and slag resistance, temperature stability, shrinkage characteristics, and abrasion resistance will be evaluated. Basalt fibre is typically utilised to increase the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, which has an impact in the effect on protected buildings and structures. The findings indicate that the most effective percentage range for improving mechanical properties lies between 0.1% and 0.3% of basalt fibers. Notably, concrete reinforced with basalt fibers demonstrates superior mechanical and chemical performance in alkaline environments compared to other fiber types. Moreover, the addition of 0.5% basalt fibers to concrete has been shown to significantly reduce chloride ion penetration, as evidenced by a decrease in RCPT load from 2,500 (C) to 1900 (C), indicative of enhanced chloride resistance. Reinforced concrete containing basalt fibers exhibits remarkable temperature resistance, withstanding temperatures exceeding 800°C due to its high-water absorption capacity. Additionally, basalt fibers exhibit resilience at temperatures up to 200°C. However, it is noted that the introduction of 0.14% basalt fibers leads to a slight increase in water absorption from 4.08 to 4.28. In general, basalt fibres are beneficial to many aspects of concrete; they strengthen resistance to temperature, alkali, acid exposure, and chloride while also improving mechanical qualities such as bending and tensile strength. The development of basalt fibres that extend building lifespans and improve concrete quality for structural engineering applications is making encouraging strides, according to all the results.
... They exhibit high resistance to various chemicals [11,12], excellent performance at elevated temperatures, significant damping of vibration and sound [13], low hygroscopicity, and competitive pricing [14,15]. Basalt fibers have greater tensile strength than E-fiberglass, a greater fracture load than carbon fibers, and good resistance to the chemical impact after the impact load [14,16]. ...
... Polymers 2024,16, 1331 ...
... Polymers 2024, 16, 1331 ...
This research investigates the mechanical behavior and damage evolution in cross-ply basalt fiber composites subjected to different loading modes. A modified Arcan rig for simultaneous acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was designed and manufactured to apply quasi-isotropic shear, combined tensile and shear loading, and pure tensile loading on specimens with a central notch. Digital image correlation (DIC) was applied for high-resolution strain measurements. The measured failure strengths of the bio-composite specimens under different loading angles are presented. The different competing failure mechanisms that contribute to the local reduction in stress concentration are described. Different damage mechanisms trigger elastic waves in the composite, with distinct AE signatures that closely follow the sequence of fracture mechanisms. AE monitoring is employed to capture signals associated with structural damage initiation and progression. The characteristic parameters of AE signals are correlated with crack modes and damage mechanisms. The evolution of AE parameters during the peak load transition is presented, which enables the timely AE detection of the maximum load transition. The combination of DIC and AE monitoring improves understanding of the mechanical response and failure mechanisms in cross-ply basalt fiber composites, offering valuable insights for possible performance monitoring and structural reliability in diverse engineering applications.
... Poor strand bonds cannot ensure that the strand and surrounding concrete function as a composite material with external loading [2]. FRP materials have many advantages over traditional repair materials in terms of their superior mechanical and chemical properties and easy constructability [3]. Additionally, it has been proven that bonded-steel plate strengthening is faster than other reinforcement methods and has a higher modulus of elasticity and ductility. ...
... The calculation of the inelastic strain is shown in Equation (2). The plastic behavior of concrete consists of ascending and descending branches, given by Equation (3). In this equation, determines the slopes of the nonlinear branch. ...
... The calculation of the inelastic strain is shown in Equation (2). The plastic behavior of concrete consists of ascending and descending branches, given by Equation (3). In this equation, β 1 determines the slopes of the nonlinear branch. ...
This research describes an in-depth analysis of the flexural strength of a strengthened AASHTO Type III girder-deck system with debonding-damaged strands based on the finite element software ABAQUS 6.17. To investigate the stand-debonding impact and retrofit, two strengthening techniques by the separate use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel plate (SP) were proposed. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) model considering strand debonding, material deterioration, and retrofitting systems was developed and verified against relevant experimental data obtained by other researchers. The proposed FEA model and the experimental data were in good agreement. The sensitivity of the numerical model to the mesh size, element type, dilation angle and coefficient of friction was also investigated. Based on the verified FEA model, 156 girder-deck systems were studied, considering the following variables: (1) debonding level, (2) span-to-depth ratio (L/d), (3) strengthening type, and (4) strengthening material amount. The results indicated that the debonding level and span-to-depth ratio had a major effect on both load–deflection behaviors and the ultimate strength. The relationships between the enhancement of the ultimate strength and the thickness of the strengthening material were obtained through regression equations with respect to the CFRP- and SP-strengthened specimens. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9928 for the CFRP group and 0.9968 for the SP group.
... The temperature limit for the operation of BF is about 650 • C and softening point is at about 1050 • C while for GF, it is around 460 • C and 600 • C, respectively [117]. In another study it was seen that after subjecting to 1200 • C for 2 h, CF melted completely, GF underwent partial melting, whereas BF retained its original shape without losing mechanical integrity [118]. The test outcomes of another research indicated that concrete containing BF exhibited reduced compressive strength (CS) loss following exposure to a temperature of 925 • C for 60 minutes of heating [119]. ...
... naturally nucleate at elevated temperatures, contributing to the remarkable thermal stability of BF. Unlike other materials, basalt rocks don't necessitate the use of nucleating agents since they possess a built-in natural nucleation core material [118]. Despite the advantages of inorganic fibers, there are reports of some defects at high temperature [122]. ...
Fire resistance of Geopolymer concrete
... The tensile strength of basalt fibers was significantly reduced under both weak and strong alkali solutions [18]. Sim et al. [19] found that immersing basalt fibers in a 1 mol/L NaOH solution at 40 • C for either 7 or 28 days resulted in approximately 50% and 80% reduction in strength respectively [19]. Other studies have also investigated the mechanical properties, mass loss rate and external morphology changes of basalt fiber immersed in NaOH solutions at different temperatures, reaching similar conclusions: an increase in NaOH concentration and soaking time leads to higher mass loss rates, decline in mechanical properties and greater surface erosion of basalt fiber [2,3]. ...
... The tensile strength of basalt fibers was significantly reduced under both weak and strong alkali solutions [18]. Sim et al. [19] found that immersing basalt fibers in a 1 mol/L NaOH solution at 40 • C for either 7 or 28 days resulted in approximately 50% and 80% reduction in strength respectively [19]. Other studies have also investigated the mechanical properties, mass loss rate and external morphology changes of basalt fiber immersed in NaOH solutions at different temperatures, reaching similar conclusions: an increase in NaOH concentration and soaking time leads to higher mass loss rates, decline in mechanical properties and greater surface erosion of basalt fiber [2,3]. ...
Basalt fiber is commonly regarded as an alkaline corrosion-resistant material, capable of being transformed into various products (such as basalt fiber roving, chopped yarn and composite reinforcement). However, the main composition of the basalt fiber network skeleton consists of Si ~ O bonds, which can still react with ~OH in the alkaline environment. Nevertheless, there are differing viewpoints on the alkaline corrosion of basalt fibers within literatures. Therefore, this study aims to select three representative types of basalt fibers and compare them with two alkali-resistant glass fibers and one regular glass fiber. The attenuation mechanism of basalt fibers were investigated through orthogonal experiments, practical application scenarios and microscopic characterization methods. Additionally, we employed the Weibull model to analyze failure probabilities after erosion on basalt fibers while also applying a machine learning artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting their alkali resistance. The results indicated that the tensile strength of basalt fiber tended to decrease and the alkali resistance of basalt fiber between alkali-resistant glass fiber and regular glass fiber in four alkaline solutions. The Weibull model also confirms that erosion increases failure probability of basalt fiber and glass fiber. Moreover, Si ~ O, which forms the network reacted with OH-, resulting in a reduction in surface Si and Al elements content. It became possible to predict the alkali resistance of basalt fiber accurately by establishing an ANN model. Our study provide a theoretical foundation for predicting the lifespan of basalt fibers under corrosive conditions while offering guidance for enhancing their alkali resistance.
... Additionally, no hazardous materials or chemical additives are needed for their production [13]. This kind of fiber is non-corrosive and environmentally safe, with good thermal endurance and insulating characteristics [16][17][18]. Several research papers reported that conventional steel reinforcement can be replaced by adopting fiberreinforced concrete with basalt [16,19,20]. ...
... This kind of fiber is non-corrosive and environmentally safe, with good thermal endurance and insulating characteristics [16][17][18]. Several research papers reported that conventional steel reinforcement can be replaced by adopting fiberreinforced concrete with basalt [16,19,20]. They also have very strong interfacial bond with concrete matrix [21,22]. ...
Fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) are one of the leading engineering materials in the 21st century, as they offer proficiency in enhancing strength, ductility, and durability in structural engineering applications. Because the recently developed basalt fiber pellets (BFP) offer combined strands of fibers encased in a polymer matrix, they are being prevalently studied to explore new possibilities when used in brittle materials such as mortar and concrete. Hence, this paper synthesizes the intensive research efforts and contributions to this novel class of fibers conducted by the authors. Specifically, it reviews the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of FRCC incorporating single BFP or hybrid with polyvinyl alcohol fibers and modified with slag/fly ash and nano-materials and its suitability for different field applications. In addition, the nano-and meso-scale modeling of such matrices are described. BFP significantly contributes to improving post-cracking flexural behavior by toughening the cementitious matrix and minimizing strength losses when exposed to harsh environments. All results show promising progress in the development of high-performance FRCC comprising BFP, with potential success for structural and pavement applications.
... However, as the properties of these fibres are inferior to those of carbon fibres, they are not intended to replace them [1]. Current applications of basalt fibres range from the reinforcement of polymers in the automotive industry [2], to the reinforcement of cement in civil engineering [3]. Basalt fibres are produced through the grinding and extrusion of volcanic rock resulting from the rapid cooling of magma in the ocean [4]. ...
... Currently, there is no robust classification of basalt fibres similar to that used for glass fibres. 3 3.93 2250 [20] Basalt fibres being sensitive to their surrounding environment, ageing tests were conducted in seawater at 15 • C and 40 • C, and in deionized water at 40 • C. Fig. 2 presents the change in tensile strength obtained over a 7-month monitoring period. ...
Basalt fibres are increasingly employed as reinforcements in marine composites, but their behaviour in natural
marine environments is underexplored. This study investigates basalt fibre ageing in renewed natural seawater
at 15 ◦C and 40 ◦C. After one month in seawater at 15 ◦C and 40 ◦C, tensile strength dropped, stabilizing
at approximately −40% and −60%, respectively. This rapid initial property decline, followed by slower
degradation, is attributed to an altered surface layer on the fibres. Initially causing significant property loss, this
layer then plays a protective role, preserving the fibre core. The impact on basalt/epoxy composites exposed
to 7.5 years of seawater was less severe, with a 20% loss at 40 ◦C, demonstrating the protective function of
the matrix. This study suggests that basalt fibres undergo rapid, then stable, property degradation in water,
but remain suitable for use as epoxy matrix composite reinforcements, thanks to the protective role of the
resin.
... More recently, basalt FRP (BFRP) bars have been introduced as a reliable addition to the existing FRP family. These BFRP bars exhibit superior thermal and chemical resistance when compared with GFRP alternatives, particularly in alkaline environments (Sim et al. 2005;Monaldo et al. 2019), and they are also more cost-effective than CFRP bars (Sim et al. 2005). Currently the existing literature lacks sufficient research on studying the performance of concrete columns reinforced with BFRP bars and ties subjected to both axial and flexural loads. ...
... More recently, basalt FRP (BFRP) bars have been introduced as a reliable addition to the existing FRP family. These BFRP bars exhibit superior thermal and chemical resistance when compared with GFRP alternatives, particularly in alkaline environments (Sim et al. 2005;Monaldo et al. 2019), and they are also more cost-effective than CFRP bars (Sim et al. 2005). Currently the existing literature lacks sufficient research on studying the performance of concrete columns reinforced with BFRP bars and ties subjected to both axial and flexural loads. ...
The recently published ACI 440.11-22 code permits the use of glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars as compression reinforcement in concrete columns subjected to combined axial and flexural loads. However, owing to a lack of experimental investigations, there are no current codes specifically for basalt fiber–reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforced concrete structures. In this study, the behavior of short and slender concrete columns under axial and flexural loads was investigated. Twelve concrete columns were constructed and tested. Test variables were column slenderness ratio (short versus slender columns), eccentricity-to-depth ratio, and reinforcement type (BFRP versus steel). The test results showed the effectiveness of BFRP bars as internal reinforcement in short and slender concrete columns subjected to concentric and eccentric loadings. To generate axial load–moment interaction diagrams, the columns were tested under four different levels of load eccentricity-to-depth ratios of 0, 22.2%, 44.4%, and 66.7%. Regardless of the reinforcement type or slenderness ratio, columns tested under concentric or small eccentricity loadings exhibited a brittle compression-controlled material failure mode, while that tested under high eccentricity loads showed a tension-controlled failure mode. The developed second-order moment is higher in BFRP RC columns than in steel RC columns, this can be attributed to the lower modulus of elasticity of BFRP bars. Subsequently, the research program was expanded to develop an analytical model considering the second-order effects, and then the predicted axial load–moment interaction diagrams by the developed model were verified against experimental test results in the current study and available tested columns in the literature, the verification proved the accuracy of the new model. The findings of this study are an important step toward establishing code guidelines for employing BFRP bars and ties as internal reinforcement in concrete columns.
... Lee et al. (2014) found that immersing basalt fibers in a 1 mol/L NaOH solution at 40•C for either 7 or 28 d resulted in approximately 50% and 80% reduction in strength, respectively. Sim et al. (2005) investigated the Calotropis gigantea stems that were powdered and used as filler in epoxy composites. The fiber-filled epoxy was coated on the jute-woven fibers to prepare the composites, and mechanical properties were studied for different weight percentages. ...
Experimental analysis is carried out on the mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced that can be produced by adding basalt fibers to strengthened jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composites in both the warp and weft orientations. A three-parameter/three-level Design of Experiment technique called the Box–Behnken design (BBD) is used to ascertain the relationship between the input parameters and the response. Mechanical testing was done on the composite plates after fabrication to estimate the tensile strength of the composites in both the warp and weft directions. The basalt fiber content of the composite was around 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.% and 1.5 wt.%; the sonication period was 20, 30 and 40 min; and the temperature was approximately 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C. In the warp and weft directions, the maximum ultimate tensile stresses are measured to be 34.03 MPa and 36.32 MPa, respectively. Analysis of Variance is used to determine the regression equation and the influence of the input parameters. The optimum ‘ultimate tensile stress’ is 40.162 MPa for warp direction and 35.445 MPa for weft direction with 1.5 wt.% filler weight, 40 min of sonication and 60 °C temperature.
... Additionally, the effective method of reducing drying shrinkage and enhancing matrix tensile performance is to add various types of fibres [33][34][35]. Basalt fibre (BF), produced through high-temperature melting and drawing of basalt rocks, exhibits an elastic modulus ranging from 80 to 120 GPa and tensile strength from 2000 to 5000 MPa, with good bonding properties to cementitious materials [36]. Polypropylene fiber (PPF) is characterized by its flexibility and high deformability, despite having relatively low elastic modulus and tensile strength. ...
This study aimed to explore the feasibility of utilizing geopolymer as alternatives to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in marine engineering. Eco-friendly seawater sea-sand slag-based geopolymer mortars (SS-SGMs) were prepared by blending seawater, sea-sand, Basalt Fibres (BF), Polypropylene Fibres (PPF), and ternary solid waste. The effects of activator modulus, alkaline content, water-to-binder ratio, and the volume fractions of BF and PPF on the mechanical performance, environmental impact, and cost of SS-SGMs were researched using the L 16 (4) 5 Taguchi orthogonal method. Three evaluation methods were used to assess the impact of the different factors. First, the influence of a single factor was analyzed using methods of range and variance analysis. Subsequently, three new evaluation metrics were proposed to consider the synergistic effects of mechanical performance, environment , and cost. Finally, a Gray-Technique of Ordering Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Gray-TOPSIS) model was established, and the influence weights of each factor were proposed, thereby determining the optimal solution in a multi-index evaluation system. The recommended optimal mix proportion for SS-SGMs was determined as follows: activator modulus of 1.0, alkaline content of 4%, water-to-binder ratio of 0.42, PPF volume fraction of 0.4%, and BF volume fraction of 0.3%. Compared to OPC with the same strength grade, SS-SGMs demonstrated similar costs, a reduction in carbon emissions by approximately 75-83%, a decrease in energy consumption by around 50-67%, and lower drying shrinkage than traditional geopolymer. Under the influence of seawater, the products of SS-SGMs were capable of forming chloride-ion adsorbing products like hydrotalcite and Brucite. Additionally, the formation of C 4 AH 13 and ion clusters can enhance the matrix density, thereby improving the mechanical performance of SS-SGMs.
... On the other hand, it was emphasized that the extra spaces formed by the melting of the fibers lead to an increase in the osmotic pressure resulting from evaporation [183][184][185]. The latter mechanism has generally been declared to be more dominant [186][187][188]. However, it was emphasized that in fibers with a high melting temperature, such as glass fiber, basalt crack propagation was prevented by the addition of fiber due to the bridging effect. ...
It was reported that various studies have been carried out to increase the strength, permeability and durability performances of lightweight concrete (LC) mixtures. Extensive research was carried out on the production of sustainable and ecologic LC. In this context, the use of various innovative materials and methods have been demonstrated. In this direction, increasing the service life of concrete produced by the use of fiber, nanomaterials and self-healing with bacteria is one of the applied methods. In this study, the effects of the use of fiber, nanomaterials and bacteria on the workability, unit weight, strength, toughness, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, permeability, drying-shrinkage, freeze–thaw, high temperature resistance, thermal conductivity performance of LC mixtures have been compared in detail. It was reported that workability, specific gravity, permeability, thermal conductivity and drying-shrinkage values decrease, while strength, high temperature resistance, freeze–thaw resistance and toughness performance increase with the addition of fiber and nanomaterials to LC mixtures. While it was emphasized that the strength and permeability performance and elasticity modulus values of the mixtures increased with the addition of bacteria. In addition, the use of fiber has insignificant effect in terms of the modulus of elasticity.
Graphical abstract
... The study and analysis of the comparisons concluded that Basalt could be a good replacement for asbestos. It is also found that chopped Basalt can act as an insulating material for concrete reinforcement [4]. Mechanical properties of E-glass and Basalt fibres are determined by fabricating and testing them according to ASTM standards. ...
This paper investigates the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of a novel composite reinforced with natural fibre. The L27 array based on Taguchi was used to frame the experimental work and individually optimize performance characteristics. To understand their effect on mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural and hardness, jute, basalt, Polyurethane and orientation were chosen. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to study the relative importance of the mechanical properties of the individual factor. The combination of basalt, jute, orientation, and Polyurethane has been observed to exert a significant influence on both tensile and flexural strength. Both expected outcomes agreed well with experimental outcomes at a confidence level of 95%. It is noted that the suggested natural fibre-reinforced composite has superior strength compared to other composites based on e-glass and carbon fibres. It is also found that tensile strength and flexural strength are strongest when the jute fibre’s orientation is at 45°, which is further found that the strength of the prepared composite is independent of the thickness.
... For example, wrapping in a horizontal direction of concrete columns specimens tested under axial compression load [2][3][4]. Lately, basalt fibers have grown increasing attention as FRP materials that can be used for strengthening structural applications, particularly as an alternative to carbon or glass fibers [5][6][7][8]. ...
This paper conducts an evaluation into the behavior of slender square reinforced concrete columns specimens strengthening with unidirectional basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) sheets which is a new environmentally friendly class of composite materials prepared from basalt rock as wrapping. axial concentric and eccentric compression loading tests were performed on these columns. This study intends to examine experimentally the efficiency of these strengthened column specimens by using a new interesting FRP composite material under variable eccentricity. Also, it aims to study the partial and full wrapping configuration of the BFRP sheet parameter. Hence, nine square slender reinforced concrete columns with 29 slenderness ratios were subjected to concentric and eccentric loading of each simply supported column specimen, and variable end eccentricity to width ratios of (0, 0.25, and 0.75) were utilized at both column ends. Modes of failure, ultimate Load capacity, flexural moment capacity, and lateral displacement at mid-high columns were presented and discussed for this purpose. From this research, it can be established that, in spite of that, the BFRP wrapping restriction efficacy declined with eccentricity an incline, using BFRP sheets as partial or full wrapping for strengthening reinforced concrete columns improved the performance of columns generally. As well as, increases the load and moment carrying capacity. Moreover, at the same load, lateral displacement for the columns strengthening by wrapping BFRP is lower than non-strengthening columns under variable eccentricities, especially for full wrapping.
... Other researchers have examined the mechanical and basalt fibers' stability and concluded that they display durable stability weathering. Moreover, it showed high-temperature criteria as associated with glass or carbon fibers [11]. Likewise, basalt fibers originate from volcanic rock [12]. ...
Objectives
The goal of this article is to examine the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) rays that strengthen superficially the basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) fabrics. We found out that one ray without BFRP and seven rays enveloped within numerous lay-up arrangements. The importance of the study is to improve the flexural capacity of rays, using fiber-reinforced polymer procedure and examine the over-reinforcement technique.
Methods
Interestingly, we have examined under two-point loading, one BFRP fabric sheet flexure.
Results
Loads corresponding to the first crack/delamination and ultimate failure of the beams have been verified. Moreover, we have recognized the types of failure and load contrasted with deflection graphs that have been strategized at outstanding ray locations.
Novelty
Our investigation has unraveled the increased flexural strength of the strengthened RC rays after using coating. Additionally, we have applied pressure to the BFRP fabrics on both sides of the beams. Moreover, we have improved performance with flexural strength, ductility, and failure. Our results are novel and show that the flexural capacity of the wrapped RC rays increases by 46.6%. The ductility increased by 84%, and unfortunately, we had failed the FRB and the concrete had crushed.
... PCSPs have a number of benefits, including quick construction, economy and appreciable strength compared better weathering resistance than glass fibre [Sim et al., 2005]. Basalt fibre may most effectively replace steel fibre, 41 which is also frequently used in concrete buildings since 1 kg of basalt fibre reinforces 9.6 kg of steel fibre. ...
Precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSPs) are lightweight, prefabricated composites consisting of two basalt fiber reinforced concrete wythes and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). EPS as a thermal insulation layer, is used to improve the energy efficiency in buildings. The combination along with basalt fibre connectors was used in the preparation of PCSPs to realize the composite action and also enhance thermal resistance. The prime aim of the study was to develop load bearing PCSPs by utilizing stone waste and thereby investigation of its structural and thermal performance. Various properties of the raw materials such as chemical composition and particle size distribution was investigated. The samples were put through a number of tests including the thermal resistivity test and the three-point bending test. The panels' load vs. mid-span deflection relationships, crack patterns and failure mechanisms were determined. The findings indicated that the panel specimens had adequate flexural strength, and thermal resistivity.
... However, the concrete composites produced by this method cannot meet the requirements for the safe operation of defensive structures when using modern striking methods, which cause high exposure of the supporting and enclosing structures. In this regard, fiber concrete can be an effective material for defense structure construction, as it has a high potential for impact resistance [21][22][23]. ...
... In the last century and more than 40 years ago, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) was tried to strengthen and/or repair infrastructures such as bridges [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. This is due to the fact that FRP is lightweight, has high tensile strength, is highly durable (correction-resistant), has good fatigue resistance, is resistant to chemical attack, and is highly versatile [8,9]. The tensile strength of FRP is around six times that of steel bars. ...
There are many studies about the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) to strengthen concrete members such as columns, beams, and slabs. The effectiveness of these strengthening techniques has been proved by enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete structures. So, CFRP has been used to strengthen and repair existing concrete structures in Iraq. For example, in Al-Mosul city, the strengthening and repairing system is done for concrete members such as beams, columns, and slabs using the Near Surface Mounted or confinement technique. Therefore, the research aim is to use CFRP for maintenance as an alternative material to strengthen and repair concrete members in Iraqi schools. This article employs methods to enhance and repairing of some of concrete columns at Al-Abeer school in Najaf city by using modern materials as an alternative method of maintenance. In addition, finite element analysis was carried out using Abaqus software to verify the effectiveness of strengthening. The reinforced concrete (RC) column strengthened by using fiber-reinforced polymer as a confining technique increased compressive strength by about 91% compared to the control column. In addition, the value of strains increased to nearly 100% in the longitudinal direction with the stability of the value of the lateral strains, despite the occurrence of a significant increase in the compressive strength capacity. So, the values of vertical displacement at stress 4 MPa were 22.3 mm for the strengthened RC column and 5 mm for the control RC column. Thus, the strengthened RC column increases the values of compressive strength with a decrease in displacement to approximately 22%. Four years ago, the strength of the school building was assessed, thus the success of the strengthening.
... Basalt fibers (BF) are formed by melting basalt obtained from volcanic rocks at high temperatures and obtaining it in fiber form. It requires less energy to produce compared to carbon fiber (Sim et al.(2005)). For this reason, row BL has high strength, durability, and temperature resistance. ...
Purpose: The behaviour of Portland cement concrete under impact loading is known. Alkali-active concretes, known as geopolymer concrete, environmental concrete, green concrete, etc. show higher strength and durability than Portland cement concrete. This study investigates the impact behaviour of basalt fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete at different proportions. Study design/methodology/approach: Cylindrical drop, weight, and compressive tests were performed on 50*50*50 cm and 10*10*10 cm sized slabs, cubes and prisms prepared with fiber addition at 1% and 2% rates. The weight of the cylindrical impactor is 12,250 kg from a height of 4.13 m. Findings: Basalt fiber-reinforced geopolymer concretes were found to have up to 10% better impact strength than Portland cement concrete. Originality/value: No similar study on cylindrical weight reduction tests for the ingredients and ratios used in this study was found in the literature. Based on this point, the research has provided pioneering findings.
... It is well known that the fibers in composites considerably reinforce the matrix with its relatively low strength and rigidity. When a composite structure is used, the reinforcing filaments carry most of the applied loads [4,5]. It is common that FRPs are used in structural applications where humid air and water environments are present, such as in offshore, wind energy, and oil and gas applications [2,6]. ...
... BFRP bars are becoming promising alternatives to the conventional glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) bars because of their lower cost and similar mechanical properties (Attia et al., 2020;ElSafty et al., 2014). In general, basalt fibers possess larger failure strains and enhanced resistance to chemical attacks compared to carbon fibers and glass fibers respectively (Sim & Park, 2005)). Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars may have different bonding mechanism compared to conventional steel reinforcements because of their anisotropic and linear elastic behaviours in addition to having wide variety of surface treatments. ...
This paper presents a study about the bond durability of basalt fiber reinforced polymers (BFRP) bars embedded in concrete incorporating basalt macro fibers (BMF) when conditioned in harsh saline environment at 60 °C. A total of 24 pullout specimens were tested to investigate the influence of concrete type (plain concrete and fiber reinforced concrete) and duration of conditioning (30, 60 and 90 days). The basalt-macro fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) incorporated BMF at 0.5% fiber volume fraction. The BFRP bars used had helically wrapped surface treatment. Moreover, the bond durability was assessed based on bond-slip behaviour, bond degradation, and service life predictions of bond strength retentions after 50 years of service life. The experimental results revealed that BFRP bars embedded in basalt macro FRC showed higher bond stiffness compared to those embedded in plain concrete. Additionally, BFRP bars embedded in basalt macro FRC showed slower bond degradation than their counterparts embedded in plain concrete. Finally, FRC increased the bond strength retentions of BFRP bars based on 50 years’ service life predictions when compared to plain concrete.
ABSTRACT
Basic Study for Seismic Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structural Members Using Basalt Fiber (BF) and Ductile Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN)
FRP is a composite material made of fibers that have high strength embedded in a polymer matrix that binds the fibers together. The fibers are mainly responsible for load carrying capacity, while the polymeric matrix contributes to the load transfer and provides fibers with protection from the environment. Common fibers used in civil engineering applications include carbon fiber, aramid fiber, and glass fiber. The mechanical and physical properties of FRP are controlled by their constituent properties and by the micro-structural configuration.
In the present research, an experimental investigation is presented dealing with material properties of PEN and BF, confinement effect of PEN and BF wrapping on concrete, and durability of PEN and BF. PEN has nonlinear stress-strain behavior, large rupture strain (ultimate strain over 6-7%), and moderate tensile strength (over 800 MPa). BF has linear elastic stress-strain relationship, shows limited ductility in tension with ultimate strain about 2% with good strength (over 1,200 MPa). Ductile PEN may have advantages and thus a good potential in the seismic retrofitting due to its ductile behavior.
The compressive behavior of concrete cylinders and rectangular sections with rounded corners externally wrapped with continuous BF and PEN sheet in the form of roving and sheet, respectively, was investigated. Specimens were wrapped with 1, 2, and 3 layers of PEN sheet or 2, 4, and 6 layers of BF roving. A total of 63 specimens was tested in axial compression to investigate the stress-strain behavior of cylindrical and prismatic concrete laterally confined by BF and PEN. Analytical work was carried out on concrete cylindrical specimens. Confinement effectiveness factors, k1 and k2, were determined for PEN and BF, respectively.
Experimental research was completed on durability of externally bonded FRP to understand the
durability aspect for design considering FRP long-term behavior in extreme environments. Beam
specimens externally reinforced by PEN fiber and BF were studied. Total of 30 plain concrete beams
(100 100 400 mm) were studied that is 15 each for BF and PEN, respectively, in three different
environments: water at 60˚C, 1N NaOH at 60˚C, and standard laboratory condition for 4 months. Threepoint
flexural tests and pull-off tests were carried out.
Durability of PEN fiber and BF was studied under severe environmental conditions. Fiber mechanical
properties such as tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and rupture strain were tested and weight was
measured before and after exposure to three different environmental conditions, in 40 degree centigrade
for 100 % R.H. and in 20 degree centigrade for 3 % NaCl and 1N NaOH up to 6 months. Four types of
fibers were investigated, basalt roving, PEN roving, PEN sheet, and PEN FRP. Scanning electronic
microscope (SEM) images were taken at 0, 30, 90, and 180 days. From the test results, PEN fiber was
durable under water, saline, and alkaline conditions, while BF was weak under NaOH condition.
Keywords: PEN, Basalt fiber, confinement, FRP durability, bond
Batzaya BAASANKHUU
Department of Architectural Engineering
Hankyong National University
Concrete in coastal areas is susceptible to structural damage caused by corrosion and expansion of reinforcement. Near‐surface mounted (NSM) fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have become effective for strengthening damaged reinforced concrete structures. The bonding performance of NSM FRP bars in concrete is a key factor limiting their application and promotion in civil engineering. In this study, the influences of the conditioned environment, such as the chloride salt concentration, immersion time, and bond length of the FRP bar, on the bonding performance were investigated experimentally. First, material properties in a conditioned environment were studied. Subsequently, the failure mode, bond stress–slip curve, and bond strength of the NSM FRP bar in concrete were investigated. Finally, the microstructure and chemical composition of the materials were revealed using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images of the materials under environmental conditions. The transfer mechanism of NSM FRP bars in concrete with epoxy was revealed. The results showed that the failure modes of the pullout specimens can be divided into epoxy splitting failure and basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer (BFRP) pulling failure. The chloride‐salt concentration was a critical factor affecting the bond properties, and the longer the bond length, the lower the bond strength. The microstructure clearly shows that the degradation of the bonding behavior at the interface of the NSM FRP bar in concrete in a conditioned environment is attributable primarily to the resin damage of the epoxy, resulting in pit corrosion. There was no significant damage to the fibers in the FRP bar, and the degradation was primarily due to resin matrix damage and interfacial debonding. The EDS results showed that the degradation of the epoxy resin and BFRP bars was caused by CO bond and SiO bond fractures, respectively.
Basalt fiber (BF) can significantly improve the dynamic properties of concrete. However, the underlying mechanism of the effect on the dynamic splitting tensile properties of concrete by comprehensively considering BF content and BF length has not been fully clarified. Under such a background, this study aimed to carry out an orthogonal experiment on the dynamic splitting tensile properties of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) by taking into account different fiber contents and lengths using the split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment. The research results indicate that addition of BF improves the dynamic splitting tensile strength and the integrity of concrete after failure. In addition, the sensitivity of the dynamic increase factor of concrete to strain rate shows a continuously increasing trend as BF content increases, but an upward trend first followed by a downward trend with the increase of BF length. Based on the combined results, the optimal fiber content and length were determined to be 0.2% and 6 mm, respectively. Then, combined with high-speed camera and scanning electron microscopy, the failure mechanism of BFRC was deeply revealed. It is found that the reinforcing effect of BF on concrete is mainly reflected as the pull-out failure at low strain rates and the pull-apart failure at high strain rates. Moreover, BF can change the development mode of cracks during the failure process by inhibiting the development of shear failure zone, thereby playing its cracking resistant role. Finally, the K&C model was modified based on the experimental data to make it adapt to BFRC.
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) has gained significant applications in concrete composites. A FRP consists of tendons or fibres encased in a polymer matrix or bonding agent [1]. Different FRPs can be produced by selecting fibres and polymers of suitable materials.
It is widely acknowledged that Basalt Fiber (BF) and Steel Fiber (SF) concrete possess a significant characteristic of superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation. This unique ability to arrest cracks results in fiber composites having enhanced extensibility and Ts, both at the initial crack and at the ultimate stage, particularly under flexural loading. Moreover, these fibers are capable of maintaining the integrity of the matrix even after extensive cracking. This research paper delves into the mechanical properties, technologies, and applications of BF and SFs. The study involved experimental investigations using M40 grade concrete mix, and tests were conducted in accordance with recommended procedures outlined in relevant codes. The laboratory experiments included the design of cubes, beams, and cylindrical specimens with varying percentages of BF and SF concrete ranging from 0% to 1.25% (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 1.25%). The obtained data was analyzed and compared with a control specimen (0% Fiber), and ultimately, the test results for BF and SF were compared. Additionally, a graphical representation was provided to illustrate the relationship between Cs, Fs, Ts, and Age i.e. 7 days and 28 days.
For marine reinforced concrete structures exposed to saline water, the rate of penetration of chloride ions into concrete is crucial to their performance. To resist the chloride penetration within marine structures, the incorporation of basalt fibers into M40-grade concrete was pursued. The current research develops into two primary investigations. The first pertains to the determination of chloride penetration depths and the associated diffusion coefficients of concrete cubes, while the second focuses on the structural behaviour of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete beams under chloride diffusion. The chloride diffusion coefficients were determined using experimental methods for eight concrete cubes with varying proportions of basalt fiber (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% v/v). These coefficients were subsequently validated through numerical methods, applying Fick’s law. Additionally, numerical techniques were employed to calculate chloride concentration and the corresponding flux at various diffusivity time intervals, leading to the development of corresponding chloride concentration equations. A corelation was developed in between chloride penetration depth, time period and dose of basalt fiber. The present model can be used as a tool for analysis to represent the real condition of concrete deterioration brought on by chloride action. In terms of examining structural responses, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted encompassing load deflection behaviors, crack propagation tendencies, and stress-strain analyses of concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibers. The stress block diagram had been modified by determining various stress block parameters (alpha and beta) of chloride-diffused basalt fiber reinforced concrete beam under cyclic load.
This study aims to evaluate the performance of concrete using Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag as a replacement for natural coarse aggregates (NCA) with different fibers in concrete. Four different types of fibers, namely polypropylene fiber (PPF), glass fiber (GF), basalt fiber (BF), and steel fiber (SF), were added to assess their impact on concrete properties. LD slag, originating as a by-product of the steel manufacturing process, not only offers an environmentally sustainable alternative to NCA but also augments the overall structural performance of concrete. Because of the presence of free lime, the use of LD slag in concrete may lead to volume expansion and cracking in the concrete. However, adding fibers can mitigate this issue by enhancing tensile strength and reducing microcracking. The research findings revealed that adding fibers to LD slag concrete greatly improves its mechanical and durability qualities. Among all, SF demonstrated the greatest effectiveness in enhancing mechanical properties, while BF showed notable improvements in durability. PPF and GF also exhibit promising results, however, to a lesser extent compared to steel and basalt fibers. Overall, the study concludes that the integration of fibers enhances the efficiency of concrete incorporating LD slag, improving both mechanical properties and durability. The research highlights the potential of LD slag as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to NCA in concrete. Additionally, it emphasizes the benefits of using different fiber types to enhance concrete mixtures. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for sustainable and durable construction practices using LD slag concrete with fibers.
Through the recovery and reuse of agricultural waste, the extraction and consumption of natural aggregates can be reduced to realize the sustainable development of the construction industry. Therefore, this paper utilizes the inexpensive, surplus, clean, and environmentally friendly waste agricultural material walnut shell to partially replace the fine aggregates in mortar to prepare environmentally friendly mortar. Considering the decrease in mortar performance after mixing walnut shells, basalt fibers of different lengths (3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm) and different dosages (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) were mixed in the mortar. The reinforcing effect of basalt fibers on walnut shell mortar was investigated by mechanical property tests, impact resistance tests, and freeze–thaw cycle tests. The damage prediction model was established based on the Weibull model and gray model (GM (1,1) model), and the model accuracy was analyzed. The experimental results showed that after adding basalt fibers, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the specimens with a length of 6 mm and a doping amount of 0.2% increased by 13.98%, 48.15%, and 43.75%, respectively, and the fibers effectively improved the defects inside the walnut shell mortar. The R²s in the Weibull model were greater than 87.38%, and the average relative error between the predicted life of the impacts and the measured values was greater than 87.38%. The average relative errors in the GM (1,1) model ranged from 0.81% to 2.19%, and the accuracy analyses were all of the first order.
This article reviews the increasing attention towards glass-basalt-plastic materials in engineering projects within Arctic and temperate climates. Comprising glass-reinforced plastic and basalt fibers, these materials offer strength, lightness, and corrosion resistance, addressing challenges posed by extreme temperatures and harsh weather conditions. Glass-basalt-plastic constructions demonstrate high resistance to low temperatures, making them effective in enduring extreme cold while maintaining structural integrity. Additionally, their high mechanical strength renders them ideal for buildings in windy and heavily loaded areas, crucial in regions with high wind speeds and snow loads. The materials' corrosion resistance further allows usage in marine environments and severe weather conditions. Despite their proven reliability and effectiveness, there is insufficient research on the strength and durability of glass-basalt-plastic materials under various operational conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of the current challenges associated with the use of these materials in construction within temperate and Arctic climatic regions. By exploring potential advantages, applications, and existing research, this article aims to offer engineers and designers insights for informed decision-making. Simultaneously, it may serve as a foundation for further technical advancements and the development of new manufacturing methods, enhancing the efficacy and expanding the application scope of glass-basalt-plastic materials.
Conducting research on the fatigue performance of concrete materials is of great significance for the anti fatigue design of concrete structures. Currently, indirect tensile or compressive strength tests are commonly used to study the fatigue performance of basalt fiber reinforced concrete, but there is little research on its fatigue performance under direct tensile conditions. Using a fatigue testing machine and a self-developed concrete axial tensile device, direct tensile fatigue tests of basalt fiber reinforced concrete were conducted under different fiber content and stress levels. Based on fatigue test data, the entire fatigue tensile process of basalt fiber reinforced concrete was analyzed, and the effects of fiber content and stress level on the fatigue life of concrete specimens were explored. Strain fatigue life curves of concrete with different fiber content were plotted. The experimental results indicate that the failure mode of basalt fiber reinforced concrete under cyclic loading is brittle failure; with the increase of basalt fiber content, the fatigue life of concrete first increases and then decreases. When the fiber content is 0.3%, the fatigue life of basalt fiber concrete is the highest compared to the benchmark concrete. When the fiber content is the same, the fatigue life of concrete decreases with the increase of stress level. The fatigue deformation process of basalt fiber reinforced concrete can be divided into three stages: the stage of fast strain growth, the stage of uniform strain growth, and the stage of rapid strain growth.
In concrete cement of Portland the aggregate are mixed with water and dry cement, they form a fluid of mass that mould easily into desired shape. The cement chemically react ingredient and water to form a matrix hard which the materials bind together into durable property stone that might use for many purpose. Use of chalk powder is also eco-friendly as the waste limestone or chalk material from industries as well as from schools and colleges, are effectively being used to form quality building materials. Basalt fiber is another solid strengthening material, which has wonderful mechanical properties and furthermore an eco-accommodating assembling process. Significantly number of examination has been directed on basalt fiber strengthened cement and has generally watched out for its mechanical properties. On the basis of previous researches which has been done we make a comparison of strength properties of concrete made with replacement and conventional concrete. Cement is replaced by Chalk, eggshell powder with addition of basalt fiber. Different specimens of the material are tested for strength. The result shows that concrete workability is fine and within limits after replacing cement with Chlak,eggshell powder with adding basalt fibers. However, workability gets reduced at higher replacement of materials. The strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength also increase and show an optimum value at 8&8% cement replacement and 1.8% Addition of basalt fibers respectively. Test results are satisfactory up to 8&8% and 1.8% replacement. After this, there is a decrease in the strength of concrete. So, after this research work, we are able to find out that the replacement can be done to this extent but there may be chances of higher percentage of replacement by doing further investigations.
n recent years, fabrication of composites using
natural fibres attracts the industrial applications and
research worldwide due to its sustainability. One
among the natural fibres, Basalt Fibre of mineral
origin (from Volcanic Lava) gained more attention
because of its outstanding physio-mechanical,
thermal, chemical, sustainability, eco-friendly and
non-hazardous properties as compared to
conventional fibres in composite fabrication like
Glass, Carbon etc. This review article describes the
basics of composites and its fabrication techniques
in detail. It also illustrates the basalt, manufacturing
of basalt fibres and properties of basalt fibres are
discussed in detail. Moreover the usage of basalt
fibre in Polymer matrix and its hybridization with
different properties and the recent advancement in
Basalt Fibre Reinforced Composites (BFRC)
research also reviewed based on different
researchers findings. Further the industrial
applications of BFRC are discussed.
Basalt fiber reactive powder concrete (BFRPC) was prepared by incorporating basalt fibers (BFs) instead of steel fiber into reactive powder concrete (RPC). In this study, we experimentally and numerically analyzed the impact resistance of BFRPC at different strain rates (10 ¹ ∼10 ¹ s ¹ ). The Φ75mm Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used for impact compression tests and the finite element software LS-DYNA was used for numerical simulation analysis. The results showed that the high strength BFRPC has an obvious strain rate effect and the dynamic growth factor (DIF) of compressive strength increases logarithmically with strain rate. Meanwhile, the parameters of the CEB model were refitted and the relationship between strain rate and DIF was established. By using the Johnson_Holmquist_Concrete material constitutive model (HJC model), the stress-strain curves and failure patterns obtained were consistent with the experimental results. The incorporation of BFs significantly improve the deformation properties of BFRPC.
Tekstil endüstrisinin gelişme gösteren kollarından biri teknik tekstil ürünleridir. Teknik tekstiller arasında yer alan bina ve inşaat teknik tekstilleri yapı endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bina ve inşaat teknik tekstillerinin çevre dostu, hafif, yüksek performanslı ve sürdürülebilir çözümler sunması, bu malzemelerin kullanımını gün geçtikçe arttırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışması ile bina ve inşaat teknik tekstilleri (buildtech) alt başlıklar halinde incelenmiş bu alanda son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Artan çevresel ve ekolojik kaygılar ile birlikte bina ve inşaat teknik tekstilinde de sürdürülebilir ve yenilikçi uygulamalar ön plana çıkmış ve bu derleme çalışma içerisinde bu konu ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda elde edilen sonuçlara göre; bina ve inşaat teknik tekstillerinin sağladığı üstün özellikler sayesinde yapı ve inşaat sektöründe kullanımlarının giderek artacağı öngörülmektedir.
High damping and high static stiffness are essential to improve the static and dynamic characteristics of machine tools. Traditionally, the structural parts of machine tools are usually made of cast iron and steel, which may lead to poor surface finish and inaccurate dimensions of finished products. Therefore, many scholars have investigated other alternatives of structural material for machine tools, such as concrete, polymer concrete and epoxy granite. Although epoxy granite has better damping properties, its structural stiffness (as measured by Young’s modulus) is only 1/3 of the gray cast iron. Thus, this study would introduce several steel bar designs into epoxy granite to improve the static stiffness and quantitatively review the performance by finite element analysis. The results showed that the equivalent static stiffness and natural frequency were about 12 to 20% higher than the structural material of cast iron. Therefore, the proposed finite element model of vertical machining center (VMC) column in epoxy granite could serve as a feasible alternative to achieve higher damping or static stiffness, as it was also more environmentally friendly to the manufacturing process.
Reinforced concrete beams are often retrofitted with various FRP composite sheets. This paper is focused on the comparison of structural performance of various FRP sheets and proposal of the retrofitting design formula. Effects of the FRP kinds(AFRP, GFRP, CFRP) and the reinforcing steel ratio on behavior of the retrofitting beams are tested and analyzed with particular emphasis on the maximum load capacity, stiffness, and ductility. The experimental work included 4 point flexural testing of 3.2m span reinforced concrete beams with bonded external reinforcements. The results show that the difference of FRP kinds is not large and the flexural load capacity is mainly affected by stiffness of the retrofitting materials. This paper also proposes the design formula on the retrofitting reinforced concrete flexural members and checks with this experimantal work and previous research results.
In the case of RC beams strengthened with plates, the beams which have variables such as material type, strengthening length and thickness, happen to collapse before reaching the design expected failure load. Comprehensive experimental works related to the premature failure have been performed but the results are not sufficient yet. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to study the premature failure mechanism of RC beams strengthened by plates based on the test results of 22 specimems. From the experimental results of beams strengthened by steel plate, CFRP or GFRP, the premature failure mode of test beams strengthened with steel plate and CFRP is shown to be the rip-off failure, whereas the one of test beams strengthened with GFRP is shown to be interfacial debonding failure type.
This paper introduces a simple computational model for the analysis on the solder ball shear testing conditions. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) finite element models are used to investigate the effect of shear ram speed on the solder ball shear strength of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages. An effective thickness is identified for the 2-D finite element analysis. By using this effective thickness as a scale factor, it is shown that the 2D model is feasible for the study of 3-D problems. The computational model is validated by experimental data in terms of load-displacement curves. The results from both testing and modeling indicate that the shear ram speed has a substantial effect on the solder ball shear strength. In general, faster ram speed can result in higher ball shear strength. Therefore, the characterization of solder ball shear strength is loading rate-dependent.
The crystallization behaviour of basalt glass at elevated temperatures was studied using glass samples prepared by melting the natural basalt rock from the Thrace region of Türkiye. DTA and XRD analysis revealed the crystallization of augite [(Ca Fe Mg) SiO3 at 800 °C. The kinetics of crystallization of augite were studied by applying the DTA measurements carried out at different heating rates and the activation energies of crystallization and viscous flow were measured as 238 kJ mol−1 and 413 kJ mol−1, respectively. The resultant basalt glass-ceramic revealed very fine and homogeneous microstructure.
Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with new carbon-fibres system
- T Ohta
- R Djamaluddin
- Ohta
Ohta T, Djamaluddin R, Ohta A. Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with new carbon-fibres system. In: Dhir RA, Paine KA, Newlands MD, editors. Composite materials in concrete construction.
Load-deflection behaviors
- J Sim
Load-deflection behaviors. J. Sim et al. / Composites: Part B 36 (2005) 504–512
Advanced concept concrete using basalt fiber composite reinforcement
- V B Brik
Brik VB. Advanced concept concrete using basalt fiber composite reinforcement. Tech Res Report submitted to NCHRP-IDEA, Project 25; 1999.
Static and dynamics analysis of strengthening effect of carbon fiber sheet for concrete structure
- J Sim
Sim J. Static and dynamics analysis of strengthening effect of carbon fiber sheet for concrete structure. Tech Res Report submitted to Hanyang University; 2001.
Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fiber reinforce polymers
- Lee
- Yt
- Jh Lee
- Hwang
- Hs
- Kim
- Yd
Lee YT, Lee JH, Hwang HS, Kim YD. Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fiber reinforce polymers. Mag Korean Conc Inst 2002;14(4):89–96.
Future development needs of FRP strengthening and repair
- Oh
Oh YB. Future development needs of FRP strengthening and repair. Mag Korean Conc Inst 2002;14(1):87–93.
Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fiber reinforce polymers
- Lee
Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with new carbon-fibres system
- Ohta
Static and dynamics analysis of strengthening effect of glass FRP for bridge deck plate
- J Sim
Performance evaluation of basalt fibers and composite rebars as concrete reinforcement
- V B Brik
Development of repair and strengthening method using premix repair materials
- J Sim