... As mentioned above, strong and direct projections from the NTS to the phrenic nucleus have been reported, while the NTS targets also the upper airway motor nuclei (Loewy and Burton, 1978;Norgren, 1978;Beckstead et al., 1980;Núñez-Abades et al., 1990;Hayakawa et al., 2000;Kawai, 2018;Guo et al., 2020). Other target areas are the pre-Bötzinger complex (Yang et al., 2020), Bötzinger complex (Gang et al., 1995), PiCo , lateral parafacial nucleus (Biancardi et al., 2021), cVRG (Loewy and Burton, 1978;Beckstead et al., 1980;Gerrits and Holstege, 1996), retrotrapezoid nucleus (Rosin et al., 2006;Lima et al., 2019b), locus coeruleus (McGovern et al., 2015b;Kawai, 2018), dorsal raphe (Peyron et al., 2018), lateral, paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamus (King et al., 2012;McGovern et al., 2015b;Kawai, 2018), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdala (Shin et al., 2008;Bienkowski and Rinaman, 2013;McGovern et al., 2015b;Ni et al., 2016;Kawai, 2018), lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei (Loewy and Burton, 1978;Beckstead et al., 1980;Herbert et al., 1990;McGovern et al., 2015b;Hashimoto et al., 2018;Kawai, 2018;Yu et al., 2022), periaqueductal gray (Herbert and Saper, 1992;Kawai, 2018), spinal trigeminal nucleus (Loewy and Burton, 1978;McGovern et al., 2015b), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) (Steininger et al., 1992), cerebellum (Batini et al., 1978;Somana and Walberg, 1979b;Saigal et al., 1980b;Fu et al., 2011), and inferior olive (Loewy and Burton, 1978;McGovern et al., 2015b; Figure 5C). ...