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History of Medicine and Nephrology in Asia
Abstract
The beginning of Chinese medicine has been attributed to 3 mythical emperors who gathered herbs for medicines. During the 2nd century BC, Han dynasty physicians developed cranial trephining and sedation with wine and herbs for anesthesia. Chiang Chung-Ching (142-212 AD) used the appearance of rashes in diagnosis, treated infections with anthelmintics and asthma with ephedra, described the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and expanded medical ethics. The specialties of obstetrics, pediatrics, ophthalmology and dentistry were described in the records of the Han and Tang dynasties, and methods of setting fractures and treating trauma were comparable with those of Roman military doctors. Shen Tua (1031-1095 AD) compiled a pharmacopeia and studied acupuncture and the pulses. Forensic medicine was developed during the 10th century by Sung Tse, who also advocated hand washing with sulfur and vinegar to avoid infection during autopsies. The Daoist physicians used androgens and estrogens to treat hypogonadism with therapeutic preparations of placentas. They also had an advanced knowledge of alchemy, claiming to achieve 'immortality' by their preservation techniques. Qualifying examinations for physicians were conducted by the Chinese state as early as the 1st century AD, and later incorporated philosophy and art to conform with the Confucian ideal. Throughout these eras, Chinese medicine profited from contact with western Asia. In ancient Chinese medicine, the excretory function of the kidney was attributed to the bladder. 'Kidney weakness', which refers to somatized depression, was treated by acupuncture along the 'kidney channel'. Pulse examination was also used to give a measure of the imbalance of renal Yin and Yang.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
... ífico é, via de regra, compartimentalizado, de forma que, para a ciência, as diversas áreas do conhecimento pouco têm em comum. Entretanto, para o Taoísmo biologia, política, física e religião são baseadas no mesmo princípio: Tao ou " O Grande Princípio " , segundo o qual o universo é regido por uma única lei central que orienta todos os fenômenos.CHAN et al., 1994;MA, 2000).CHAN et al., 1994;RISTOL, 1997).1973;TAYLOR, 1974;MA, 1992;PALMEIRA, 1990;MA, 2000;SCHOEN, 2006;XIE & PREAST, 2007).FROIO, 2006).& WHITE, 1999;HIELM-BJORKMAN et al, 2001;SCOGNAMILLO-SZABÓ & BECHARA, 2001;JAEGER et al. 2007;SCHOEN, 2006;XIE & PREAST, 2007;COLBERT et al., 2008WANG et al., 2007). Seu uso em Medicina Veterinária co ...
... rtimentalizado, de forma que, para a ciência, as diversas áreas do conhecimento pouco têm em comum. Entretanto, para o Taoísmo biologia, política, física e religião são baseadas no mesmo princípio: Tao ou " O Grande Princípio " , segundo o qual o universo é regido por uma única lei central que orienta todos os fenômenos.CHAN et al., 1994;MA, 2000).CHAN et al., 1994;RISTOL, 1997).1973;TAYLOR, 1974;MA, 1992;PALMEIRA, 1990;MA, 2000;SCHOEN, 2006;XIE & PREAST, 2007).FROIO, 2006).& WHITE, 1999;HIELM-BJORKMAN et al, 2001;SCOGNAMILLO-SZABÓ & BECHARA, 2001;JAEGER et al. 2007;SCHOEN, 2006;XIE & PREAST, 2007;COLBERT et al., 2008WANG et al., 2007). Seu uso em Medicina Veterinária contribui com a redução do uso ...
Acupuncture (AP) is an ancient empirical Eastern therapeutical technique that uses magical though (pre-scientific language) in this domain. Reflex therapy that uses the stimulation of specific points of the body to achieve a therapeutic or homeostatic effect. According to AP, health depends on psico-neuro-endocrine functions under the influence of the genetic code and extrinsic factors like nutrition, daily habits, weather, environment and others. The present article is a brief review on the AP philosophy, its historical marks in East and West, the veterinary AP history in Brazil and abroad. It also summarizes AP practice, including diagnosis, treatment protocols, the needling of animals, its indications, non-indications and adverse effects.
... Sem sombra de dúvida, a sistematização de conhecimentos e o amadurecimento da técnica se deram na China das grandes Dinastias (VETERINARY ACUPUNCTURE, 1992; DORFER et al., 1999). Na China Escavações nas ruínas Yang-Shao, na província chinesa de Henan, mostram o uso de um instrumento de pedra polida e afiada denominado Bian- Shi (agulha de pedra) para drenagem de abscessos e o estímulo de áreas específicas do corpo, no período neolítico (MA, 1992; CHAN et al., 1994; MA, 2000), 1997). Durante o período Zhou (772 AC a 480 AC), o confucionismo vem somar-se ao Taoísmo, trazendo o conceito de que a saúde está diretamente relacionada aos atos praticados pelo indivíduo e afastando assim a idéia da origem demoníaca para as doenças. ...
... Esse texto é, até os dias atuais, a base da MTC e traz informações sobre anatomia, fisiologia, patologia, diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças. Esse tratado já afirma que o sangue flui continuamente por todo o corpo, sob controle do coração, cerca de 2.000 anos antes de Sir William Harvey propor sua teoria da circulação sangüínea em 1628 (MA, 1992; CHAN et al., 1994; RISTOL, 1997). A MTC permaneceu como forma exclusiva de terapia exercida na China até que as práticas médicas ocidentais fossem introduzidas durante a dinastia Ching (1644 a 1911), quando a AP foi rejeitada pela elite e chegou a ser banida pelo governo. ...
A acupuntura (AP) é uma técnica terapêutica empírica desenvolvida em uma cultura oriental e que utiliza pensamento mágico (linguagem pré-científica) em seu raciocínio. É uma terapia reflexa que utiliza a estimulação de pontos específicos do corpo com objetivo de atingir um efeito terapêutico ou homeostático. A AP preconiza que a saúde é dependente das funções psico-neuro-endócrinas, sob influência do código genético e de fatores extrínsecos como nutrição, hábitos de vida, clima, qualidade do ambiente, entre outros. O presente artigo faz uma breve revisão sobre a filosofia da AP, seus marcos históricos na China e no Ocidente, a história da AP veterinária no Brasil e no mundo. Também aborda a prática da AP, incluindo as formas de diagnóstico, a definição do protocolo de tratamento, os métodos de estimulação dos pontos, o agulhamento de animais, suas indicações, contra-indicações e reações adversas.
... In Japan, vinegar was used as a powerful beverage for activating the strength and power of Samurai soldiers in the eigth to twelfth centuries (Liu et al. 2014). It was used as a hand-washer during the same period, which was suggested by Sung Tse (1186-1249) during autopsies Chan et al. 1994). Besides, in 1348, it was suggested to use vinegar as an antiseptic agent during the spread of plague infection in Italy, which was used to protect the mouth, face, and hand against the infection (Mazza and Murooka 2009). ...
Vinegar is a sour-taste liquid product produced mainly by three sequential steps: saccharification, alcohol fermentation, and acetification. Vinegar has a significant position in Chinese dishes and daily life due to its flavor characteristics and health benefits. It is directly used as a food ingredient or as a diluted solution with water. Nowadays, there are many types of vinegar, and every type has its unique and desirable flavors, differentiated based on their fermentation method and raw material used. This review summarized the fermentation techniques for producing different kinds of vinegar, especially for the four famous Chinese vinegar. Furthermore, the differences between traditional and modern techniques were also described. On the other hand, the previous studies conducted on the analysis of vinegar aroma profiles have been summarized. In addition, previous studies on the analysis of vinegar aroma compounds were elaborated, including the techniques for aroma extraction, identification, and quantification.
... The current article arises from a sub-study of HANDS, a large multi-method project aimed at understanding hand hygiene in maternity wards. Site visits, that is, multi-day visits by a team of researchers to several sites (Yin, 2016), were selected over a longer-term embedded participant-observation since our approach enables comparisons across multiple settings (Chan et al., 1994), a goal of our project. The approach taken was qualitative and observational, and involved interviews, focus groups, and observation of hygiene behaviour. ...
Rationale:
Although women in low- and middle-income countries are increasingly encouraged to give birth at facilities, healthcare-associated infection of both the mother and newborn remain common. An important cause of infection is poor hand hygiene. There is a need to understand how environmental, behavioural, and organisational factors influence hygiene practice.
Objective:
To understand variations between facilities and between people in hygiene behaviour and to explore potential intervention targets in four labour wards in Zanzibar.
Methods:
Site visits including observation of deliveries and of day-to-day workings of the facilities. Thirty-three semi-structured interviews, totalling more than 46 hours, with birth attendants, orderlies, managerial staff and mothers. Transcribed interviews and observation notes were read and coded by two authors. Themes were developed and analysed in light of existing research.
Results:
The physical preconditions for hand hygiene were met more regularly in the two highvolume facilities, where soap, water, gloves were almost always available. However, in all of the facilities, hand hygiene appeared impeded by poor ergonomics, like, for example, physical distance between water taps, gloves, or delivery beds. Recontamination of gloved hands following good hand hygiene was commonly observed, a pattern that the birth attendants attributed to high and unpredictable workload and equipment shortages. Interviews and focus groups suggested that birth attendants typically understood when and why hand hygiene should be implemented, and that they were aware of low handwashing rates among co-workers. In poorer performing facilities, managers were less inclined to visit wards and more likely to perceive hand hygiene as beyond their influence.
Conclusions:
Observations and interviews suggest improvements in the ergonomic design of delivery rooms, including convenient availability of sinks, soap, hand gel, hand towels and gloves, may be a low-cost way to reduce the infection burden from poor hand hygiene.
... Hippocrates (400 years BC), the father of modern medicine, used vinegar and a mixture of vinegar and honey for various diseases, including cough and colds, but also as an elixir, a tonic that raises energy. The apple juice was used in wars as a remedy for wound healing (Chan et al., 1993.;Tan, 2005). ...
In recent years, interest in examining the chemical composition andpharmacological properties of apple cider vinegar in synergy with the applicationof natural products in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industry has beengrowing. The apple vinegar shows a wide range of biological activities(antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive,immune-stimulatory, anticancer) and it has been used in traditional medicine for along time. It consists of 8 essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine), organic acids, enzymes,minerals (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, grape and boron) and vitamins(provitamin C, vitamin A, E, B1, B2, B6, vitamin P and provitamin Beta-carotene).The aim of the study was to examine the antibacterial activity of traditionallyproduced apple cider vinegar and to determine whether it exhibits bactericidal orbacteriostatic activity. The results of the study confirmed the antibacterial activityof apple cider vinegar produced with the traditional method. Its antibacterialactivity is in the range of 11.33mm to 14mm.
... During the 8th to 12th centuries in Japan, the Samurai warriors used to consume vinegar as a tonic beverage for power and strength (Liu et al., 2014). In China, Sung Tse (1186-1249, often regarded as the founding father of forensic science, recommended the washing of hands with sulfur and vinegar to avoid infections during autopsies (Chan et al., 1994). In the Middle Ages, during the outbreak of the 1348 plague, the famous Italian physician and Professor of Medicine, Tommaso Del Garbo, suggested the washing of hands, face, and mouth with vinegar to protect the public from infections (Mazza and Murooka, 2009). ...
... 역사적으로 식초를 이용하여 통증완화제로 사용되기도 하였고 (Rund et al., 1996;Johnston and Gaas, 2006) 상처를 치료하기 위해 의학 적으로 사용되기도 하였다 (Budak et al., 2014). 또한 중국 기록에 의하면 감염을 예방하기 위해 손 소독제로도 사 용한 기록이 있다 (Chan et al., 1994;Ho et al., 2017 ...
... Some of the common vinegars include malt, wine, sherry, rice, fruit, apple cider, balsamic, white distilled, palm, coconut, sugar cane, date, raisin, beer and honey [2]. Sung Tse, who is considered a pioneer in the field of forensic medicine in the 10th century in China [3], used a solution containing sulphur and vinegar as hand washing agent to prevent infection. In the early days of USA, vinegar was used in the treatment of fever, poison ivy, croup, oedema, etc. [4]. ...
Vinegar may be defined as a condiment made from various sugary and starchy materials by alcoholic and subsequent acetic fermentation. Vinegar has been produced and sold for thousands of years, dating back to before the 6th century. Vinegars flavoured with fruit and honey was popular among the Babylonians. Hippocrates used vinegar as an antiseptic to treat wounds. This review will examine the therapeutic effects of vinegar including the antibacterial properties, anti-tumor effects, anti-diabetic effects, antioxidant activity and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
... Vinegar was also used medicinally for the healing of wounds (Budak et al., 2014). Sung Tse, who is credited with the development of the field of forensic medicine in the 10th century in China, used sulphur and vinegar as hand washing agents to prevent infection (Chan, Ahmed, Wang, & Chan, 1993;Tan, 2005). U.S. medical practitioners used vinegar to treat many ailments, including poison ivy, croup, stomach ache, high fever, and edema in the 18th century (Tan, 2005). ...
Vinegars are liquid products produced from the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentation of carbohydrate sources. They have been used as remedies in many cultures and have been reported to provide beneficial health effects when consumed regularly. Such benefits are due to various types of polyphenols, micronutrients and other bioactive compounds found in vinegars that contribute to their pharmacological effects, among them, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiobesity and antihypertensive effects. There are many types of vinegars worldwide, including black vinegar, rice vinegar, balsamic vinegar and white wine vinegar. All these vinegars are produced using different raw materials, yeast strains and fermentation procedures, thus giving them their own unique tastes and flavours. The main volatile compound in vinegar is acetic acid, which gives vinegar its strong, sour aroma and flavour. Other volatile compounds present in vinegars are mainly alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones. The diversity of vinegars allows extensive applications in food.
In keeping with the spirit of Marcello Malpighi, this chapter also aspires to reveal “the manner of Nature’s operation” as it affects the kidney.¹ However, unlike Malpighi, today’s knowledge draws extensively on the labors, discoveries, and insights of investigators of the past centuries.
Knowledge of the normal structure and function of the kidney has been acquired over centuries of scholarly effort. We have come a long way since Aristotle taught that urine was formed by the bladder and that kidneys were present “not of actual necessity, but as matters of greater finish and perfection.”¹ Reference to the excretory functions of the bladders and kidneys can be found in early Indian Ayurveda, Chinese, or Egyptian literature.2, 3, 4 Some of the earliest scientifically valid experimental methods are described in The Canon of Medicine by the famous Persian Muslim physician Abu Ali Sina, also known as “Avicenna.”5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 He meticulously described the layers of the bladder and its two-stage function, the intramural ureter and antireflux mechanisms, and scientifically classified urethral and bladder diseases, notably calculi. The foundation of modern urology was established in the sixteenth century by Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius, who provided the first accurate and detailed drawings of the female and male genitourinary tracts (Fig. 1.1).14, 15 More than 300 years passed before William Bowman, in 1842, coupled intravascular dye injection with microscopic examination to demonstrate the structural organization of the nephron and its vascular supply (Fig. 1.2).16, 17 Bowman’s observations provided morphologic support for Malpighi’s seventeenth-century speculation of a filtration function for the malpighian body (the glomerulus).1, 18 Sixty years later the embryologic development of the nephron was demonstrated by Huber in a thin-section serial reconstruction study of embryos (Fig. 1.3).¹⁹ Huber’s observations were refined and elegantly illustrated by Brödel in 1907.
The safety of herbal remedies and supplement use is of particular concern in patients with renal disease, and reliable information is not always easy to find. Predialysis patients may be drawn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) because they believe it can help prevent the progression of their renal disease. The purpose of this series of articles on alternative medicine for nephrologists is to address concerns and issues specific to CAM use in dialysis patients and to provide a guide to reliable sources of information. This introductory article emphasizes safety issues with a focus primarily on herbal medicine. Lack of regulation means that patients may not actually be taking what they think they are. Independent laboratory analyses have shown a lack of stated label ingredients and many instances of supplements and traditional remedies being contaminated with pesticides, poisonous plants, heavy metals, or conventional drugs. While certain supplements are always unsafe (carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, glandular extracts), others are specifically contraindicated in renal disease. Supplement use may be especially hazardous in renal disease because of unpredictable pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, negative effects on kidney function, nephrotoxicity, hemodynamic alterations, unpredictable effects on blood pressure or blood glucose, or potentiation of electrolyte abnormalities. There are no data on potential dialyzability of either active compounds, or their potentially active or toxic metabolites. Many supplements contain metal ions and other minerals. Transplant recipients are also at risk from potential unpredictable effects on immune function. Recommendations and information resources are listed.
A variety of natural vinegar products are found in civilizations around the world. A review of research on these fermented products indicates numerous reports of health benefits derived by consumption of vinegar components. Therapeutic effects of vinegar arising from consuming the inherent bioactive components including acetic acid, gallic acid, catechin, ephicatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid cause antioxidative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering responses. The aims of this article are to discuss vinegar history, production, varieties, acetic acid bacteria, and functional properties of vinegars.
‘Gebrek aan energie, moe en lusteloos’, we hebben er allemaal wel eens mee te maken. Op zich niet zo'n probleem, maar het
overvalt ons op het moment dat we de volgende dag een tentamen moeten doen, tegen de deadline voor een artikel aanhikken,
of nog een hele nachtdienst voor de boeg hebben. De een lost het op door even fl ink te gaan sporten, douchen en voilà. De
ander neemt één of enkele koppen koffie en sleept zich er zo doorheen. Natuurlijk zijn er ook mensen die op zo'n moment grijpen
naar xtc, cocaïne of amfetamine, verboden stimulerende middelen, zoals die in de vorige hoofdstukken ter sprake zijn gekomen.
Als we de reclamefolders van fabrikanten van voedingssupplementen mogen geloven, zijn er ook middelen waaraan minder risico's
kleven dan aan de verboden stimulerende middelen, legaal zijn, en toch wonderen verrichten. In dit hoofdstuk bespreken we
een aantal stimulerende middelen die, in de meeste gevallen, legaal verkrijgbaar zijn en veelal als voedingssupplementen aan
de man worden gebracht.
Substances taken for nonmedical reasons, usually for their mind-altering effects, are called drugs of abuse. The use of psychoactive
plants as drugs of abuse has had a long tradition. Most commonly abused drugs extracted from or based on natural products
are illicit substances, such as cannabis products, morphine, or cocaine, but other herbal products used to produce a “high”
are becoming increasingly popular drugs of abuse. Unfortunately, these “new herbal drugs” are falsely labeled as safe and
legal. This chapter gives a brief historical background of herbal drugs of abuse, a description of the classical herbal drugs
of abuse, and their current trends of use. The monographs of the different herbal drugs of abuse contain descriptions of the
plants, their pharmacologically active compounds, and the current knowledge of their pharmacological properties.
Sinds 2004 is de verkoop van ephedrahoudende producten in Nederland verboden. Ongeveer een jaar na de ingang van dit verbod
is een onderzoek gedaan naar ephedragebruikers. Die gebruikers zijn jong en relatief goed opgeleid. Zij gebruiken ephedra
vooral als uitgaansdrug, om af te slanken of om beter te presteren. Door het verkoopverbod zijn ze het middel echter minder
gaan gebruiken. Een deel van de ephedragebruikers is daarna overgestapt op XTC en amfetamine; een ander deel gebruikt nu ‘vetverbranders’
en ‘energizers’. Na het verkoopverbod is de rol van internet als ontmoetingsplaats tussen vraag en aanbod voor ephedra toegenomen.
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