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Violent antisocial behavior and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in cocaine addicts [10]
... One study revealed that cocaine users with higher levels of violence and antisocial traits committed fewer perseverative errors in the Wisconsin card sorting test than those who were less violent (Rosse, Miller, & Deutsch, 1993). The same study also suggested that a greater men-tal flexibility (or fewer perseverations) in cocaine-abusing subjects with antisocial traits and high levels of violence could increase the chances of their committing an offence but avoiding any negative consequences of such behaviour (Rosse et al., 1993). ...
... One study revealed that cocaine users with higher levels of violence and antisocial traits committed fewer perseverative errors in the Wisconsin card sorting test than those who were less violent (Rosse, Miller, & Deutsch, 1993). The same study also suggested that a greater men-tal flexibility (or fewer perseverations) in cocaine-abusing subjects with antisocial traits and high levels of violence could increase the chances of their committing an offence but avoiding any negative consequences of such behaviour (Rosse et al., 1993). However, the results are at odds with those for other subgroups of violent individuals (men serving sentences for domestic abuse and psychiatric population), which tend to show less mental flexibility (Miura, 2009 ). ...
Cocaine abuse, as well as prenatal exposure to cocaine, could be key factors in the expression of violent behaviour. Neuropsychological impairments, sex differences and the concurrent abuse of cocaine and alcohol have been suggested as facilitation mechanisms.
To review and recapitulate the results obtained on the relationship between neuropsychological deficits due to cocaine abuse and/or prenatal exposure and the expression of violence. Furthermore, we analyze the roles of sex, concurrent alcohol abuse and possible brain damage as risk markers in this relationship.
The scientific literature was reviewed using Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge.
Cocaine facilitates the expression of violence due to neuropsychological deficits in emotional decoding, abstract reasoning and inhibitory control, as well as in mnemonic and verbal skills, and such impairments might also explain problems in decisionmaking. Both the deficits and the expression of violence appear to be more pronounced in men than in women. However, despite the fact that the combination of cocaine and alcohol use may increase the risk of violent reactions, the deficits would not be greater than those resulting from the separate use of each substance. The impairments might be caused by functional abnormalities of certain regions of the frontal (especially the prefrontal) and parietal lobes and some subcortical structures, such as the amygdala. All of this would provide a basis for the development of intervention strategies focusing on these cognitive domains.
... Un estudio mostró que los consumidores de cocaína con mayores niveles de violencia y rasgos antisociales mostraron menor número de errores perseverativos en el test de clasificación de cartas de Wisconsin que aquellos menos violentos (Rosse, Miller, y Deutsch, 1993). Dicho estudio sugiere que la mayor flexibilidad cognitiva (o menor número de perseveraciones) en individuos consumidores de cocaína con rasgos antisociales y con altos niveles de violencia podría incrementar sus posibilidades de delinquir y evitar las consecuencias adversas de las mismas (Rosse y et al., 1993). ...
... Un estudio mostró que los consumidores de cocaína con mayores niveles de violencia y rasgos antisociales mostraron menor número de errores perseverativos en el test de clasificación de cartas de Wisconsin que aquellos menos violentos (Rosse, Miller, y Deutsch, 1993). Dicho estudio sugiere que la mayor flexibilidad cognitiva (o menor número de perseveraciones) en individuos consumidores de cocaína con rasgos antisociales y con altos niveles de violencia podría incrementar sus posibilidades de delinquir y evitar las consecuencias adversas de las mismas (Rosse y et al., 1993). Sin embargo, estos resultados resultan incongruentes al compararlo con otras poblaciones de sujetos violentos (hombres penados por violencia contra la mujer y población psiquiátrica) que tienden a presentar una menor flexibilidad cognitiva (Miura, 2009; Romero-Martínez, Lila, Catalá-Miñana, Williams y, Moya-Albiol, 2013; Romero-Martínez, Lila, Sariñana-González, González-Bono, Moya-Albiol, 2013; Romero-Martínez, y Moya-Albiol, 2013). ...
Introducción. El abuso de la cocaína, así como la exposición prenatal a la misma parece ser un factor relevante en el desencadenamiento de comportamientos violentos. Los déficits neuropsicológicos, así como el género y la combinación con el alcohol, serían los posibles mecanismos facilitadores. Objetivo. Revisar y recapitular los resultados obtenidos sobre los déficits neuropsicológicos debidos al abuso o a la exposición prenatal a la cocaína y relacionarlos con la expresión de la violencia. Además, se enfatiza el papel del género y el abuso del alcohol junto a la cocaína, así como la posible existencia de daño orgánico cerebral como mecanismos facilitadores. Desarrollo. Se ha revisado la bibliografía científica usando los buscadores Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline e ISI Web of Knowledge. Conclusiones. La cocaína facilitaría la expresión de la violencia debido a los déficits en la decodificación emocional, la capacidad de abstracción e inhibición, así como en las habilidades verbales y mnémicas. Esto explicaría, además, los problemas en la toma de decisiones. Los déficits y la expresión de la violencia parecen ser más evidentes en los hombres. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la combinación de la cocaína con el alcohol incrementaría el riesgo de reaccionar de forma violenta, los déficits no serían mayores que el consumo de cada una de ellas por separado. Estos déficits podrían ser producto de un funcionamiento anormal de algunas áreas del lóbulo frontal (especialmente el prefrontal) y el parietal, así como estructuras subcorticales como la amígdala. Todo ello permitiría planificar estrategias de intervención cuyos objetivos serían estos dominios cognitivos.
... 28 Table 1 summarises results of relevant neuropsychological studies reported since 1989. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] One study reported that errors on a single subtest in a battery of executive function measures correlated significantly with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in a male community sample. 29 A small study of subjects addicted to cocaine, all of whom met diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder, found that high violence subjects as a group scored significantly better than low violence subjects on a widely accepted measure of frontal executive functioning. ...
... 29 A small study of subjects addicted to cocaine, all of whom met diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder, found that high violence subjects as a group scored significantly better than low violence subjects on a widely accepted measure of frontal executive functioning. 30 By contrast, two studies using a laboratory based procedure designed to elicit aggressive behaviour have correlated decreased performance on executive function tests with increased aggression in community samples of male subjects without neurological, psychiatric, or substance misuse histories. 31 32 A prospective study found that low scores on executive function tests significantly predicted self reported aggression in 10 to 12 year old boys with paternal histories of substance misuse, but the results did not control for ADHD. ...
OBJECTIVES—To establish the link between frontal lobe dysfunction and violent and criminal behaviour, based on a review of relevant literature.
METHODS—Articles relating evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction with violence or crime were collected through a MEDLINE search using the keyword "frontal lobe" combined with the terms "aggression," "violence," "crime," "antisocial personality disorder," "psychopathy," "impulse control disorders", and "episodic dyscontrol." Reference lists were then searched for additional articles.
RESULTS—High rates of neuropsychiatric abnormalities reported in persons with violent and criminal behaviour suggest an association between aggressive dyscontrol and brain injury, especially involving the frontal lobes. The studies reviewed support an association between frontal lobe dysfunction and increased aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Focal orbitofrontal injury is specifically associated with increased aggression. Deficits in frontal executive function may increase the likelihood of future aggression, but no study has reliably demonstrated a characteristic pattern of frontal network dysfunction predictive of violent crime.
CONCLUSIONS—Clinically significant focal frontal lobe dysfunction is associated with aggressive dyscontrol, but the increased risk of violence seems less than is widely presumed. Evidence is strongest for an association between focal prefrontal damage and an impulsive subtype of aggressive behaviour.
... Findings from studies on relationships between WCST scores and antisocial behaviour have been inconsistenthigher in higher violence groups (Rosse et al., 1993), no difference from healthy controls in adolescent delinquency (Elmund et al., 2004) and impaired in domestic violence (Cohen et al., 1999) and among offenders with high psychopathy scores (Ishikawa et al., 2001). Although one study revealed a difference in WCST results between recidivist and comparison groups (Valliant et al., 2003), we believe that this is the first Figure 2: Prevalence of recidivism within the 3-year follow-up period by lower (≤4) and higher (>4) categories achieved (CAs) on the Wisconsin card sorting test (Keio version) and age prospective longitudinal study assessing the relationship between WCST results and recidivism. ...
Background:
Several studies have suggested a relationship between cognitive impairment and recidivism, but most have adopted a retrospective design.
Aim:
The aim of this study was to test for any relationship between impaired executive function in adolescents with conduct disorder and subsequent recidivism up to 3 years later.
Method:
In this prospective cohort study, 221 male adolescents with conduct disorder, admitted to a juvenile justice assessment centre for the first time, were interviewed about their offence, age, onset of delinquency and family history. They completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Keio version) (KWCST) and the Iowa gambling task. Scores were compared between those who subsequently re-offended and those who did not.
Results:
Seventy-six (34%) participants re-offended. There was no direct difference between groups in executive function, but there were age differences both in executive function and in recidivism. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the variables, which were independently associated with recidivism, were younger age, change in the person who brought up the child, and fewer (≤4) categories achieved on the KWCST. Recidivists were about twice as likely as single offenders to have achieved four categories or less on the KWCST (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.4).
Conclusions:
Impaired executive function appears to predispose to recidivism among young first-time male offenders with conduct disorder. Our findings also suggest that further precise assessments of environmental stress on developing neurocognitive function could clarify the background of antisocial behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... ence that menacing individuals are out to hurt them (Satel et al., 1991). Behavioral symptoms are associated with cocaine-induced psychotic disorders, such as violence and aggression (Brody, 1990;Brower, Blow, & Beresford, 1988;Giannini, Miller, Loiselle, & Turner, 1993;Honer, Gewirtz, & Turey, 1987;Miller & Gold, 1994;Miller, Gold, & Belkin, 1990;R. B. Rosse, Miller, & Deutsch, 1993), simple repetitive or stereotyped behaviors such as picking at clothing, repetitive complex behaviors such as drawing and writing (McClung & Hirsh, 1998;Schiorring, 1981;Segal & Kuczenski, 1997), and altered sexual behavior (Booth, Kwiatkowski, & Chitwood, 2000;Buchanan et al., 2006;Fullilove et al., 1993;Timpson, Williams, Bowen, & Kee ...
Cocaine, the third mostly commonly used illicit drug in the United States, has a wide range of neuropsychiatric effects, including transient psychotic symptoms. When psychotic symptoms occur within a month of cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, the diagnosis is cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD). Current evidence suggests those with CIPD are likely to be male, have longer severity and duration of cocaine use, use intravenous cocaine, and have a lower body mass index. Differentiating CIPD from a primary psychotic disorder requires a detailed history of psychotic symptoms in relation to substance use and often a longitudinal assessment. Treatment includes providing a safe environment, managing agitation and psychosis, and addressing the underlying substance use disorder. This review begins with a clinical case and summarizes the literature on CIPD, including clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, mechanism and predictors of illness, and treatment.
... It provides information on executive functioning deficits in young offenders recruited from the community, which enables the presentation of some novel findings in a group of youngsters with varying degrees and types of antisocial behavior. Also, previous studies on neuropsychological functioning in antisocial groups often used a limited range of executive functioning tasks (Giancola, & Zeichner, 1994;Rosse, Miller, & Deutsch, 1993) or used tasks not necessarily tapping into the prefrontal regions that have been implicated in antisocial behavior (i.e., orbitomedial rather than dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). The present study addressed these issues by employing a wider range of executive functioning tests. ...
Executive functioning (EF) deficits have been implicated in antisocial behavior. EF constitutes a broad selection of functions, and it is yet to be determined what specific aspects of EF are associated with antisocial behavior. This study examines IQ, EF, and related decision-making processes in young males involved with the criminal justice system and their age-matched male controls. The Risky Choice Task (RCT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and tests taken from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessing spatial working memory, planning, and set-shifting ability were administered. Young offenders showed lower estimated IQ scores and perseveration of responding, as indicated by performance on the WCST. There were also specific EF impairments, such as problems in working memory and planning (CANTAB). Finally, young offenders showed more risky decision-making than controls did, particularly after a small win. The results on the RCT suggest altered reward mechanisms in young offenders, whereas the findings also support the notion of EF difficulties related to dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning. The implications of these findings for interventions with young offenders are discussed.
... Although our sample was a clinical one with multiple co-morbid substance abuse/dependence diagnoses, the percentage of repetitive/stereotyped behaviors reported by other groups of cocaine users is still surprisingly high. 20, 22 , 26 To date, studies of CRB have focused on the description of common behaviors such as compulsive foraging, or "geeking" 8,21,22 or the link between behaviors and cocaine use. 28 These studies include chart reviews, 4, 6 and interview-based retrospective assessments of CRB experiences. ...
Chronic use of cocaine is associated with a variety of behavioral symptoms. The current report describes the assessment of cocaine-related behavioral symptoms (CRB) using the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms of Cocaine-Induced Psychosis (SAPS-CIP). The CRB section, one of the three domains in the SAPS-CIP, consists of sub-domains, including Aggressive/Agitated Behavior, Repetitive/Stereotyped Behavior, and Unusual Social or Sexual Behavior. Severity scores are assigned according to operational criteria, and range from 0 (not present) to 5 (severe). We interviewed 261 unrelated cocaine-abusing adults using the SAPS-CIP, and 243 of them met criteria for inclusion in the study. The proportion of subjects endorsing different classes of CRBs varied across categories, with 109 of 243 (44.9%) subjects reporting aggressive and agitated behaviors, 180 subjects (74.1%) repetitive/stereotyped behaviors, and 192 (79.0%) unusual social/sexual behaviors. A substantial minority of the subjects (10.3-25.1%) reported that they experienced marked-to-severe behavioral symptoms associated with cocaine use. The proportions of subjects endorsing CRB did not differ by ethnic/racial group or by sex. Correlations among the different domains of CRB were strong, but behaviors rated in the CRB section were less well correlated with psychotic symptoms, which were rated in the hallucination and delusion sections of the instrument. A variety of CRBs are common in cocaine-dependent subjects, and many of these are highly intercorrelated. CRBs also correlate with hallucinations and delusions induced by cocaine, but to a lesser degree. Our findings suggest that there may be some common vulnerability factors that contribute to both cocaine-induced psychosis and CRBs.
... Of those with personality disorders, 65% had a cluster of antisocial and borderline personality. Rosse, Miller and Deutch (1993) documented that cocaine abusers with violent behavior performed significantly better on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than low violence antisocial participants. ...
Little is known about the association between personality disorders and neuropsychological test performance in chronic cocaine users. The aims of the present study were to (1) pinpoint the specific neuropsychological characteristics of chronic cocaine abusers, (2) analyze their personality profile, and (3) explore the association between personality traits and neuropsychological test performance. A sample of 42 drug-abusers (mean age = 34.15; SD = 6.73; mean educational level = 11.44; SD = 2.01) was selected from a state rehabilitation facility and was compared to a control group (mean age = 34.53; SD = 9.01; mean educational level = 12.29; SD = 1.31). The following information was collected for each subject: (1) A clinical history adapted from Horton (1996). (2) The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) (Morey, 1991). (3) A neuropsychological test battery including: Arithmetic and Digits subtests from the WAIS-R, California Verbal Learning Test, Trial Making Test, Verbal Fluency tests, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, Stroop Neurological Screening Test and Hooper Visual Organization. Thirty-seven of the drug-dependent subjects obtained an abnormal score in at least one PAI scale. The personality profile of the drug-dependent subjects found via the PAI pointed to a Borderline/Antisocial personality, frequently associated with mania features. In six of the drug-abusers, a normal personality profile was observed. Neuropsychological test performance scores were within the low average or borderline range. The most abnormal scores were observed in attention, memory, and executive functioning tests. The results did not show any robust association between personality profile and neuropsychological test performance.
A scientific understanding of the effects of psychoactive drugs begins with recognition of the importance of physical interactions between exogenous drugs and endogenous systems. The powerful effects of personal and social expectancies regarding the experience of intoxication and withdrawal notwithstanding (Benson & Epstein, 1975; Schafer & Fals-Stewart, 1993), much can be learned about the psychoactive effects of drugs through a manipulation of basic pharmacological variables that influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion of a drug. Scientists and nonscientists alike have long been manipulating these basic pharmacological variables through alterations in initial dose, method of administration, concurrent drug use, past drug use, and patterns of multiple use. Of course, scientists have also manipulated other important variables associated with the environment in which drug use occurs or with the expectations of the user. This reveals that the “psychological” aspects of drug use also lend themselves to sound experimental investigation (see Chapters 1 & 2, this volume). However, the focus at present is upon how failures to recognize the importance of basic pharmacological facts about drugs prevent the scientific understanding of psychoactive drugs.
BiB 2010 är en sammanställning av information om bedömningsinstrument med relevans för behandling och forskning inom missbruks- och beroendevården. Gemensamt för alla instrument i boken är att de är översata till eller utvecklade på svenska. Redan 1998 publicerades en första sammanställning, BIB 1998, som svar på ett uttryckt behov av en översikt över användbara mätmetoder och bedömningsinstrument inom fältet. Behovet har inte minskat med åren, tvärt om. Att antalet instrument som inkluderats i denna utgåva är betydligt större jämfört med BIB 1998 vittnar om både ett större utbud och en minst lika stor efterfrågan efter strukturerade mätmetoder och skattningsverktyg. Samtidigt har också bredden i de instrument som anses relevanta för missbruks- och beroendevården ökat. Därför innehåller BiB 2010 både instrument som tydligt inriktar sig på missbruk eller beroende och instrument som fokuserar på exempelvis personlighet, kognitiva funktioner eller sociala relationer.
http://www.stat-inst.se/pagefiles/791/bib-2010-bedomningsinstrument-inom-behandling-och-forskning-for-missbruks-och-beroendevard.pdf
Interferon-γ is known to play a complex modulatory role in immune defence during microbial infections. Its actions in pneumococcal meningitis, however, remain ill-defined. Here, a pathological role for IFN-γ was demonstrated using a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis, in that C57BL/6J mice deficient in this pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ(-/-)) showed less severe acute and long-term neuropathology following intracerebral challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae. The absence of IFN-γ significantly lengthened the survival of mice that otherwise would have developed fatal clinical signs within two days of CNS infection. Compared to their wild-type counterparts, IFN-γ(-/-) mice showed a diminished inflammatory response (attenuated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid) and milder brain pathologies (less BBB permeability to protein and brain haemorrhage) during the acute phase of disease. Following a full regime of antibiotic treatment, we found substantial brain injuries in the wild-type mice 10 days after infection. IFN-γ(-/-) mice, however, showed decreased neuronal damage in both hippocampus and cortex. In the longer term (≈ 10 weeks p.i.), the wild-type mice that had survived meningitis due to antibiotic treatment had neurobehavioural abnormalities including diurnal hypoactivity, nocturnal hyperactivity and impaired performance in a discrimination reversal task. IFN-γ(-/-) mice, concomitantly tested in the automated IntelliCage platform, had reduced behavioural and cognitive disorders compared to wild-type mice. Both IFN-γ(-/-) and wild-type survivors of pneumococcal meningitis showed impaired working memory in the IntelliCage-based complex patrolling task. These observations indicate an association between IFN-γ-driven acute brain pathology and the long-term neurological sequelae resulting from pneumococcal meningitis.
Pneumococcal meningitis often results in death or neurological sequelae, but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. In C57BL/6J mice subjected to intracerebroventricular (icv) challenge withStreptococcus pneumoniae, the chemokine CCL2 and cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor were prominently expressed in the brain during the acute phase of the disease. The upregulation of these immune mediators was markedly diminished in IL-18-deficient mice. Uninfected IL-18(-/-)mice exhibited decreases in anxiety phenotype and licking behaviour, and an increase in behavioural habituation, in an automated monitoring system (the IntelliCage™). Without antibiotic intervention, a majority of IL-18(+/+)mice developed irreversible disease after icvS. pneumoniaebut this was significantly improved by deleting IL-18 gene function. IL-18(+/+)mice cured of pneumococcal meningitis with four doses of ceftriaxone, initiated at 20h post-inoculation, showed enduring sequelae. These included abnormal behavioural phenotypes featuring diurnal hypoactivity and nocturnal hyperactivity, light phobia and disrupted cognitive function. While the hyperactive phenotype was absent in the corresponding IL-18(-/-)survivors, cognitive impairments and behavioural deficits were still present. Overall, the results suggest that the high levels of cytokines and/or chemokines released after pneumococcal challenge provoked a series of pathological events, ultimately causing acute death. Furthermore, since only a subset of behavioural phenotypes were ameliorated in the pneumococcus-infected IL-18(-/-)mice, the pathological pathways causing mortality may be, at least in part, distinct from those leading to long-term neurological sequelae.
Anxiety was defined by Freud as “something felt,” an emotional state that included feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry accompanied by physiological arousal. Consistent with Darwin's evolutionary perspective, Freud observed that anxiety was adaptive in motivating behavior that helped individuals cope with threatening situations and that intense anxiety was prevalent in most psychiatric disorders. In measuring anxiety, Cattell (1966) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between anxiety as an emotional state and individual differences in anxiety as a personality trait.
Keywords:
anxiety;
STAI;
emotion;
personality;
state anxiety;
trait anxiety
To establish the link between frontal lobe dysfunction and violent and criminal behaviour, based on a review of relevant literature.
Articles relating evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction with violence or crime were collected through a MEDLINE search using the keyword "frontal lobe" combined with the terms "aggression," "violence," "crime," "antisocial personality disorder," "psychopathy," "impulse control disorders", and "episodic dyscontrol." Reference lists were then searched for additional articles.
High rates of neuropsychiatric abnormalities reported in persons with violent and criminal behaviour suggest an association between aggressive dyscontrol and brain injury, especially involving the frontal lobes. The studies reviewed support an association between frontal lobe dysfunction and increased aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Focal orbitofrontal injury is specifically associated with increased aggression. Deficits in frontal executive function may increase the likelihood of future aggression, but no study has reliably demonstrated a characteristic pattern of frontal network dysfunction predictive of violent crime.
Clinically significant focal frontal lobe dysfunction is associated with aggressive dyscontrol, but the increased risk of violence seems less than is widely presumed. Evidence is strongest for an association between focal prefrontal damage and an impulsive subtype of aggressive behaviour.
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