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Resolving public conflict in site selection process - A risk communication approach
Abstract
In Japan, conflicts regarding the siting of waste disposal facilities occur frequently. In particular, siting of incinerators and landfills has become increasingly difficult because the public is highly concerned about the dioxin issues. Inefficient siting of waste disposal facilities causes several social problems, such as the shortage of waste treatment and disposal facilities, the rising of waste management costs and an increase in the consumption of resources. While dealing with a similar situation, the Chemical Society of Japan adopted a risk communication technique successfully. Hence, the pragmatic use of a risk communication technique is proposed to avoid conflicts and for a smooth information exchange to seek cooperation in waste management. In order to achieve this, a study was conducted to resolve conflicts between residents and the municipality for the selection of site for a solid waste treatment and disposal facility. This study aims to discuss the subject of risk communication for the waste disposal system in Japan. This study is performed through personal interviews and a questionnaire covering opposing parties in the town. As a result of the survey, a risk communication approach for a waste treatment and disposal system is presented in the paper addressing issues such as building of social trust, pragmatic use of the communication process, installation of credible information sources, and environmental education and awareness.
... The purpose of land use planning is described as ensuring wide variety of interests are taken into account in planning process while deciding the future land use pattern of an area (Kaiser et al., 1995;Jones et al., 2005). The interest groups include elected and appointed officials from different levels and departments of government, 2011), factors affecting acceptance of land uses (Sellers, 1993;Liu, 1997;Steelman and Carmin, 1998;Göncüoğlu Eser & Luloff, 2003) and ways to solve conflicts (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Gerardo, 2009, Kaliampakos et al., 2011;Chiou et al., 2011). These studies successfully exemplified the theoretical debates in their case areas; however, only a few studies made a comparison of various LULU types. ...
... As well as characteristics of conflicts, understanding their reasons and factors affecting them is essential for conflict resolution (Popper, 1985;Bassett et al., 2002;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Lam & Woo, 2009;von der Dunk et al., 2011;Rogge et al., 2011;Whetten & Cameron, 2011). LULU conflicts can be caused by the effects of LULUs such as odor, pollution and noise. ...
... Main reasons of LULU conflicts are negative effects or externalities of LULUs. Many scholars stated them as -environmental pollution (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Lam & Woo, 2009;Popper, 1985;Rogge et al., 2011), -noise pollution and odor (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Owusu et al., 2012;von der Dunk et al., 2011;Henderson, 2003;Popper, 1985;Rogge et al., 2011), -possibility of property devaluation Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Lam & Woo, 2009;von der Dunk et al., 2011;Henderson, 2003;Peyton, 2007;Rogge et al., 2011), -increases of traffic Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Popper, 1985;Rogge et al., 2011), -impact to ecosystem (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;von der Dunk et al., 2011;Schively, 2007;Rootes and Leonard, 2009), -deterioration of the landscape (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003), -hatred for waste (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003), -effect to health (Lam & Woo, 2009;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Popper, 1985;Schively, 2007;Rootes and Leonard, 2009;Rogge et al., 2011), -environmental safety (Lam & Woo, 2009;Peyton, 2007;Llurdes et al., 2003), -environmental inequity/ injustice Rootes and Leonard, 2009;Minchart and Neeman, 2002), -environmental related anxiety (daily stress) ), -negative public impression of agricultural products/ economic effects of negative public image Rogge et al., 2011), -possible stigmatization effects , ...
Land use planning is both a technical and a political process in which many
different groups with multiple interests are affected by planning decisions. While every
land use planning decision has a potential of creating conflicts, Locally Unwanted Land
Uses (LULUs) are the most conflict facing subjects in urban land use planning because
of their negative externalities such as health effects, economic costs and harms to
environment. This thesis aims to find out the reasons of and solutions for the conflicts in
the planning processes of LULUs. The thesis focuses on conflicts about three LULU
types including solid waste facilities, fisheries and quarries in Izmir, Turkey. Qualitative
research design is used with techniques including document analyses, media search and
in-depth interviews. In the case studies, the conflicts are analyzed with a proposed
analysis method including issues for understanding and resolving conflicts. These issues
are used to discuss characteristics and reasons of conflicts and existing and proposed
conflict resolution methods. It is found that the reasons of conflicts are not only the
negative effects of LULUs such as odor, pollution and noise but also procedural
deficiencies such as lack of knowledge and lack of trust. The findings in case studies
supported the theoretical works concerning limitations for the success of participatory
processes seeking for consensus. Conflict resolution attempts including symbolic
benefits rather than considering exact interests of local people should be rethought.
... The landfill selection is driven by many issues such as availability of land, multiple regional and _________________________ state regulations, increasing amounts of waste production that complicate the process as well as the lack of information given to the public creates such as the "not in my backyard" (NIMBY) syndrome for sitting new landfills [3]. For example, in Japan, Ishizaka and Tanaka [4] discussed an attempt to create public awareness and alleviate the NIMBY syndrome through a risk communication approach. Baban and Flannagan [5] discuss the importance of two major issues for landfill selection: (1) approval of the local population, which is driven by social and political considerations and economic incentives, and (2) engineering and technical protocols for planning and protection of the physical environment. ...
... 3. Land use and attention to future development of the city. 4. The life history of site (the selected site must be used for 20 years). 5. Aesthetical dimensions such as view. ...
One of the major problems human beings are confronted with in urban setting is the removal of urban waste. This problem has persuaded the urban authorities to use various tools such as Geograph-ic Information System (GIS) to locate landfills. To do that, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been used in which or multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and GIS are combined. The selection of the burial place and landfill has great importance and different criteria must be consid-ered. SDSS, using MCDM is able to investigate locating landfill using various criteria simultaneously and it determines its importance. This research aims at presenting suitable solution through using computer and GIS related to solid urban waste and their locating in Hamadan based on standard crite-ria. A comprehensive model based on GIS, to get the suitable burial place and landfill can help to save time and cost. The model of locating burial place of urban solid waste has been presented.
... LULU conflicts can be caused not only by their environmental impacts such as odor or noise but also by other procedural factors such as distrust, political reasons and lack of knowledge. Therefore understanding these factors affecting them is essential for conflict resolution (Popper, 1985;Bassett et al., 2002;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Lam and Woo, 2009;von der Dunk et al., 2011;Rogge et al., 2011;Whetten and Cameron, 2011). ...
... Even there were some headmen faced with threats of mine owners. Trust or distrust in government also affects the emergence of conflicts (O'Hare et al., 1983;Baxter et al., 1999;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Elliott et al., 2003;Lam and Woo, 2009). When local people did not trust to decision makers or the companies, the conflicts get bigger and harder. ...
Land use planning affects many different and usually conflicting interests. While every land use planning decision has a potential of creating conflicts, Locally Unwanted Land Uses (LULUs) are the most conflict facing subjects in urban land use planning processes. This paper aims to answer the question “what are the reasons and solutions for conflicts in the planning processes of LULUs”. This paper is based on a research examining LULU cases in İzmir, Turkey including solid waste facilities, fisheries and quarries to find out the reasons and the solutions for LULU conflicts. The research findings suggest that the conflicts stem not only from negative effects of LULUs on environment and community but also from procedural deficiencies such as lack of knowledge and lack of trust. The findings also call for planning processes with more consideration of local level and public participation seeking for consensus. Meanwhile, the conclusions underline the limitations for the success of participatory processes in which conflicts are resolved with attempts including symbolic benefits rather than considering exact interests of local people.
... In some case studies of anti-WTE campaigns, the policy procedures and government activity even played a more important role than assumed (Hsu, 2006;Davies, 2008). Other efforts are directed toward communicating scientific information with the public by focusing on public health risks, psychological analysis and communication systems (Covello et al., 1987;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Reynolds and Seeger, 2005), and toward decision making methods including all stakeholders (Contreras et al., 2008). ...
... The public definition of risk, besides the concerns of experts, should be included into risk assessments. If the public is informed that the potential risk is acceptably low and that it can take advantage or compensation from the facility, the communication will meet less resistance (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). Some process analysis method, such as analytical hierarchical process and life cycle assessment can be applied to make ideal decision through quantizing pollution and risk of different stakeholders (Contreras et al., 2008). ...
The application of Waste-to-Energy treatment in Municipal Solid Waste faces strong protest by local communities, especially in cities with high population densities. This study introduces insight into the public awareness, acceptance and risk perception toward Waste-to-Energy through a structured questionnaire survey around a Waste-to-Energy facility in Shanghai, China. The Dichotomous-Choice contingent valuation method was applied to study the willingness to accept of residents as an indicator of risk perception and tolerance. The factors influencing risk perception and the protest response choice were analyzed. The geographical distributions of the acceptance of Waste-to-Energy facility and protest response were explored using geographical information systems. The findings of the research indicated an encouraging vision of promoting Waste-to-Energy, considering its benefits of renewable energy and the conservation of land. A high percentage of protest willingness to accept (50.94%) was highlighted with the effect of income, opinion about Waste-to-Energy, gender and perceived impact. The fuzzy classification among people with different opinions on compensation (valid 0, positive or protest willingness to accept) revealed the existing yet rejected demand of compensation among protesters. Geographical distribution in the public attitude can also be observed. Finally significant statistical relation between knowledge and risk perception indicates the need of risk communication, as well as involving public into whole management process.
... The landfill selection is driven by many issues such as availability of land, multiple regional and _________________________ state regulations, increasing amounts of waste production that complicate the process as well as the lack of information given to the public creates such as the "not in my backyard" (NIMBY) syndrome for sitting new landfills [3]. For example, in Japan, Ishizaka and Tanaka [4] discussed an attempt to create public awareness and alleviate the NIMBY syndrome through a risk communication approach. Baban and Flannagan [5] discuss the importance of two major issues for landfill selection: (1) approval of the local population, which is driven by social and political considerations and economic incentives, and (2) engineering and technical protocols for planning and protection of the physical environment. ...
... 3. Land use and attention to future development of the city. 4. The life history of site (the selected site must be used for 20 years). 5. Aesthetical dimensions such as view. ...
One of the major problems human beings are confronted with in urban setting is the removal of urban waste. This problem has persuaded the urban authorities to use various tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS) to locate landfills. To do that, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been used in which or multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and GIS are combined. The selection of the burial place and landfill has great importance and different criteria must be considered. SDSS, using MCDM is able to investigate locating landfill using various criteria simultaneously
and it determines its importance. This research aims at presenting suitable solution through using computer and GIS related to solid urban waste and their locating in Hamadan based on standard criteria. A comprehensive model based on GIS, to get the suitable burial place and landfill can help to save time and cost. The model of locating burial place of urban solid waste has been presented.
... With increasing awareness of health issues relating to waste management, syndromes such as NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) and NIABY (Not In Anyone's Back Yard) 1 appeared. Authors addressed the matter of public relations in determining locations for landfill sites (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003), perspectives and procedures in waste management (Purcell and Magette, 2010), and conflicts between those included in the issues of landfill reclamation and waste management, such as nongovernmental organisations and local administration units (Korucu and Erdagi, 2012). In the past decade, the collection of municipal waste and the methods for its disposal have become significant topics of discussion (Magrinho, Didelet and Semiao, 2006; Rogge and De Jaeger, 2012; Sokka, Antiklainen and Kauppi, 2007; Sundberg, Gipperth and Wene, 1999; Taylor, 1999;Taylor, 2000). ...
... One of the ways to minimise these syndromes is through the communication of risks, which includes the procedure of more effective risk management. It is necessary to adequately explain the risks and advantages to all those interested (Čaldarović, 1996;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003) and to develop trust in the information and its sources (Čaldarović, 1995). The media often take over the role of informers. ...
Considering the growing problem of waste disposal, this paper analyses the spatial distribution, legal and sociological framework, and relevant environmental components of existing waste landfills in Zagreb County (geological, hydrogeological and geomorphological features of the locations, climate). In addition to potential ecological and health consequences, waste disposal often has complex social and economic consequences for the surrounding locations. Therefore, these environmental aspects were also used to analyse the justification of decision to select the location Tarno as a potential county waste management centre. This is an interesting case since it aroused negative reactions from political structures and the local population of the nearby Town of Ivanić Grad. In addition to the environmental parameters, the topographic exposure index of the wider area was determined. This is based on the characteristics of the wind rose in order to identify areas of maximum exposure to the negative impact of odour due to the prevailing air currents. Special attention was paid to the buffer zone up to 3000 m from the location of potential landfill sites. Considering the strong resistance towards the selection of this location for a county waste management centre, the attitudes of local residents, their level of knowledge and their awareness of the issue were also examined. The existence of the NIMBY syndrome and YIAMBY was also tested.
... Risks are highly connected with the overexploitation of natural resources and nonsustainable environmental management leading to gradual environmental degradation, increased unpredictability in climate and environmental disasters (Benn, Dunphy, & Martin, 2009;Bulkeley, 2001;Heltberg, Jorgensen, & Siegel, 2008;Petts, 1992). They may arise from waste management (Benn et al., 2009;Groothuis & Miller, 1997;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Petts, 1992), urban air pollution (Bickerstaff, 2004;Bickerstaff & Walker, 2001;Wakefield, Elliott, Cole, & Eyles, 2001) and flooding (Bouwer, Bubeck, & Aerts, 2010;Convery & Bailey, 2008). ...
... This is connected with the fact that citizens who tend to trust institutions are also more willing to accept information from these institutions (Groothuis & Miller, 1997). Thus, institutional trust determines the level of acceptance of information (Bickerstaff, 2004;Poortinga & Pidgeon, 2003) concerning issues of risk and risk management and also how important a risk will be perceived (Frewer, Howard, Hedderley, & Shepherd, 1996;Gavilanes-Ruiz et al., 2009;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Renn, 1998). This assumption is even more important in cases where there are significant uncertainties in the level of risk (Frewer et al., 1996) such as risks connected with climate change. ...
Public policy issues arising from climate change projections are becoming increasingly important in terms of the range and the scope of their effects. In order to effectively confront them it is important to address social, environmental and economic aspects as fully as possible in decision-making processes. In this context, social risk assessment techniques have begun to be applied to explore citizens’ risk perceptions of climate change projections. The present study aims to contribute to this area by examining the influence of four social capital parameters (social trust, institutional trust, social norms and social networks) on public risk perceptions of climate change. An empirical study was conducted for this purpose in Greece's fourth largest city, Heraklion. Results demonstrate that social capital is a significant explanatory parameter for citizens’ risk perceptions. Specifically, individuals with lower levels of social capital tend to perceive higher risks from climate change impacts. The most important parameter explaining this result is the low level of institutional trust, revealing that Heraklion's citizens do not believe that existing public institutions will be able to effectively manage projected climate change impacts.
... This situation has largely been described in the literature as the 'not-in-my-backyard' (NIMBY) syndrome. Though public hostility towards what some have described as the location of unwanted land use (LULU) is a global phenomenon (see for example, Davies, 2003 for Ireland;Feitelson, 2001 andShmueli, 2008 for Israel;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003 for Japan), the Ghanaian case is compounded by weak urban governance which virtually results in landfill host communities not participating in any meaningful way in the decision to locate and operate a landfill. Although a number of studies have been done on urban waste in Ghana, the focus has largely been on private sector participation in waste management and its impact on service delivery (see Ayee & Crook, 2003;Awortwi, 2004;Crook & Ayee, 2006;Fobil, Armah, Hogarh, & Carboo, 2008;Oteng-Ababio, 2010a, 2010bPost, Broekema, & Obirih-Opareh, 2003). ...
... This can occur either through the encroachment of residential land use upon a landfill or location of a landfill close to a built-up residential area. The literature on LULU and conflicts suggest that there has been considerable focus on the latter situation with limited focus on encroachment (Feitelson, 2001;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003). In either case, the policy approach in terms of conflict resolution mechanisms and strategies may differ due to the different development processes involved. ...
A key challenge associated with rapid urbanization in much of the developing world (including Ghana) is the disposal of municipal solid waste. This has engendered numerous conflicts between municipal authorities and communities located near landfills. While these conflicts have attracted much media concerns in Ghana, not enough academic research has been carried out to unearth the root causes and consequences of these conflicts. More importantly, increased urbanization and concomitant growth of real estates in peri-urban areas of large Ghanaian cities such as Accra, have meant that landfills must compete with residential land use resulting in closer proximity of landfill sites to residential neighbourhoods. Thus, increasingly due to the intense competition for land the capacity of the peri-urban areas of large cities to absorb urban-generated waste is compromised. This paper attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by highlighting the issues of conflicts and governance using two peri-urban landfills in Accra as a case study. It argues that landfill-related conflicts are the result of the existing land ownership system and the consequent outcomes of poor spatial planning and management of metropolitan fringe areas. The study concludes that resolving landfill-related conflicts must start with tackling the land question which should then create a space for promoting forward planning involving the active participation of chiefs and community members. Again, studies on the acquisition, management and governance of landfills in the developed world could provide useful lessons for Ghana and other developing countries.
... Informing seems symbolic part of decision making. One-way flow of information transforms to two-way information exchange between scientists or regulators and the public in the effective practices of participation (Arnstein, 1969;Rowe and Frewer, 2000;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Palabıyık et al., 2010;Curry, 2012;Yılmaz, 2013;Ertiö, 2015). ...
... Es posible también que esto sea debido a las relaciones menos conflictivas que se han tenido con las ladrilleras. Algunos estudios han mostrado que la actitud que se tenga frente a la fuente de inconformidad determina las características y la percepción del impacto reportado subjetivamente xi .En Japón, donde los conflictos por el establecimiento de infraestructura para el manejo de basuras (rellenos o incineradores) son frecuentes (entre 1991 y 1996 se reportaron cerca de 200 casos de conflictos), se ha sugerido la necesidad de mejorar los mecanismos de comunicación del riesgo, con el objetivo de solucionar los conflictos y lograr la cooperación de las comunidades para la instalación y operación de plantas de manejo de residuos sólidos.Dicha comunicación es entendida como el intercambio de opiniones e información entre tomadores de decisión (de los sectores públicos y privados) y las comunidades para debatir los riesgos reales basados en mediciones científicas, la percepción del riesgo de la comunidad, costo-efectividad de la infraestructura y sus beneficios, entre otros temas, de tal manera que dicho proceso permita encontrar de manera clara y verdadera la mejor solución al conflicto239 .En futuros estudios sobre el RSDJ es importante evaluar las fuentes de información de la comunidad, los mecanismos usados por las entidades administradoras del relleno para la ...
Se realizo un estudio de cohortes para evaluar el impacto del relleno sanitario sobre la salud de la población residente en el area de influencia geografica. Los niños que viven en las comunidades cercanas al RSDJ, cuando se comparan con otros
que residen en un área distante o zona control: 1) presentaron valores más bajos en todos sus índices de peso y talla (-0.35 DE; p = 0.018; IC95%: -0.64, -0.06), y un deterioro en la velocidad de crecimiento en términos del peso para la talla (-0.03 DE/mes; p=0.011;
IC95%: -0.06, -0.01); 2) presentan con mayor frecuencia síntomas irritativos oculares y de
vías respiratorias (OR= 1.36; p=0.013; IC95%: 1.07, 1.74); 3) no tienen mayor ocurrencia
de síntomas respiratorios bajos (OR=0.92; p=0.580; IC95%: 0.70, 1.23), que son más bien
atribuibles a la exposición a las ladrilleras de la zona (OR=1.34; p=0.047; IC95%: 1.00,
1.80); 4) la prevalencia e incidencia de EDA es semejante a la encontrada en niños que no
residen en la zona de influencia del RSDJ (OR= 0.94; IC95%: 0.74, 1.19) y está
probablemente más relacionada con la exposición a contaminantes ambientales en el peri�domicilio (OR=1.44; IC95%: 1.10, 1.87) y a factores de comportamiento de la madre; 5) los costos familiares asociados a la resolución de los síntomas respiratorios de los niños fueron menores en la zona expuesta (Diferencia promedio= $40.129 más en la zona control), y posiblemente reflejan un menor poder adquisitivo en comparación con las familias de la zona control; 6) los costos de transporte generados por la atención de síntomas respiratorios fueron mayores que los generados en la zona control. Los adultos mayores de 50 años que viven cerca del RSDJ al ser comparados con los de la zona control tuvieron: 1) más síntomas respiratorios (Razón de tasas de incidencia (RTI)=1.28; p=0.001; IC95%: 1.10, 1.49), y episodios clínicos de enfermedad pulmonar más severos (RTI=1.30; p=0.006; IC95%: 1.08, 1.57) y crónicos (correlación intraindividuo de síntomas, sigma de una binomial negativa=4.9; IC95%: 3.9, 6.2); 2) una tendencia a un menor flujo espiratorio pico en los expuestos simultáneamente al RS y a las ladrilleras (diferencia promedio en FEP entre zona expuesta y zona control= -96.8; p=0.174; IC95%: -229.6, 36.0) y una tendencia a disminuir su función pulmonar con el tiempo solo en lo expuestos al RS (Delta de FEP en zona expuesta= -1.81 Lt./min/mes; p=0.042; IC95%: -3.55, -0.06; y en zona control=0.70 Lt./min/mes; p=0.99; IC95%: -0.69, 2.09); 3) deterioro de su calidad de vida en lo concerniente a sus funciones físicas (diferencia de medianas=-9.16;p=0.000; IC95%: -11.35, -7.16). Estos efectos están unidos a otras condiciones que afectan negativamente a esta población y que hacen sinergia entre sí.
... Consequently, the local population tends to reject them [37,38]. According to Popper [39], LULUs are technical installations that are necessary from a regional or national perspective but have a permanent (or, at least, long-lasting) negative impact on their immediate environment, and therefore, the local population rejects them. ...
This study analyzes the formation and spatial structure of anti-wind-farm citizens' initiatives (CIs) as a result of the development of wind turbine generators (WT) in Germany over the last three decades. It offers a novel, spatiotemporal view of the intensely discussed tension between WT and citizens' perceptions of them. Using a new dataset and employing survival models, the study explores for the first time the co-development of WT and anti-wind initiatives, considering a wide range of regional socioeconomic factors and multiple periods. The results confirm a rapidly growing dynamic of the establishment of local opposition, which the magnitude of locally existing WT and proximity to established anti-wind farm initiatives strongly drives.
... In cities, right after the food and paper wastes, plastic waste attains the third spot as a major component of municipal and industrial litter. For instance, Japan is also dealing with a similar problem of handling new waste because of the growing pressure on land and increasing public concern over environmental sustainability and health protection (Philp et al., 2013;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). ...
With the ever-increasing population, there is exploitation of our environment to meet the growing needs of the inhabitants. Along with pollution, climate change, global warming, etc., one of the major problems associated with overpopulation is the generation of a large amount of non-biodegradable solid wastes along with various other industrial effluents. Plastic, being inexpensive and durable, have found their way to be produced in large amounts for almost every purpose. This results in the accumulation of plastic products around the world causing plastic pollution. During the past few centuries, the idea of "green chemistry" has gained maximum attention, and therefore, efforts have been made by the researchers to reduce pollution with the help of some environmentally friendly solution. In this concern, bioplastics and biofilms have gained remarkable attention over the last two decades. The major advantages of bioplastics are their biodegradability and the reduced emission of carbon dioxide in their synthesis.
... interpretable), and without transparency there is insufficient knowledge to motivate and enhance public participation in decision-making processes. This can ultimately reflect poorly on industry (Ishizaka and Tanaka 2003), who should, therefore, be in favour of engaged stakeholders. ...
Formed under 'right-to-know' legislation and public disclosure principles, Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) are a key policy tool for pollution control. PRTRs affect both social and environmental policy outcomes by making facility pollutant release quantities available to stakeholders. While PRTRs operate under similar principles, they are designed to reflect national priorities. This study investigates and critically discusses the stated policy goals of Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) to other PRTRs. Notably, there are issues involving data completeness and accuracy, creating gaps in inventory emissions, thereby not reflecting actual emissions. While relative pollutant release levels have decreased, overall toxicity has increased. Coupled with the omission of toxicity factors and pollutant thresholds from the NPRI, this creates a false sense of progress for stakeholders. Making pollutant release data more comprehensive would improve stakeholder engagement and better inform the decision-making process which can be applied to policies across geopolitical scales.
... Informing seems symbolic part of decision making. One-way flow of information transforms to two-way information exchange between scientists or regulators and the public in the effective practices of participation (Arnstein, 1969;Rowe and Frewer, 2000;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003;Palabıyık et al., 2010;Curry, 2012;Yılmaz, 2013;Ertiö, 2015). ...
... During the negotiation process, the public can understand the risk assessment and project decision-making, which can help to increase the transparency of the risk assessment process and improve the technological level of the project. It can also modify the public's erroneous perception of risk and ultimately increase the public's acceptance [69]. ...
Environmental conflicts have been a top global focus and issue for human’s sustainable development. China is confronted with a serious situation with a rigid demand of ecological governance, in which the “Not In My Back Yard” (NIMBY) crisis outbreaks frequently. NIMBY has a great impact on government management and social stability. This study aims to analyze the NIMBY crisis transformation path for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in China. Considering environmental, social and economic influences, this study seeks to find methods of transforming dangers into opportunities. A conceptual framework for realizing the NIMBY crisis transformation in waste management decision-making was conducted with a hybrid approach. A fishbone diagram was applied to explain the key factors of NIMBY crisis transformation for MSWI. Integrating Bayesian network structure discovery and co-word analysis into a qualitative analysis, searched data and key factors from a literature search engine with specific themes were used for structure learning. The results showed that project location, benefit compensation, publicity and education, public decision, public participation, the rule of law and multiple governance have distinct influences on the NIMBY crisis transformation process in China. In summary, the conceptual framework describes the complex process of NIMBY crisis transformation and helps to deepen data mining for municipal solid waste management (MSWM).
... A country with quite the opposite conditions is Japan, where there is limited space and high population density. In Japan, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain public acceptance to install waste disposal facilities, such as landfill sites, due to a rising pressure on land use and growing public concern over environmental and health protection (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). The UK is experiencing landfill shortage at the national level, but also residual waste is being transported greater distances to sites with spare landfill capacity (Suez Recycling and Recovery UK, 2017). ...
The bioeconomy and circular economy concepts have arisen at roughly the same time, and nations are making their respective strategies. There is a nexus, the circular bioeconomy, that can be used to drive resource efficiency, economic growth and environmental benefits.
... In the activation process of both coconut shell and palm kernel shell, two chemical are used are Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH). The volume of the Phosphoric acid diluted was 6.8 cm 3 or 0.0068 dm 3 in distil water, using equation (2.1) ...
Activated Carbon (AC) is used for absorbing substances of crystalline form, having a large internal pore structures that make the carbon more suitable absorbent. This study entails the experimental studies of the characterization of activated carbon produced from local materials which includes: activated carbon from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell. Pyrolysis process was carried out using the pyrolysis setup on the agricultural residues sourced from local farm to produce activated carbon. The carbons were activated through chemical activation process using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) as activating agents at room temperature. Iodine value and surface area of the activated carbons produced and imported activated carbon were investigated. The mass of activated carbons produced from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell are 688.21 g, 539.89 g, 482.53 g and 707.37 g, respectively. The percentage composition of Iodine value obtained from imported activated carbon (12.143 %), coconut husk (60.1 %), maize husk (38.1 %), palm kernel shell (24.286 %) and coconut shell (63.571 %) and the percentage surface area of imported activated carbon (42 %), coconut shell (21 %), coconut husk (24.1 %), maize husk (33.1 %) and palm kernel shell (37 %). The results revealed that all the activated carbons produced has higher adsorption capacity than the imported carbon, that has the lowest adsorption activity level. Hence, the higher the iodine number the higher the rate of adsorption of activated carbon and locally produced carbon from agricultural residue can be used to replace the imported carbon. It will enhance the economy of the country by reducing the dependence on the foreign product and economy controlled by dollar index.
... In the activation process of both coconut shell and palm kernel shell, two chemical are used are Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH). The volume of the Phosphoric acid diluted was 6.8 cm 3 or 0.0068 dm 3 in distil water, using equation (2.1) ...
Activated Carbon (AC) is used for absorbing substances of crystalline form, having a large internal pore structures that make the carbon more suitable absorbent. This study entails the experimental studies of the characterization of activated carbon produced from local materials which includes: activated carbon from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell. Pyrolysis process was carried out using the pyrolysis setup on the agricultural residues sourced from local farm to produce activated carbon. The carbons were activated through chemical activation process using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) as activating agents at room temperature. Iodine value and surface area of the activated carbons produced and imported activated carbon were investigated. The mass of activated carbons produced from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell are 688.21 g, 539.89 g, 482.53 g and 707.37 g, respectively. The percentage composition of Iodine value obtained from imported activated carbon (12.143 %), coconut husk (60.1 %), maize husk (38.1 %), palm kernel shell (24.286 %) and coconut shell (63.571 %) and the percentage surface area of imported activated carbon (42 %), coconut shell (21 %), coconut husk (24.1 %), maize husk (33.1 %) and palm kernel shell (37 %). The results revealed that all the activated carbons produced has higher adsorption capacity than the imported carbon, that has the lowest adsorption activity level. Hence, the higher the iodine number the higher the rate of adsorption of activated carbon and locally produced carbon from agricultural residue can be used to replace the imported carbon. It will enhance the economy of the country by reducing the dependence on the foreign product and economy controlled by dollar index.
... A study was conducted by Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) to resolve the conflicts between residents and the municipality for the selection of site for a solid waste treatment and disposal facility. ...
The paper presents a case study focused on waste generation, the feasibility of incineration on Solid Waste Management in Puducherry. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the curses for generation and later causing pollution to the environment along with other sources of pollution, especially in developing countries. with improper management plans, starting from collection of waste to dumping in the site, the problems due to MSW will be aggravated many times in the form of contaminating the surrounding soil, land, air and water (both surface as well as groundwater) in years to come. The present research pointed out current MSW in Puducherry and projected population, characterization of soil profile at Karuvadikuppam and Kurumbapet dumping sites. The study reveal that the establishment of incineration plant used for reducing of solid waste in Puducherry territory.
Keywords: Feasibility, MSW, Pollution, Waste, Puducherry
... Social opposition to landfill siting has been one of the greatest obstacles for successfully locating waste disposal facilities. The 'not in my backyard' phenomenon (NIMBY) [4][5][6] is another challenge in landfill sittings [7], although an approach that uses personal interviews and questionnaires to collect various opinions from opposing parties towards conflict resolution can be applied to resolve the issue [8]. None the less, if a landfill site is properly selected, it is always the most cost efficient method of waste disposal. ...
A major challenge in most growing urban areas of developing countries, without a pre-existing land use plan is the sustainable and efficient management of solid wastes. Siting a landfill is a complicated task because of several environmental regulations. This challenge gives birth to the need to develop efficient strategies for the selection of proper waste disposal sites in accordance with all existing environmental regulations. This paper presents a knowledge-based multi-criteria decision analysis using GIS for the selection of suitable landfill site in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. In order to identify suitable sites for landfill, seven factors - land use/cover, geology, river, soil, slope, lineament and roads - were taken into consideration. Each factor was classified and ranked based on prior knowledge about the area and existing guidelines. Weights for each factor were determined through pair-wise comparison using Saaty’s 9 point scale and AHP. The integration of factors according to their weights using weighted index overlay analysis revealed that 39.23 km
... As for environmental impacts, nine studies reported groundwater contamination was a concern to residents; seven studies found pollution in general was a concern; three studies noted concerns about rodents, seagulls, other animals, and insects attracted to site. For example, Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) indicated that the residents thought the solid waste treatment and disposal facility in Okayama, Japan increased the possibility of environmental pollution. Also, pollution received the highest rating in comparison to other concerns of respondents in the Rahardyan et al. (2004) study in Japan. ...
The siting a landfill or waste treatment facility and the redevelopment of a brownfield or former landfill site are generally treated as independent issues in the research literature. Nonetheless, the two are important elements of community development and urban revitalization efforts. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated review of the current literature on attitudes toward waste treatment sites and their potential conversion for recreation use. We begin by examining research on residents' perceptions of and attitudes toward proposed and existing waste treatment facility sites, including the perceived impacts and determinants of attitudes toward these sites. Next we summarize work that has explored the subsequent conversion of former landfills or brownfield sites, with a particular emphasis on repurposing these sites for green space and recreation use. We conclude by summarizing key issues and implications for future research and policy development.
... This can also assist in siting a landfill where overall environmental risks are relatively low. Due to holistic and systematic standardisation that this framework is offering, not only risk comparison can become easier but also risk communication can be rendered more effective and efficient among diverse stakeholders, specially where conflicts regarding siting of waste disposal facilities is not uncommon (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). ...
Landfills can be regarded as a particular type of contaminated land that has a potential to directly and indirectly pollute all of the four main spheres of the environment which are the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and eventually adversely impact the biosphere. Therefore, environmental risk assessment of a landfill has to be more integrated and holistic by virtue of its nature of being a multidimensional pollutant source. Despite this, although various risk assessment approaches have been adopted for landfill waste disposal sites, there are still wide-ranging knowledge gaps and limitations which need to be addressed. One important knowledge gap and limitation of current risk assessment approaches is the inability to fully identify, categorise and aggregate all individual risks from all combinations of hazards, pathways and targets/receptors (e.g. water, air, soil and biota) in connection to a certain landfill leachate and yet at any stage of the landfill cycle. So such an approach is required that could not only integrate all possible characteristics of varying scenarios but also contain the ability to establish an overall risk picture, irrespective of the lifecycle stage of the landfill (e.g. planning stage/pre-operation, in-operation or post-operation/closed). One such approach to address the wide-breadth of landfill impact risks is by developing a more holistic risk assessment methodology, whose conceptual framework is presented in this paper for landfill leachate in a whole-system format. This conceptual framework does not only draw together various constituting factors and sub-factors of risk assessment in a logical sequence and categorical order, but also indicates the "what, why, when and how" outputs of and inputs to these factors and sub-factors can be useful. The framework is designed to identify and quantify a range of risks associated with all stages of the landfill lifecycle, and yet in a more streamlined, logical, categorical and integrated format, offering a more standardised and unified whole-system approach.
... In Sub-Sahara Africa, the challenge finds expression in situations where the assemblies' limited internally generated revenue is expended on waste collection and transportation while uncontrolled (crude) dumping appears to be officially endorsed. In a few instances where attempts have been initiated to construct engineered sanitary landfills, they have been thwarted by public hostility towards the location of unwanted land use (LULU), possibly due to poor urban governance (see Feitelson, 2001;Davies, 2003;Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003;Shmueli, 2008). This tends to create the perception that safe disposal of solid waste is beyond the capacity of many municipal authorities. ...
The development of a modern, sustainable system of waste management in developing countries is frequently delayed (and in some cases stalled) by causes that cannot be directly attributed to tech nical or economic reasons. One such project is the Kwabenya Engineered Sanitary Landfill Project which was conceived in 1991. This paper examines why the project was not actualized though the tech nical details and financial component were duly secured. Using mainly a qualitative research method, the study revealed that the authority's poor governance practices spelt the doom of the project. Neither were the direct occupants of the land consulted during the project formulation stage nor were the host community's fear of environmental reprisals addressed. This paper maintains that successful implementation of projects like a landfill demands the collective participation and acceptability of all stakeholders.
... It is thus important for the proponent to carry out effective risk communication with the stakeholders in the siting process. Through mutual communication, all parties can repeatedly exchange information and opinions concerning the estimated risk, risk perception, risk assessment, and extent of acceptable risk, with the aims to enhance the level of mutual understandings and to search for effective risk management measures that are supported by the public [17]. ...
Siting opposition often arises when advocates and opponents hold different views on siting of a locally unwanted facility. This paper aims to investigate public perceptions towards siting in two different communities in Hong Kong, and explore the importance of trust as reflected by residents' preference on the conflict resolution methods. Two questionnaire surveys were undertaken in Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O districts in Hong Kong. The survey results show that these two communities show similar beliefs and attitudes on issues related to risks and trust towards different stakeholders. However, a difference is found in their most preferred conflict resolution measure, reflecting their different siting experiences. The importance of trust in affecting public acceptance of LULU siting will be discussed.
... Social compatibility can be evaluated on criteria such as discrimination, education, training, impact on inhabited areas, income distribution, information communication, participation, transparency and risks for the population. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the risk communication approach for the waste treatment and the disposal system. Risk communication can be defined as "an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions" (National Research Council, 1989). ...
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental challenges in developing countries. Many efforts to reduce and recover the wastes have been made, but still land disposal of solid wastes is the most popular one. Finding an environmentally sound landfill site is a challenging task. This paper addresses a mini review on various aspects of MSWM (suitable landfill site selection, route optimization and public acceptance) using the Geographical Information System (GIS) coupled with other tools. The salient features of each of the integrated tools with GIS are discussed in this paper. It is also addressed how GIS can help in optimizing routes for collection of solid wastes from transfer stations to disposal sites to reduce the overall cost of solid waste management. A detailed approach on performing a public acceptance study of a proposed landfill site is presented in this study. The study will help municipal authorities to identify the most effective method of MSWM.
... • In Japan, where there is limited space and high population density, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain public acceptance to install waste disposal facilities, such as landfill sites, due to growing public concern over environmental and health protection (Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). ...
For several decades bio-based plastics have remained more or less in the research phase. With crude oil remaining relatively inexpensive, it was very difficult for any bio-based plastics to become established in the market. This century has seen some dramatic changes that have favoured further research and development of these novel plastics and more applications and new molecules are now emerging. Several factors have driven this rapid growth of the bioplastics industry. These are a combination of environmental, economic and social benefits that bioplastics offer in a time when crude oil prices seem set to remain high, and as we emerge from the greatest economic crisis of our lifetimes. The contribution of bioplastics to the entire plastics market is still small, but is growing very rapidly. This situation can present a quandary to policymakers. Rapid growth can often run ahead of policy making. It would therefore be timely for policymakers to have a document that shows the range of bioplastics being developed, but also the types of policies that have been applied to support this nascent industry. This report hopes to fulfil that need.
A major driver of the growth of the industry has been a transition from biodegradable plastics, used normally in simple packaging applications, to “drop-in” substitutes for the major oil-based plastics that dominate the market, upon which we rely so heavily today. A striking example of this is the development of bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for carbonated drinks. The combination of bio-based content and the ability to enter established recycling infrastructure makes for a very attractive proposition in environmental and economic terms. Engineering applications of bioplastics are also increasing.
However, it is quite obvious that support for bioplastics has been very limited compared to, say, biofuels. And yet both categories of bio-based products aim to fulfil common policy goals. Indeed, there is evidence that bioplastics offer greater job creation and value-added than biofuels. There is no international pattern of support for bioplastics, except that the niche policy of banning single-use carrier bags has received widespread attention. Compared to the major policies that have been applied to biofuels, such niche policies will not stimulate the investments needed for large-scale production and market uptake.
There are still formidable hurdles for bioplastics to overcome. Within the context of holistic bioeconomy strategies, there is scope for the more considered use of intelligent policy mixes targeted at the development of bioplastics over their whole ‘cradle-to-grave’ life-cycle, and in concert with other bio-based products, especially biofuels.
It would be difficult to imagine a more successful category of materials than plastics. In the future, the very success of plastics may bring them into competition for crude oil with other applications. Greater policy support now will make later transitions from fossil to bio-based resources an easier task.
... Similarly, Charnpratheep et al. (1997) utilized fuzzy set theory with GIS for the screening of landfill sites in Thailand. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the subject of risk communication for the waste disposal system in Japan, considering public conflict in the site selection process. Pokhrel and Viraraghavan (2005) carried out an evaluation of solid waste management concerning the sitting of landfills in Nepal. ...
This paper presents an integrated approach which utilizes multi criteria decision making (MCDM) alongside with Dempster Shafer Theory of evidence (DST) for the selection of landfill sites. It employs a two stage analysis for selecting landfill sites in urban region of Zanjan. The first-stage analysis makes use of the maps in Geospatial information system (GIS) in conjunction with different variables leading to support the second-stage analysis using the MCDM and DST as a tool. The purpose of GIS was to perform an initial process to eliminate unsuitable land followed by utilization of MCDM and DST method to identify the most suitable site using the information provided by the regional experts. Since it is not expected that all experts have the same information on the criteria, it is unavoidable to have uncertainty between expert’s view points. In this paper, for modelling the uncertainty in expert’s viewpoints, DST and analytical network process (ANP) have been implemented. Each expert’s view is regarded as evidence. These evidences are integrated by DST integration rule to get an individual weight for each criterion. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed using Monte Carlo simulation where the decision weights associated with all criteria were varied to investigate their relative impacts on the rank ordering of the potential sites in the second stage.
... These findings are in accordance with recent studies where the importance of institutional trust on community capacity to adapt and citizens' perceptions of proposed policies has been underlined (Adger 2003;Glenk and Fischer 2010;Myatt et al. 2003a). Specifically, this type of trust has a significant influence on the level of acceptance of information regarding risk issues, the level of community engagement and also on what individuals regard as appropriate environmental behaviour (Ishizaka and Tanaka 2003;Lorenzoni et al. 2007;Tjernstrom and Tietenberg 2008). ...
There is a growing consensus among researchers that social aspects and the involvement of local communities play a critical role in public decision-making processes in the coastal zone. Social capital is a parameter which has recently gained significant attention in this context. It is regarded that it has a significant influence on the adaptation capacity of local communities to climate change impacts. The present paper aims to contribute to this field through an examination of citizens’ perceptions of three coastal zone management policies (hold the line, managed realignment and no active intervention) along with the influence of social capital on the level of social acceptability for these proposed policy options. For this purpose, a quantitative empirical study was conducted for the first time in five coastal areas of Greece that are regarded as high flood-risk areas due to sea-level rise. Respondents demonstrated that they are willing to accept changes in their social and natural environments in order to confront sea-level rise and are more positive towards the managed realignment option, as long as this is accompanied by financial compensation for those whose properties will be affected. Regarding the influence of social capital, through the results of an ordinal regression, it was observed that institutional and social trust influence positively citizens’ level of agreement for the managed realignment policy. Furthermore, respondents who believe that a sense of reciprocity exists in their community are also more willing to accept active intervention policies.
... Furthermore, Glenk and Fischer (2010) presented evidence that higher levels of institutional trust are accompanied by a greater acceptance by individuals of financial and/or monetary contributions to support policies for climate change mitigation. Institutional trust also appears to influence individual perceptions of the validity of information on environmental risk, and on risk management issues more generally (Gavilanes-Ruiz et al., 2009;Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). This is an important contention, as climate change mitigation either at an individual (citizens' level of adaptation and environmental behaviour) or collective level (public policies) is strongly correlated with the degree of perceived risk (De Bono et al., 2010). ...
To develop public policies that respond to climate change demands examination of multiple physical and social variables. In the context of coastal zone management, these range from addressing prevailing environmental conditions, to accommodating the socio-economic needs of local communities and acknowledging the attitudes, norms and environmental behaviours of individuals. This paper focuses on these social aspects and develops an explanatory framework to model the effectiveness of coastal management policies based on the role of social capital. Although some studies have emphasised the positive influence of social capital on natural resources management, so far little research has been undertaken linking social capital as a multi-dimensional characteristic with the level of public receptiveness to policies seeking to mitigate risk at the coast. This paper analyzes the influence of three social capital elements on public responsiveness: social trust, institutional trust and social networks. The paper postulates that higher levels of social and institutional trust result in more positive community perceptions of proposed policies for coastal management. Similar reactions are expected in communities where dense social networks lead to higher levels of environmental awareness. The paper then identifies potential new areas of research that might address the current lack of consideration of non-economic social costs and benefits on public acceptability of coastal management policies. A principal claim made here is that higher levels of policy acceptability are generally evident in coastal communities with strong social capital, as such communities tend to perceive low social costs and high benefits arising from policy intervention.
... Moreover, due to the notable rise in the use of the geographic information system (GIS) in environmental studies in the last few decades (Bowen 2002;Balram and Dragicevic 2005;Gary and Mitch 2009), by means of GIScience, the research determined the residents' acceptable proximity, investigated the association between distance and odour annoyance and identified their attitudes towards the reconstruction project. Such knowledge would help advance the efforts of planners and governments in offering more effective facility assessment and design approaches as well as ensuring the environmental quality of life of nearby residents (Kaoru and Masaru 2003;Rahardyan et al. 2004). ...
The ever-growing industry of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal appeals to the growing need for disposal facilities, and MSW treatment facilities are increasingly an environmental and public health concern. Residents living near MSW management facilities are confronted with various risk perceptions, especially odour. In this study, in an effort to assist responsible decision-makers in better planning and managing such a project, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to assess the nearby residents' concerns and attitudes surrounding the Laogang Landfill in Shanghai. Geographic information system techniques and relevance analysis were employed to conduct the spatial analysis of physical perceptions, especially odour annoyance. The findings of the research indicate that a significant percentage of the responding sample was aware of the negative impacts of landfills on the environment and public health, and residents in close proximity preferred to live farther from the landfill. The results from the spatial analysis demonstrated a definite degree of correlation between odour annoyance and distance to the facility and proved that the benefits of the socially disadvantaged have been neglected. The research findings also direct attention to the important role of public participation, information disclosure, transparency in management, and mutual communication to avoid conflicts and build social trust.
... Because public acceptance is a vital element of the final decision, more detailed and specific studies of this subject can be performed as needed. In fact, there are studies dealing with this aspect of the site selection via social sciences methods as evidenced by studies on measuring public preference by special surveys (e.g., Wichelns et al., 1993), obtaining public consent via consensus-oriented public relations (e.g., Burkart, 1994), and resolving public conflict by risk communication (e.g., Ishizaka and Tanaka, 2003). ...
The amount of residential and industrial solid waste, and the need for landfill sites, is ever growing due to increases in population and industrial production. Land- filling is a widely used method for environmentally safe disposal of solid waste, and the selection of the most suitable landfill site is a very crucial decision. In this study, a new site evaluation method to determine suitable landfill sites, called Landfill Area Quality (LAQ), is introduced. This method is applied in two stages. First, several potential landfill sites, which are within legally permissible areas, are chosen by a general consideration of the relevant site properties. Then, the characteristics of these chosen sites are placed within three-dimensional evaluation spaces. These evaluative dimensions are (1) site suitability, (2) location factors, and (3) public acceptability, and each is defined by a combination of different criteria. The result of this re-evaluation, which provides valuable information to planning engineers and decision makers about the available sites, is reported to decision makers for the final selection. A detailed case study was carried out as part of a residential solid waste disposal project for the city of Isparta in Turkey, (population 150,000), and was very useful to planners.
... This has materialised to be a global problem. For example, Japan faces the same problems siting new waste handling facilities due to a rising pressure on land use and growing public concern over environmental and health protection [5]. Even in a country like Australia, with a large land mass and low population, there are good reasons to consider the available supply of landfill to be a scarce resource that should be used conservatively [6]. ...
Society is fundamentally ambivalent to the use of plastics. On the one hand, plastics are uniquely flexible materials that have seen them occupy a huge range of functions, from simple packing materials to complex engineering components. On the other, their durability has raised concerns about their end-of-life disposal. When that disposal route is landfill, their invulnerability to microbial decomposition, combined with relatively low density and high bulk, means that plastics will occupy increasing amounts of landfill space in a world where available suitable landfill sites is shrinking. The search for biodegradable plastics and their introduction to the marketplace would appear to be a suitable amelioration strategy for such a problem. And yet the uptake of biodegradable plastics has been slow. The term biodegradable itself has entered public controversy, with accidental and intended misuse of the term; the intended misuse has led to accusations and instances of "greenwashing". For this and other reasons standards for biodegradability and compostability testing of plastics have been sought. An environmental dilemma with more far-reaching implications is climate change. The need for rapid and deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cuts is one of the drivers for the resurgence of industrial biotechnology generally, and the search for bio-based plastics more specifically. Bio-based has come to mean plastics based on renewable resources, but this need not necessarily imply biodegradability. If the primary purpose is GHG emissions savings, then once again plastics durability can be a virtue, if the end-of-life solution can be energy recovery during incineration or recycling. The pattern of production is shifting from the true biodegradable plastics to the bio-based plastics, and that trend is likely to persist into the future. This paper looks at aspects of the science of biodegradable and bio-based plastics from the perspective of policy advisers and makers. It is often said that the bioplastics suffer from a lack of a favourable policy regime when compared to the wide-ranging set of policy instruments that are available on both the supply and demand side of biofuels production. Some possible policy measures are discussed.
... Policy makers, industrial managers and environmentalists agree that disclosure of environmental information does increase stakeholder involvement (Abkowitz et al. 1999). Incomplete disclosure of environmental information and insufficient public participation in decision processes does indeed hamper acceptance of industrial facilities in their surroundings (Ishazaka and Tanaka 2003). Also the threat of liabilities and market-based pressures from consumers, investors and other firms are significant motivators for the adoption of more comprehensive environmental management systems at individual firms and consumer pressure is instrumental in this (Anton et al. 2004). . ...
Emissions and releases to the environment are the starting point of every environmental pollution problem. Information on emissions is therefore an absolute requirement in understanding environmental problems and monitoring progress in solving these. Both policy makers and scientists are aware of this. In two fundamentally different policy processes such data are officially collected by authorities and regularly published: (1) national inventories in response to reporting obligations in international conventions and protocols and (2) data on individual industries in pollutant release and transfer registers. This study briefly describes the basics of both types of emission reporting schemes and discusses the consequences of the different perspectives and approaches for the quality of the data. These data and data compilation procedures are not based on scientific reasoning and criteria but on the specific objectives and legal aspects of enforcing compliance with the reporting guidelines. Scientists using these data must always be aware of this.
... A country with quite the opposite conditions is Japan, where there is limited space and high population density. In Japan, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain public acceptance to install waste disposal facilities, such as landfill sites, due to a rising pressure on land use and growing public concern over environmental and health protection (Ishizaka & Tanaka, 2003). There has been legislation developed in many countries aimed at maximising the efficiency of use of landfill sites, and dumping contaminated soil in them does not represent a good use of space. ...
... The landfill selection is driven by many issues such as availability of land, multiple regional and state regulations, increasing amounts of waste production that complicate the process as well as the lack of information given to the public creates the ''not in my back yard'' (NIMBY) syndrome for siting new landfills (Chiueh et al., 2008;Kontos et al., 2003;Lober, 1996). For example, in Japan, Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed an attempt to create public awareness and alleviate the NIMBY syndrome through a risk communication approach. This approach uses personal interviews and questionnaires to collect various opinions from opposing parties; it is also used to address issues for building social trust, installing credible information sources, and raising environmental awareness. ...
This paper presents a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach for evaluating the suitability for landfill site selection in the Polog Region, Macedonia. The multi-criteria decision framework considers environmental and economic factors which are standardized by fuzzy membership functions and combined by integration of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and ordered weighted average (OWA) techniques. The AHP is used for the elicitation of attribute weights while the OWA operator function is used to generate a wide range of decision alternatives for addressing uncertainty associated with interaction between multiple criteria. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by different OWA scenarios that report landfill suitability on a scale between 0 and 1. The OWA scenarios are intended to quantify the level of risk taking (i.e., optimistic, pessimistic, and neutral) and to facilitate a better understanding of patterns that emerge from decision alternatives involved in the decision making process.
The effectiveness of environmental standards depends critically on the ability to achieve high rates of adoption. In cases where environmental standards are mandatory, companies might decide to cease production if compliance proves to be too costly; in cases where standards are voluntary, participation in the corresponding schemes will depend, to a larger extent, on the discretion of individuals.
Incineration is an efficient and economical means of solid waste disposal. And local residents’ acceptance has to be acquired for the smooth going of waste-to-energy incineration project (WTEIP). From a Chinese perspective, this paper finds what influence local residents’ acceptance towards WTEIP under construction, based on which we rank WTEIPs and figure out the project with the least local residents’ acceptance. To achieve this, a three-stage model is developed. Stage 1 involves identifying the criteria based on the expert judgement for local residents’ acceptance towards WTEIP under construction. Stage 2 involves the criteria weights determination employing Best Worst-Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (BWD). BWD incorporates Best Worst Method and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory which is intended to take the interrelationships among the criteria into account. Stage 3 involves project ranking according to the criteria weights determined by BWD. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to check the effectiveness and robustness of the three-stage model. Results show that perceived risk-free is the most influential criterion of local residents’ acceptance towards WTEIP under construction and the three-stage model is reliable and robust. The study is helpful to enhance local residents’ acceptance towards WTEIP under construction and provide important reference for decision-makers and policymakers in waste management.
The present study was conducted to understand the public attitudes and preferences of location and operation of environmentally suitable solid waste landfill sites in Dhanbad city, Jharkhand, India. The research methodology used for obtaining data includes extensive questionnaire (prepared using the reported literature) survey and interview of the population. Statistical analysis (Pearson residuals and chi-square test) was done to understand the relationships among the responses received from the surveyed people of the study area. Most of the respondents (90%) were in favour of construction of engineered landfill sites, but many (70%) were not willing to pay any extra charges for solid waste management related services. This study will help the municipal authorities to identify a mechanism to gain public acceptance of the selected landfill sites and adapt the approach presented here to similar locations elsewhere.
Emblematic of rejected equipment, sanitary landfills are often the subject of legal disputes within a parallel process to the decision-making approach, and presenting distinctive time frames. The discrepancies observed between a "legal time", rather long, and the « landfill project time », subject to technical and economic constrains implying deadlines, maintains a constant uncertainty about the outcomes of the projects. The reversibility, which is inherent to any recourse to litigation, appears to be an important key to reading the landfills project implementation processes and the associated conflicts, capable to highlight the stakeholder’s ability to adapt their strategies depending on the temporalities involved.
Both planning and design of material recovery facility (MRF) require accurate prediction of solid waste generation, and achieving the anticipated generation trends in fast-growing regions is challenging. This chapter begins with a system dynamics model capable of addressing socioeconomic and environmental situations leading to accurate prediction analysis of solid waste generation. This forecasting approach evaluates a variety of possible causative models and tracks inevitable uncertainties that traditional statistical least squares regression methods cannot. The chapter focuses on the optimal site selection and capacity planning of a MRF in conjunction with an optimal shipping strategy of solid waste streams in a multidistrict urban region. It also presents a dynamic example where scenario planning using optimization analysis demonstrates the robustness and flexibility of site screening and selection of MRF.
Urban Solid Waste Management (USWM) is, in terms of Geographical Information Technologies one of the most interesting and also daring fields of research. Not also because it deals with one of the major problems of development but also because it's an environmental and social issue. It is also a very important theme when it comes to public policies and territorial planning and management. The optimal location of a landfill is obviously a very difficult decision and the consequences of a bad choice will be totally determinant to social and economic variables. Populations, their public health and environment are only the visible sides of a long list of problems with unpredictable consequences. This study uses multi-criteria analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the location of a landfill in the southern region of Santiago Island, Cape Verde. The methodology is based (mainly) on a raster model GIS with multicriteria analysis and integration of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Multi-criteria analysis assesses the suitability of the study area while the AHP ranks the problem and define the relative importance of the criteria. To identify areas with the ability to locate the landfill, fourteen criteria were used. The possible areas were divided into Zero, Low, Medium and High capability and they resulted from the overlap of criteria based on the relative weights. In areas with high suitability, locations with values equal or above 13.9 ha were selected as optimum locations for implementing the landfill.
This study is an empirical investigation of the location of industrial waste disposal sites in Japan. We found some evidence of spatial concentration of industrial waste disposal sites in area with other waste-related facilities. In addition, we found a higher number of industrial waste disposal sites per capita in municipalities that had not experienced conflict relating to the construction of disposal sites. Our results suggest that companies may decide to locate disposal sites in areas in which other waste-related facilities already exist and/or where there is less citizen conflict over their construction. This would explain why there is a spatial concentration of unwanted facilities in some areas. © 2015 Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies and Springer Japan
This chapter addresses financial, economic, and social factors in relation to the planning, design, and management of a solid waste management (SWM) system. These considerations may be oriented for different projects, programs, and schemes that can be flexibly implemented for any type of SWM system. Whereas financial planning is required in the project planning phase, economic assessment has to be linked to multiple aspects of environmental, resources, and welfare economics of an SWM project. However, social concerns are tied to the legal aspects in decision-making and the attitudes and feedbacks from the community when implementing these SWM projects. SWM with perspectives of economic incentives, policy context, social implications and socio economic assessment processes associated with environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) were articulated within a highly multidisciplinary framework.
Palestinian inhabitants have disposed of their solid wastes at open dumpsites over the past 40 years without an adequate solid waste management (SWM) plans. Recently, the Palestinian Authority initiated SWM planning to establish controlled sanitary landfills, based on a participatory approach. The purpose of this study was to assess public concerns about existing solid waste dumpsites and public perceptions of sanitary landfill site selection. The study will also take into consideration the effect of diverse social, economic, and environmental related factors of the inhabitants on sitting suitable landfill sites in three Palestinian districts in the West Bank, namely, "Nablus," "Salfit," and "Ramallah and Al-Bireh." The results of this study showed that 64.9 % of the sample population are aware of the problems and potential impacts associated with random dumpsites, and 41.6 % think that they are suffering from the dumps. Among the environmental, socioeconomic, and political factors, the environmental factors, air pollution in particular, are thought be the most important consideration in selecting a landfill site. The "fairness in selecting a landfill site" was chosen to be one of the most important socioeconomic factors, possibly as a reaction to the Israeli occupation and subsequent land use restrictions in the West Bank, Palestinian territory.
The focus of this study was to carry out an evaluation of solid waste disposal site selection in the city Aräk of Iran. Based on published information, different methods have been applied to address this problem, among which Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis MCDA has been found to be a fruitful approach. Owing to the imprecision in the objective and subjective factors affecting the problem, for tackling the uncertainty and imprecision in human behavior, in this paper a new fuzzy MCDA approach is applied in an intelligible manner to construct the real decision matrix. Fuzzy Multicriteria Hierarchy Process FMHP and ELECTRE methods are the two successive steps employed to cope with imprecision in the assessment of the criteria and alternatives to select the best site. Given a fuzzy judgment matrix, FMHP produces a real decision matrix that is applied as an input for ELECTRE to build outranking relations among the actions. The integration of FMHP and ELECTRE considers both the fuzziness and partiality of the factors affecting site selection problem into account and avoids compensatory offsets between several criteria with weak and strong values. Finally, the conducted sensitivity analysis indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method as an instrumented decision support model.
This paper addresses the problem of locating a new garbage disposal plant (GDP) using a decision system based on fuzzy inference. The proposed system can accommodate new information on the garbage disposal plant site selection by updating its knowledge base. Several factors are considered in the locating process including topography and geology, natural resources, socio-cultural aspects, and economy and safety. The system will rank sites on a scale of 0-100%, with 100% being the most appropriate one. A weighting system is used for all of the considered factors. The results from testing the system using different sites show the effectiveness of the system in the selection process. The system can be used as a tool by planners and decision makers in the process of initial screening to select a suitable GDP site.
This paper aims to investigate factors affecting public attitude towards the siting of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) and to explore the possible strategies to resolve such conflicts. Three questionnaire surveys were undertaken in communities with different siting experiences and socio-economic profiles. Over 750 individuals were successfully interviewed in each study district. The three communities were found to share similar risk beliefs but show variations in the level of awareness of and response to LULUs. In communities with a disproportionate share of LULUs, many residents did not trust the government in handling LULU issues and thought that the siting process was unfair. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis show that people are likely to oppose the siting of a LULU in their community if they have a negative siting experience, do not perceive the need, accord a high risk to the facility and have a low level of trust in government. The resolution strategies preferred by the public are greater public participation and effective mitigation of risks and impacts, rather than provision of compensation and incentives. All these call for policy-makers to be sensitive to local concerns, engage the public in the process, communicate risks effectively and foster trust building.
Selection of the appropriate site for solid waste facilities is a complex problem and requires an extensive evaluation process, because it is very difficult to develop a selection criterion that can precisely describe the preference of one location over another. Therefore selection of these sites can be viewed as a multiple criteria decision-making or multiple attributes decision-making problem. For this purpose, we propose a technique that can effectively take managerial preferences and subjective data into consideration, along with quantitative factors. The tool proposed here relies on the use of the analytical network process (ANP) and to help integrate managerial evaluations into a more quantitatively based decision tool, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied. In this paper, a location selection procedure is presented to construct an undesirable facility applying ANP and DEA approaches in two stages. In the first stage ANP approach is used, results of this stage are inputs for the second stage. In this stage, DEA is applied to select the best location. Finally, to illustrate the proposed framework, at "Results and discussion" section, a total of four undesirable facility locations are evaluated.
Site selection is an important and necessary issue for waste management in fast-growing regions. Because of the complexity of waste management systems, the selection of the appropriate solid waste landfill site requires consideration of multiple alternative solutions and evaluation criteria. Based on actual conditions of the study area, we considered economic factors, calculated criteria weights using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and built a hierarchy model for solving the solid waste landfill site-selection problem in Beijing, China. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to manipulate and present spatial data. All maps are graded from 1 (lowest suitability) to 5 (highest suitability) using spatial information technologies. The candidate sites were determined by aggregation based on the criteria weights. The candidate sites are divided by 'best', 'good' and 'unsuitable' landfill areas. Best landfill areas represent optimal sites; good landfill areas can be used as back-up candidate sites. Our work offers a sitting methodology and provides essential support for decision-makers in the assessment of waste management problems in Beijing and other rapidly developing cities in developing countries.
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