Phillipa Clark

Auckland District Health Board and Best Lives Ltd private practice

Despite the wealth of literature examining long term outcomes of preterm low birthweight children, few studies have directly assessed the developmental impact of being born full term but small for gestational age (SGA). We aim to determine whether (i) being SGA increases preschool behavioural problems and (ii) other risk factors operate differently...

The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of children's intelligence at 7 years, including pregnancy, postnatal, demographic factors, and small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth at term. Information was collected at birth (n = 871), 1 year (n = 744), 3.5 years (n = 550), and 7 years (n = 591). Approximately half of the children in this s...

The association between intelligence and diet at 3.5 and 7 years was examined in 591 children of European descent. Approximately half of the children were born small-for-gestational age (birth weight ≤ 10th percentile). The relationship between IQ and diet (measured by food frequency) was investigated using multiple regression analyses. Eating marg...

Difficulty falling asleep (prolonged sleep latency) is a frequently reported problem in school-aged children. This study aimed to describe the distribution of sleep latency and factors that influence its duration. 871 children of European mothers were recruited at birth. 591 (67.9%) children took part in the follow-up at 7 years of age. Sleep and d...

The aim of this study is to measure the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in 3.5-year-old children, and identify the determinants of seropositivity. A total of 1714 children were enrolled at birth. Approximately half were small for gestational age and half were appropriate for gestational age. Information on the children was collect...

To describe the reported experiences of the estimated 14 500 New Zealand children with a physical disability and those of their families and whanau (extended families). We have used data from the Household Disability Survey conducted in 2002 to obtain this information. These children and their carers reported a number of perceived unmet needs in al...

To estimate the number of New Zealand children who have a physical disability, and to describe this group in relation to sex, age, ethnic group and severity. We used data collected by Statistics New Zealand's Household Disability Survey 2001. Within the estimated 90 000 children aged 0-14 years with a disability as described in Disability Counts 20...

To measure sleep duration in 7-year-old children; identify the determinants of sleep duration; and assess the association between short sleep duration and obesity, cognitive functioning, and behaviour. Longitudinal study with disproportionate sampling of the participants. Community. 591 seven-year-old children, of whom 519 had complete sleep data....

It has been suggested that factors in early life including exposure to allergens and microbes may influence the development of asthma. To identify risk factors for asthma in early childhood. Methods Eight-hundred and seventy-one children of European mothers were enrolled at birth, of whom 385 (44.2%) were born small for gestational age (SGA) and 48...

To identify risk factors associated with obesity in primary school children, with a particular focus on those which can be modified. To identify critical periods and growth patterns in the development of childhood obesity. 871 New Zealand European children were enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth and data were collected at birth, 1, 3.5 and 7...

The aim of this study was to determine which demographic, maternal, obstetric and postnatal variables were associated with achievement of developmental milestones at the age of 12 months in term infants. Mothers and babies were enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study shortly after birth. All infants were full term (gestation ≥ 37 w...

Commissioned by the New Zealand Ministry of Education this report is in two parts: Clark, P. - Data base project MacArthur, McDonald, Caswell and Simmons-Carlsson - Case Studies The report aimed to provide information that could be used to support the development of effective integrated services for children and young people with disabilities. The...

To record and describe the dietary patterns of a large group of New Zealand (NZ) European preschool children and to compare these with NZ Ministry of Health (MOH) food and nutrition guidelines. Mothers were interviewed when children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative (ABC) study were seen at 3.5 years of age. Approximately half of t...

Despite some research suggesting maternal stress may be associated with cognitive impairment in preschool children, there has been little direct investigation of the association between maternal stress, social support and children's intelligence. To determine whether maternal stress and social support during pregnancy and during the child's early y...

Aim: To investigate whether breastfeeding during infancy is a determinant of intelligence at 3.5 y. Methods: Five hundred and fifty European children enrolled at birth in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study were assessed at 3.5 y of age. Approximately half were small for gestational age (SGA10th percentile) at birth and half were appropria...

To investigate whether breastfeeding during infancy is a determinant of intelligence at 3.5 y. Five hundred and fifty European children enrolled at birth in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study were assessed at 3.5 y of age. Approximately half were small for gestational age (SGA < or =10th percentile) at birth and half were appropriate for...

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is increasing in Western societies. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that this is due to reduced exposure to environmental allergens and infections during early life. To examine factors associated with a diagnosis of AD at 3.5 years of age, especially those factors implicated by the hygiene hypothesis. The Au...

To assess the effect of maternal diet during pregnancy on the risk of delivering a baby who is small for gestational age (SGA). Case-control study of 844 cases (SGA) and 870 controls (appropriate size for gestational age (AGA)). Only term (37+ completed weeks of gestation) infants were included. Retrospective food frequency questionnaires were comp...

To determine the contributions of social support and perceived stress to the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth. The investigation was a case-control study of mothers of infants born at 37 or more completed weeks of gestation. Cases weighed less than the sex-specific 10th percentile for gestational age at birth (small for gestational age (SGA)...

To assess the effect of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on risk of small for gestational age infants (SGA). Case-control study of 844 cases and 870 controls. Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA (adjusted odds ratio (OR)= 2.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.78, 3.28). We could not dete...

Objective: This case-control study determined whether internationally recognized risk factors for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term babies were applicable in New Zealand. Methodology: All babies were born at 37 or more completed weeks of gestation in one of three hospitals in Auckland. Cases weighed less than the sex specific 10th percentile for...

This case-control study determined whether internationally recognized risk factors for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term babies were applicable in New Zealand. All babies were born at 37 or more completed weeks of gestation in one of three hospitals in Auckland. Cases weighed less than the sex specific 10th percentile for gestational age at birt...

To study the relationship of 24-hour urinary growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I excretion in childhood to sex and body size. To test the hypothesis that small size at birth followed by postnatal catch-up growth is associated with elevated IGF-I production. Follow-up study of a cohort of 183 healthy children born in Salisbury, UK. Weight and height, 24-h...

To investigate whether recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) was associated with particular patterns of fetal growth, we conducted a case control study of 129 children admitted for insertion of grommets and 150 controls. The risk of OME was not statistically significantly related to gestational age or individual measures of size...

To determine whether women who are poorly nourished in early pregnancy, as determined by triceps skinfold thickness, or who have poor pregnancy weight gain have offspring with higher blood pressure (BP). We evaluated 296 11-year-old children born to women who had taken part in a study of nutrition in pregnancy. Women had been weighed at 18 and 28 w...

Unlabelled: There is now a large body of evidence to support the hypothesis that events in fetal life permanently alter the structure or function of an individual, programming later adult disease. Reduced birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and thinness at birth with glucose intolerance and non-insuli...

Recent findings suggest that coronary heart disease and stroke, and the associated conditions, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes, originate through impaired growth and development during fetal life and infancy. These diseases may be consequences of 'programming', whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical, sensitive period of early li...

The mechanisms underlying the association between reduced size at birth and cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adult life are not known. One possibility is that the intra-uterine environment has permanent effects on the function or activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. We tested this by relating size...

The cause of disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia in patients with type II diabetes is controversial. To examine whether increased beta cell demand might contribute, we measured proinsulin and insulin concentrations in clinically healthy humans who had undergone hemipancreatectomy for the purpose of organ donation, a procedure previously demonstrat...

To test the hypothesis that reduced fetal growth leads to altered plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in childhood. A follow up study of 4 year old children whose birth weights were recorded, and of 7 year old children whose weight, length, head circumference, and placental weight were measured at birth. Pune, India, and Sali...

The extent to which the oral glucose tolerance test can be used to estimate insulin secretion and insulin resistance has been evaluated by comparing glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test with specific measurements of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in 85 normoglycaemic subjects and 23 subjects with impair...

The short insulin tolerance test is a simple method of estimating insulin resistance by measuring the rate of fall of blood glucose following the intravenous administration of insulin. To determine its reproducibility, 18 healthy subjects underwent duplicate insulin tolerance tests separated by at least 1 week. Intravenous insulin (0.05 units kg-1)...

IPI, 32-33 SPI, and insulin were measured by specific assays and related to plasma glucose and BMI in diet-treated type II diabetic subjects (FPG 7.3 +/- 1.8 mM) and nondiabetic control subjects, both fasting and during a 12-mM hyperglycemic clamp. In both groups, BMI correlated with fasting plasma insulin (rs = 0.76, P < 0.001 and 0.50, P < 0.01,...

IPI, 32–33 SPI, and insulin were measured by specific assays and related to plasma glucose and BMI in diet-treated type II diabetic subjects (FPG 7.3 ± 1.8 mM) and nondiabetic control subjects, both fasting and during a 12-mM hyperglycemic clamp. In both groups, BMI correlated with fasting plasma insulin (rs = 0.76, P < 0.001 and 0.50, P < 0.01, re...

Hyperinsulinaemia is a reported feature of the inherited multisystem disorder myotonic dystrophy. This phenomenon has been attributed to a compensatory beta cell response to tissue insulin resistance. In this study, circulating concentrations of insulin, proinsulin, and split proinsulin molecules were determined after an overnight fast in ten patie...

In a study of men aged 59 to 70 years plasma glucose levels 30 min and 2 h after a 75-g glucose load were inversely related to birthweight. To determine whether there are similar relations at a younger age the 30-min plasma glucose levels of 40 men aged 21 years, who were born in one hospital in the United Kingdom, were measured. Lower birthweight...

Plasma insulin, intact proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin measured by specific immunoradiometric assays and insulin and C-peptide measured by radioimmunoassay were measured during a constant infusion of glucose test in ten diet-treated subjects with a history of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (termed diabetic subjects), mean fasting pla...

Seventeen human subjects fasted without electrolyte replacement for 3 days and hormone levels were measured before, during and after the fast. Immediate consequences of the fasting state in healthy human subjects include a marked increase in plasma cortisol, ACTH, β-endorphin, β-lipotrophic hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. Levels of...