University of Malakand

The balance of nonlinearity and dispersion in optical fiber medium gives rise to a constantly propagating pulse. Such distortion less waves have attracted potential interest. The dynamics of optical solitons are governed by the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (NLSE). A modified form of NLSE which incorporates group velocity dispersion (GVD) and the Kerr law nonlinearity is recently adopted for the study of such waves. Here, we investigate the nonlinear Schrödinger–Hirota’s equation (NLSHE) using the Sardar subequation approach. Some novel solutions to the NLSHE corresponding to the bright, dark, kink, and cusp solitons have been reported. Additionally, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these solitons provide deep insight into the behavior of these solutions. The stability study is carried out via modulation instability (MI) concept. Our work might have benefits in the propagation of these pulses in the optical fiber for communication.

This research conducts a detailed analysis of a nonlinear mathematical model representing COVID-19, incorporating both environmental factors and social distancing measures. It thoroughly analyzes the model’s equilibrium points, computes the basic reproductive rate, and evaluates the stability of the model at disease-free and endemic equilibrium states, both locally and globally. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is carried out. The study develops a sophisticated stability theory, primarily focusing on the characteristics of the Volterra–Lyapunov (V–L) matrices method. To understand the dynamic behavior of COVID-19, numerical simulations are essential. For this purpose, the study employs a robust numerical technique known as the non-standard finite difference (NSFD) method, introduced by Mickens. Various results are visually presented through graphical representations across different parameter values to illustrate the impact of environmental factors and social distancing measures.

Effective planning and managing medical waste necessitate a crucial focus on both the public and private healthcare sectors. This study uses machine learning techniques to estimate medical waste generation and identify associated factors in a representative private and a governmental hospital in Bahrain. Monthly data spanning from 2018 to 2022 for the private hospital and from 2019 to February 2023 for the governmental hospital was utilized. The ensemble voting regressor was determined as the best model for both datasets. The model of the governmental hospital is robust and successful in explaining 90.4% of the total variance. Similarly, for the private hospital, the model variables are able to explain 91.7% of the total variance. For the governmental hospital, the significant features in predicting medical waste generation were found to be the number of inpatients, population, surgeries, and outpatients, in descending order of importance. In the case of the private hospital, the order of feature importance was the number of inpatients, deliveries, personal income, surgeries, and outpatients. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing medical waste generation in the studied hospitals and highlight the effectiveness of the ensemble voting regressor model in predicting medical waste quantities.

Thirteen novel hydrazone‐Schiff bases (3‐15) of fexofenadine were succesfully synthesized, structurally deduced and finally assessed their capability to inhibit urease enzyme (in vitro). In the series, six compounds 12 (IC50 = 10.19 ± 0.16 µM), 11 (IC50 = 15.05 ± 1.11 µM), 10 (IC50 = 17.01 ± 1.23 µM), 9 (IC50 = 17.22 ± 0.81 µM), 13 (IC50 = 19.31 ± 0.18 µM), and 14 (IC50 = 19.62 ± 0.21 µM) displayed strong inhibitory action better than the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.14 ± 0.24 µM), while the remaining compounds displayed significant to less inhibition. LUMO and HOMO showed the transferring of charges from molecules to biological transfer and MEP map showed the chemically reactive zone appropriate for drug action are calculated using DFT. AIM charges, non‐bonding orbitals, and ELF are also computed. The urease protein binding analysis benefited from the docking studies.

This research work is devoted to investigate myeloid leukemia mathematical model. We give some details about the existence of trivial and nontrivial equilibrium points and their stability. Also, local asymptotical stability of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points is discussed. Also, positivity of the solution has been discussed. Some sufficient results are achieved to study the local existence and uniqueness of solution to the considered model for Mittag–Leffler kernel using the Banach contraction theorem. Three numerical algorithms are derived in obtaining the numerical solution of suggested model under three different kernels using Adams–Basforth technique. Numerical results have been presented for different fractals and fractional orders to show the behavior of the proposed model.

Combining DFT-based calculations with Boltzman transport formalism, thermoelectric transport properties of semiconducting two-dimensional SiC-CrS2 and SiC-CrSe2 van der Waal heterostructures are investigated in unstrained and strained conditions. We computed electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of these heterostructures. We find that these heterostructures are direct band semiconductors having type-II band alignment in unstrained conditions. The transition from the direct to the indirect band is observed in SiC-CrSe2 with compressional strain. Switching from type-II to type-I band alignment is also observed under strained conditions in SiC-CrS2. For thermoelectric properties, we have calculated the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity per relaxation time and power factor at 300 K. Analysis of the power factor revealed a preference for n-type doping under zero strain conditions, whereas changes in PF values induced by strain underscored the potential for tuning the thermoelectric performance of these heterostructures.

In this manuscript, we have studied electron-ion plasma with inhomogeneity in equilibrium number density and temperature. Ions are the dynamic species, and lighter particles in plasma obey the cairn’s distribution. We introduce Brajinskii’s equation for dynamic species and get the linear dispersion relation and the nonlinear Schrodinger equation by the reduction perturbation method. From the linear dispersion relation, we found the mode frequency and phase velocity, while from the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, we obtained the stability and instability of the ion temperature gradient mode modulation. Findings show that phase velocity is dependent on the superthermality coefficient and other plasma parameters like ion temperature, ion density, and mode parameter η i . Further, the modulational stability and instability of the mode vary with the superthermality coefficient and other plasma parameters, especially the η i . We can apply these observations equally to the laboratory as well as to the space plasma.

The potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (pKP) equation delineates the development of small-amplitude, nonlinear, long waves characterized by a gradual variation in the transverse coordinate. The B-type KP equation outlines the relationships among exponentially localized shapes and was employed as a representation for shallow water waves and plasma physics. In this paper, we consider the combined pKP-BKP integrable equation. We discuss the multiple solitons of a newly proposed (3+1)-dimensional combined pKP-BKP integrable equation. We use the Hirota bilinear (HB) form of the considered equation to deduce fission process in higher order solitons with different orders. Moreover, the breather dynamics and its interaction with other solitons are investigated via HB. The lump solution and its interaction with first order and fourth order kink soliton is studied.

Objectives Genetic disorders involved in skeleton system arise due to the disturbance in skeletal development, growth and homeostasis. Filamin B is an actin binding protein which is large dimeric protein which cross link actin cytoskeleton filaments into dynamic structure. A single nucleotide changes in the FLNB gene causes spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome, a rare bone disorder due to which the fusion of carpels and tarsals synostosis occurred along with fused vertebrae. In the current study we investigated a family residing in north-western areas of Pakistan. Methods The whole exome sequencing of proband was performed followed by Sanger sequencing of all family members of the subject to validate the variant segregation within the family. Bioinformatics tools were utilized to assess the pathogenicity of the variant. Results Whole Exome Sequencing revealed a novel variant (NM_001457: c.209C>T and p.Pro70Leu) in the FLNB gene which was homozygous missense mutation in the FLNB gene. The variant was further validated and visualized by Sanger sequencing and protein structure studies respectively as mentioned before. Conclusions The findings have highlighted the importance of the molecular diagnosis in SCT (spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome) for genetic risk counselling in consanguineous families.

In 2022, OpenAI's unveiling of generative AI Large Language Models (LLMs)- ChatGPT, heralded a significant leap forward in human-machine interaction through cutting-edge AI technologies. With its surging popularity, scholars across various fields have begun to delve into the myriad applications of ChatGPT. While existing literature reviews on LLMs like ChatGPT are available, there is a notable absence of systematic literature reviews (SLRs) and bibliometric analyses assessing the research's multidisciplinary and geographical breadth. This study aims to bridge this gap by synthesising and evaluating how ChatGPT has been integrated into diverse research areas, focussing on its scope and the geographical distribution of studies. Through a systematic review of scholarly articles, we chart the global utilisation of ChatGPT across various scientific domains, exploring its contribution to advancing research paradigms and its adoption trends among different disciplines. Our findings reveal a widespread endorsement of ChatGPT across multiple fields, with significant implementations in healthcare (38.6%), computer science/IT (18.6%), and education/research (17.3%). Moreover, our demographic analysis underscores ChatGPT's global reach and accessibility, indicating participation from 80 unique countries in ChatGPT-related research, with the most frequent countries keyword occurrence, USA (719), China (181), and India (157) leading in contributions. Additionally, our study highlights the leading roles of institutions such as King Saud University, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, and Taipei Medical University in pioneering ChatGPT research in our dataset. This research not only sheds light on the vast opportunities and challenges posed by ChatGPT in scholarly pursuits but also acts as a pivotal resource for future inquiries. It emphasises that the generative AI (LLM) role is revolutionising every field. The insights provided in this paper are particularly valuable for academics, researchers, and practitioners across various disciplines, as well as policymakers looking to grasp the extensive reach and impact of generative AI technologies like ChatGPT in the global research community.

In the current work, bis-thiourea derivatives have been synthesized through condensation reaction between isothiocynates and diamines in dry acetone to form SK1 (1,2-bis(N-benzoylthioureido) benzene), SK2 (1,3-bis(N-benzoylthioureido) benzene), and SK3 (1,4-bis(N-benzoylthioureido) benzene). The structures of new synthesized derivatives were confirmed through melting point and spectroscopic technique such as ¹HNMR only. The synthesized compounds were assessed for acute toxicity test and are proved free of toxicity. The derivatives were further tested as anti-inflammatory agents by in vitro lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition studies, molecular docking, and in vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema assay, and histamine-induced edema test. The overall observations presented that compounds SK1 and SK3 possess promising anti-inflammatory potential, while compound SK2 is found to be a good anti-inflammatory agent.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory viral infection, causing a relatively large number of deaths especially in people who underly lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary and asthma, and humans are still suffering from the limited testing capacity. In this article, a solution is proposed for the detection of COVID-19 viral infections through the analysis of exhaled breath gasses, i.e., nitric oxide, a prominent biomarker released by respiratory epithelial, as a non-invasive and time-saving approach. Here, we designed a novel and low-cost N and P co-doped C60 fullerene-based breathalyzer for the detection of NO gas exhaled from the respiratory epithelial cells. This breathalyzer shows a quick response to the detection of NO gas by directly converting NO to NO2 without passing any energy barrier (0 kcal/mol activation energy). The recovery time of breathalyzer is very short (0.98 × 103 s), whereas it is highly selective for NO sensing in the mixture of CO2 and H2O gasses. The study provides an idea for the synthesis of low-cost (compared to previously reported Au atom decorated nanostructure and metal-based breathalyzer), efficient, and highly selective N and P co-doped C60 fullerene-based breathalyzer for COVID-19 detection.

Density-functional theory (DFT) is utilized to study the crystal structure, geometry, and magnetic and electronic properties of the triple perovskites Ba3MRu2O9 (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) in hexagonal phase with space group P63/mmc. Generalized gradient approximation plus Hubbard potential is found to be an effective potential for the treatment of these perovskites. Spin-orbit coupling with Hubbard U (GGA+SOC+U) is also applied to analyze its effect on the understudy compounds. The optimized crystal structures and geometries are consistent with the experimental reported results. The stability of these perovskites is described by cohesive and formation energies. The antiferromagnetic (AFM) nature of all these perovskites is confirmed by stable magnetic phase energies and magnetic susceptibility. The electronic band profiles in the AFM phase and electrical resistivities confirm that these perovskites are metallic in nature. Metallicity as well as magnetism in these compounds is due to d-state electrons of the M and Ru atoms. The metallic AFM nature reveals that these compounds are promising materials for magnetic cloaking, high-speed switching devices, and spintronic applications.

Phylogenetic relationships of green-eyed skimmers, Macromia moorei was studied to estimate the evolutionary history among the members of family Corduliidae under order Odonata using the genetic methods of maximum probability, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian examination. Fifty-three DNA sequences and 3660 genetic characters/loci were used in the present study. Genetic distance of every nucleotide sequence was sorted from 0.69 to 98.10%. The outcomes of the combined COI + 16S DNA sequences revealed topology/phylogram through generally stronger bootstrap provision than evaluation of each gene in single analysis. Molecular analyses based on mitochondrial DNA yielded the position of M. moorei as a sister species of M.ampigena in family Corduliidae.

This study investigates breast cancer dynamics using modified ABC-fractional operators. We examine interactions among cancer stem cells, tumor cells, healthy cells, excess estrogen effects, and immune cells. By applying the “Localization of Compact Invariant Sets” technique and comparison theory, we establish conditions for cancer persistence without immune cells and eradication with an immune response. We analyze equilibria, global attraction persistence state, stability, solution uniqueness, and existence using recursive sequences and fixed point theorem. Numerical simulations with Lagrange’s interpolation validate and deepen our understanding of breast cancer dynamics. Incorporating modified ABC-fractional derivatives enhances our comprehension of the model.

Background: Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a prominent foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis and poses substantial health hazards worldwide. The continuing risk of listeriosis outbreaks underlies the importance of designing an effective prevention strategy and developing a robust immune response by reverse vaccinology approaches. This study aimed to provide a critical approach for developing a potent multiepitope vaccine against this foodborne disease. Methods: A chimeric peptide construct containing 5 B-cell epitopes, 16 major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) epitopes, and 18 MHC-II epitopes were used to create a subunit vaccination against L. monocytogenes. The vaccine safety was evaluated by several online methods, and molecular docking was performed using ClusPro to determine the binding affinity. Immune simulation was performed using the C-ImmSimm server to demonstrate the immune response. Results: The results validated the antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and nontoxicity of the chimeric peptide construct, confirming its suitability as a subunit vaccine. Molecular docking showed a good score of 1276.5 and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the construct's efficacy, demonstrating its promise as a good candidate for listeriosis prophylaxis. The population coverage was as high as 91.04% with a good immune response, indicating good antigen presentation with dendritic cells and production of memory cells. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the potential of the designed chimeric peptide construct as an effective subunit vaccine against Listeria, paving the way for future advances in preventive methods and vaccine design.

We present a theoretical approach based on the density matrix formulation to investigate birefringence modes of surface plasmon polariton at the interface of chiral and gold media. The birefringence modes of surface plasmon polariton in the absorption and dispersion spectrums is controlled with probe field detuning. Furthermore, the propagation length/phase shift and the fractional change in the propagation length/phase shift in birefringence beams of surface plasmon polaritons are calculated and controlled under the same conditions. The possibility of birefringence modes of surface plasmon polariton may result into new imaging and compact nano-photonic devices.