Figure 7 - uploaded by Brianne Peters
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"leaky bucket" diagram used for AbCd evaluation in Zato shodera, snnp region. Quotations in shaded boxes illustrate some of the most common group discussion topics.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... were then asked to draw a picture of this bucket with arrows indicating specific income sources and expenditures. The thickness of the arrows represented the relative magnitude of particular inflows and outflows of money, and the numbers above each source of income specified how many com- munity members engaged in the activity associated with that inflow (see Figure 7). ...
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Citations
... Reducing expenses is like plugging holes, which causes more water to be in the bucket, representing more cash available. Peters et al. (2012) used it in Ethiopia and found that it encouraged gardening to replace purchased vegetables, and compost production to reduce the purchase of fertilizers. At community level, discussions may encourage local purchases, value addition and reducing wasteful expenses on goods. ...
Abstract/Description
In many parts of the world, there is a clear need for investment in agriculture to counteract low yields and food insecurity. Focusing only on short-term production gains, however, through technologies such as improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides, increases risks to the environment and human health. Assessing the sustainability of agricultural intensification must go beyond simply finding economical ways to preserve agriculture’s natural resource base and reduce environmental harm from agriculture. The process of sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) has to also be inclusive and move towards social equity if it is to be truly sustainable. There are many tools for assessing agriculture through an environmental or economic lens, but relatively few that use social criteria. This leaves a gap as more SAI projects and investments aim to achieve equitable benefits across gender and age lines. This guide provides decision-makers with data collection tools to assess gender and youth inequities associated with changes during SAI. These tools were developed and refined following workshops, field work and interviews with decisionmakers in Ghana and Malawi. In agricultural research, important social data often comes from large-scale household surveys that need significant investment of time and money. This guide focused on non-survey data collection tools, many of which originate from participatory learning and action, for two reasons: participatory tools encourage reflection by participants to increase stakeholder equity, and they are often better matched to the resource requirements and time constraints of those involved. Tools are presented based on their ability to provide information about three identified risks to equity from the SAI process: (i) unequal increases in workload, (ii) unequal access to and use of agricultural resources and (iii) inequitable impacts from changes in technologies and markets. For each tool, an overview explains how the tool relates to SAI. Then, the steps needed to facilitate use are presented, followed by special considerations for effective implementation. The guide supports decision-makers in choosing appropriate data collection tools and in effectively using the information. To make the choice of tool easier, information is provided on affordability, timeliness and human resource requirements for each. Also considered is each tool’s ability to assess potential technologies ex ante, so decision-makers can adapt them before implementation to better foster gender and youth equity. Finally, a number of examples of decision-making tools are presented with how to use the data collected to inform more inclusive SAI. The goal is to enhance the capacity of decision-makers to make a robust analysis of the distribution of benefits and burdens resulting from SAI investments. Decision-makers are encouraged to apply the tools within a community-driven gender transformative process that aims to change the norms that perpetuate social inequities, by simultaneously influencing household, community, market and political domains.
... Both types of outcomes are seen to support human development. The gray and academic literature credits ABCD programs with intangible well-being benefits such as hope and self-esteem (Peters, Gonsamo, & Molla, 2011;Willetts et al., 2014). These benefits are seen to have inherent value, while also considered as important psychosocial drivers of tangible change. ...
This article uses Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to assess the motivational mechanisms and claims of asset-based community development (ABCD). The limited academic literature argues ABCD’s focus on existing assets and locally identified priorities motivates communi-ty participation. However, motivation is only superficially understood and remains unquali-fied. SDT is an established theory of motivation, which we suggest is largely compatible with ABCD. Using SDT as a framework, we determine how common ABCD tools support more autonomous motivations. We also outline how SDT tools and concepts can be inte-grated into ABCD practice and used to evaluate the motivational claims of ABCD-based programs. The findings show SDT can strengthen the theoretical base, practice and evaluation of ABCD interventions.
... Both types of outcome are seen to support human development. The grey and academic literature credits ABCD programs with intangible well-being benefits such as hope and selfesteem (Peters et al., 2011;Willetts et al., 2014). These are seen to have inherent value, while also considered important psychosocial drivers of tangible change. ...
... Change is complex and based on interconnectedness. Hence, attribution or linear causal relationships are often rejected (Mathie & Peters, 2014;Peters et al., 2011) What does it criticise? ...
... They may be internal (community members tracking their progress) or external (accountability to donors or NGO). ABCD scholars and practitioners advocate for evaluations that are locally relevant and supportive of local power and agency (Peters et al., 2011;Hills et al., 2010) ...
Sustaining rural water supply (RWS) services in Malawi has proved difficult, compromising health, economic, and education benefits associated with improved supply. In Malawi, community-based management (CBM) is the dominant approach to manage RWS. In CBM, volunteer village water point committee members (‘members’) are responsible for RWS operation and maintenance. Despite their importance, member’s motivations to manage RWS have been poorly understood.
This doctoral research determined the drivers, nature and impacts of members’ motivations. The research analysed: the types and quality of members’ motivations; the influence of context, including an asset-based community development (ABCD) program approach, in shaping these motivations; and the implications of motivations for committees’ management effectiveness. Self-Determination Theory, a theory of motivation, was used to analyse motivations. Findings showed that members’ high-quality autonomous motivations were supported by: a positive committee–user relationship; social and technical support from others; the relevance of RWS to community goals; and consultative donor approaches. These conditions supported internalised and autonomous motivations; and persistent, responsive management practices. By contrast, conflictual committee–user relationships; and top-down, pressuring donor–committee relationships were associated with more controlled, poor-quality motivations, and lower management effectiveness.
A nuanced understanding of motivations is critical in sustaining RWS services. Thesis findings point to the importance of CBM approaches which support members’ autonomous motivations. When this is done, members’ motivations are likely to lead to improved management practices and RWS services, and subsequent well-being benefits.
... When a household reduces expenses, the 'water level' in the bucket goes up, signifying increased availability of cash. It can serve as a budgeting tool and Peters et al. (2012) found that in Ethiopia it encouraged gardening to replace purchased vegetables and compost production to reduce fertilizer expenses. By documenting inputs and expenses from an 'average' plot, this exercise has been used in groups to investigate how to improve profitability of agricultural products (Ratner & Wyckoff, 2015). ...
To achieve equitable sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI), it is essential to understand differential access and control over agricultural resources by women and youth, and to assess how intensification interacts with gendered and age-dependent relationships. Existing packages for assessing women's empowerment in agriculture tend to be large-scale surveys that do not provide timely results, nor are they easily integrated into a gender-transformative process. This paper applies concepts from Kabeer on gender analysis and empowerment to evaluate promising tools available for assessing inequities in SAI and supporting a gender-transformative approach. We interviewed decision makers in Malawi and Ghana to understand their needs and practices for equity analysis. We evaluated, adapted and tested tools to detect inequities from SAI. Our results demonstrate the suitability of tools to decision makers' needs for ex-ante assessment and early detection of disparities. We synthesize information from the testing and adaptation of tools about the resources required, the equity issues they can reveal and their potential role in a gender-transformative approach. The use of the tools needs to be part of an inclusive and culturally specific process for identifying gaps and facilitating a more equitable sharing of SAI responsibilities and benefits through iterative cycles of action and learning.
... stand dynamics and contribution of internal resource mobilisation to income generating activities, notably in the context of cash requirements for various value chains. Furthermore, FFE scaling data, including GIS data, are captured to understand the dynamics of scaling and the geographical reach and extent of outreach in terms of persons involved in knowledge transfer and exchange.Beyond the quantitative data, we collect a range of qualitative information about farmer perceptions and satisfaction based on qualitative methods proposed by the Coady InstitutePeters, Gonsamo, & Molla, 2011). ...
The efficiency and sustainability of climate change adaptation projects depend on appropriate models and tools to take climate‐smart practices to scale. This paper presents the “Building assets and agency” approach taken by the Accelerating Adoption of Agroforestry project whose objective is to scale the adoption of context‐specific adaptation and mitigation options. Through the approach, communities are encouraged to identify, mobilise, and use their existing assets to define community plans that are responsive to their identities, interests, and preferences. This innovative approach combines conscious selection of project staff and partners, group capacity and agency training, cocreation of skills in self‐selected agricultural practices with an emphasis on business skills, and tools for sustainable scaling through farmer‐to‐farmer extension. The paper addresses challenges and solutions, and case study data justifying proof of concept. While developed in a climate change context, and being sensitive to a number of factors, the approach can support effective, efficient, and socially appropriate action in any sector.
... Yet such acknowledgement meant that it was difficult to demonstrate with objectivity how much of the change could be attributed to the ABCD process, rather than other contributing factors. The intangibility of the contribution of ABCD itself is further elaborated in Peters, Gonsamo, and Molla (2011). ...
... Further, since the composition of the final evaluation team included different members to those participating in the mid-term, the results were not unknowingly biased towards the results generated in 2008. Yet, for some of the team, attribution remained an issue of concern, and local field staff were particularly sensitive to questions about this (see Peters, Gonsamo, and Molla 2011). It is possible that only close monitoring at the household level will address these concerns and this is a measurement decision that might itself distort results. ...
Acknowledging debates about what constitutes effective and useful evaluation practice, this paper explores the particular challenges of evaluating an innovative approach to community development for multiple stakeholders with different interests and different levels of confidence in particular evaluation methodologies. The innovation – applying an Asset Based approach to Community Development (ABCD) in an Ethiopian context – presents further challenges to evaluation because of its open-ended nature and problems of attribution. On the other hand, the culture of risk-taking encouraged by the supporters of innovation provides the space for genuine lessons to be learnt about failure as well as success.
... 'Inner resources (or strengths)' are used and complemented by accessing external resources (Kretzmann and McKnight 1993, 9). Importantly, increases in self-esteem, hope, confidence, insight, knowledge, interconnections (such as knowing how to access external resources) are typical outcomes (Saleebey 1992, 8;Weick 1992, 23; O'Leary, Burkett, and Braithwaite 2011) noted by Peters, Gonsamo, and Molla (2011) as intangible outcomes that are achieved in addition to more tangible ...
... Both intangible and tangible outcomes were described in relation to SINPA's work, in line with findings by others on the effects of SBA processes (see O'Leary, Burkett, and Braithwaite 2011;Peters, Gonsamo, and Molla 2011). Intangible outcomes related to process outcomes for NGO staff and the effects on the self-esteem and motivation of participating community members. ...
This paper presents empirical findings from research undertaken in Solomon Islands to examine the use of strengths-based approaches (SBAs) by a group of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A summary framework was developed to underpin the analysis, drawing on literature in social work, organizational management, community development, and international development fields. The paper employs this framework to reflect on the practice of six NGOs working in partnership in Solomon Islands over 2009–2014. The findings demonstrate alignment between the NGO practice in Solomon Islands and SBA philosophy and practice as described in the literature, particularly in terms of adherence to beliefs about innate community capacity, the need to draw on community resources to create change, and the delicate balance between a strengths focus and repression of problems that might need to be surfaced. The findings diverged from the literature in how NGOs saw their role. Whilst they saw themselves as facilitators rather than experts, they also saw the development process as a partnership between themselves and communities rather than community led. This paper contributes empirical evidence of the characteristics, complexities and limitations of implementing a SBA in Solomon Islands, including reflections on the tension between self-help and advocacy development strategies.
In 2015, Old Fadama, the largest informal community in Accra, was a government 'no-go zone.' Armed guards accompanied a participatory action research team and stakeholders as they began an empirical research project. Their goals: resolve wicked problems, advance collaboration theory, and provide direct services to vulnerable beneficiaries. In three years, they designed a collaboration intervention based on rigorous evidence, Ghana's culture and data from 300 core stakeholders. Sanitation policy change transformed the community, and government began to collaborate freely. By 2022, the intervention was replicated in Accra, Kumasi and eleven rural communities, providing health services to more than 10,000 kayayei (women head porters) and addressing complex challenges for 15,000 direct and hundreds of thousands of indirect beneficiaries. This collaboration intervention improved community participation, changed policy, and redefined development in theory and practice. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This ‘Facilitating an Asset-Based Community-Driven (ABCD) Approach for Holistic Community Development: A Manual for Community Organising’ is the result of joint efforts by the members of the ABCD team of World Agroforestry (ICRAF) to create a simple and precise document to facilitate the ABCD process and support community development. This manual primarily addresses community organisers, including people working for organisations that implement development projects, including resilience building and climate change adaptation projects. It is intended to help community organisers to take an asset-based community-driven (also called citizen-led) approach, to facilitate inclusive workshops and to provide them with practical tools and operational principles.
Cambridge Core - Organisation Studies - Redefining Development - by Jessica Kritz
