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We studied the winter activity of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from November 2008 to April 2009 in Bat Trang village of Hanoi, Vietnam. We selected 12 houses and collected: 1) adults with BG sentinel traps, 2) pupae from household water containers, and 3) eggs with ovitraps. Aedes albopictus adults, pupae, and eggs were not collected from early January...
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Context 1
... females were reared under long day length (Long-Long, Long-Short) and their eggs immersed 1 and 5 wk postoviposition, >50% of eggs hatched within 20 d (Fig. 6A and B). Hatchability of eggs from females reared under long-day conditions and immersed 10 wk postoviposition was between 0.6 and 0.7 after 100 d. When females were reared under short-day (Short- Long, Short-Short) and their eggs immersed after 1 wk, hatching were suppressed for about 60 days ( Fig. 6C and D). When eggs of short-day females ...
Context 2
... >50% of eggs hatched within 20 d (Fig. 6A and B). Hatchability of eggs from females reared under long-day conditions and immersed 10 wk postoviposition was between 0.6 and 0.7 after 100 d. When females were reared under short-day (Short- Long, Short-Short) and their eggs immersed after 1 wk, hatching were suppressed for about 60 days ( Fig. 6C and D). When eggs of short-day females were immersed 5 or 10 wk postoviposition, hatchability was higher than that of 1-wk postoviposition eggs. The Cox Proportional Hazards model showed that both time post-oviposition and light treatment had an effect on egg hatching (Table 2). When we examined unhatched eggs for embryonation at the end of ...
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Citations
... Ecophysiological plasticity in Aedes albopictus overwintering capacity is high in high-altitude populations. Tsunoda et al.39 demonstrated that overwintering is less common in temperate populations under milder (i.e., tropical) circumstances. ...
Environmental temperature is an important abiotic element that plays a significant role in various aspects of the insect life cycle. Insects have evolved different mechanisms to adjust to temperature variations in order to avoid thermal stress over evolutionary time. They have been able to invade practically every type of habitat due to these adaptations. Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is a Southeast Asian forest-dwelling mosquito species that has spread throughout the world in the last forty years. Since it can effectively transmit a variety of viruses, Aedes albopictus is a significant public health issue in all areas where it has already been entrenched. The current article shows the existing understanding of the impact of environmental temperature on the dispersion and ecology of Aedes albopictus.
... There is a lot that is yet unknown about this species including its development, survival, hatching thresholds at lower temperatures, upper thermal mortality limit, if there is a variation in egg batch size with temperature, how the adult lifespan may vary with temperature, and whether installment hatching may vary with the environmental. For example, eggs of Ae. albopictus laid under shorter photoperiods may hatch relatively later in the following season [91], and Ae. albopictus may undergo diapause in the adult stage and the egg stage in temperate environments [84]. ...
Worldwide, mosquito monitoring and control programs consume large amounts of resources in the effort to minimise mosquito-borne disease incidence. On-site larval monitoring is highly effective but time consuming. A number of mechanistic models of mosquito development have been developed to reduce the reliance on larval monitoring, but none for Ross River virus, the most commonly occurring mosquito-borne disease in Australia. This research modifies existing mechanistic models for malaria vectors and applies it to a wetland field site in Southwest, Western Australia. Environmental monitoring data were applied to an enzyme kinetic model of larval mosquito development to simulate timing of adult emergence and relative population abundance of three mosquito vectors of the Ross River virus for the period of 2018–2020. The model results were compared with field measured adult mosquitoes trapped using carbon dioxide light traps. The model showed different patterns of emergence for the three mosquito species, capturing inter-seasonal and inter-year variation, and correlated well with field adult trapping data. The model provides a useful tool to investigate the effects of different weather and environmental variables on larval and adult mosquito development and can be used to investigate the possible effects of changes to short-term and long-term sea level and climate changes.
... albopictus populations in Vietnam. For instance, Ae. albopictus specimens from northern Vietnam (Hanoi) are able to undergo diapause [66] and possess wing morphometrics that are more similar to those of specimens from other temperate areas (Korea, Japan) than to those of specimens from southern Vietnam [67]. The genetic structure related to ecophysiological traits (photoperiodic diapause) has also been reported between tropical and temperate regions in both invasive and native ranges worldwide [50]. ...
Aedes albopictus is a native mosquito to Southeast Asia with a high potential for disease transmission. Understanding how Ae. albopictus populations that develop in the species’ native range is useful for planning future control strategies and for identifying the sources of invasive ranges. The present study aims to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Ae. albopictus across various climatic regions of Vietnam. We analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences from specimens collected from 16 localities, and we used distance-based redundancy analysis to evaluate the amount of variation in the genetic distance that could beexplained by both geographic distance and climatic factors. High levels of genetic polymorphismwere detected, and the haplotypes were similar to those sequences from both temperate and tropicalregions worldwide. Of note, these haplotype groups were geographically distributed, resulting ina distinct population structure in which northeastern populations and the remaining populationsbwere genetically differentiated. Notably, genetic variation among theAe. albopictus populations wasdriven primarily by climatic factors (64.55%) and to a lesser extent was also influenced by geographic distance (33.73%). These findings fill important gaps in the current understanding of the population genetics ofAe. albopictusbin Vietnam, especially with respect to providing data to track the origin ofthe invaded regions worldwide.
... Aedes albopictus is regarded as a nondiapause species in South-east Asian countries (Hawley et al. 1987), but most Ae. albopictus from Hanoi enter diapause during winter (Tsunoda et al. 2015), and little is known about the diapause in Ae. albopictus from southern Vietnam. ...
Ovitraps were set inside and outside of 15 households in December 2012 (dry season) and August 2013 (rainy season) in 2 communes (An Thanh and Phu Hoa) of Binh Duong Province in southern Vietnam. Eggs laid in the ovitraps were collected after 4 days, dried, and soaked in water. Hatched larvae were transferred to cups and reared to adulthood to identify the species. The rate of positive ovitraps did not differ between December and August for Aedes aegypti, but it was lower in December for Ae. albopictus. The number of eggs laid per ovitrap by Ae. aegypti did not differ between December and August, while that for Ae. albopictus decreased significantly in December in both communes. Moreover, Ae. albopictus laid eggs in ovitraps placed outside the households. Therefore, it is necessary for future studies to investigate whether the major source containers for oviposition had dried in the dry season or Ae. albopictus entered diapause, leading to these observations.
... Low temperatures limit insect development and activity, as well as the replication of viruses in insects [66]. Interestingly, the number of viral species in Ae. albopictus captured in winter and spring was slightly greater than that in Ae. albopictus captured in summer and autumn. ...
Background
The mosquito Aedes albopictus is an important vector for many pathogens. Understanding the virome in Ae. albopictus is critical for assessing the risk of disease transmission, implementation of vector control measures, and health system strengthening.
Methods
In this study, viral metagenomic and PCR methods were used to reveal the virome in adult Ae. albopictus captured in different areas and during different seasons in Guangzhou, China.
Results
The viral composition of adult Ae. albopictus varied mainly between seasons. Over 50 viral families were found, which were specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. In rural areas, Siphoviridae (6.5%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during winter and spring, while Luteoviridae (1.1%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during summer and autumn. Myoviridae (7.0% and 1.3%) was the most common viral family in mosquitoes captured in urban areas during all seasons. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected by PCR in a female mosquito pool. The first near full-length HBV genome from Ae. albopictus was amplified, which showed a high level of similarity with human HBV genotype B sequences. Human parechovirus (HPeV) was detected in male and female mosquito pools, and the sequences were clustered with HPeV 1 and 3 sequences.
Conclusions
Large numbers of viral species were found in adult Ae. albopictus , including viruses from vertebrates, insects, and plants. The viral composition in Ae . albopictus mainly varied between seasons. Herein, we are the first to report the detection of HPeV and HBV in mosquitoes. This study not only provides valuable information for the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases, but it also demonstrates the feasibility of xenosurveillance.
Graphical Abstract
... Spring hatching was reported to occur with weekly temperatures between 10°C to 15°C and photoperiods between 11 h and 12 h (Medlock et al., 2006;Romi et al., 2006;Takumi et al., 2009;Gatt et al., 2010;Mogi & Tuno, 2014;Flacio et al., 2016). Autumn conditions triggering diapause were reported to occur when weekly temperatures go below 12.5°C to as low as 9°C, and photoperiods from 14 h to 11.2 h (Focks et al., 1994; (Nawrocki & Hawley, 1987;Kobayashi et al., 2002;Medlock et al., 2006;Wu et al., 2011;limiting overwintering Neteler et al., 2013;Waldock et al., 2013;Ogden et al., 2014;Proestos et al., 2015;Kuhlisch et al., 2018;Petri et al., 2018;Khan et al., 2020;Tippelt et al., 2020) 2 Total annual precipitation 422±32 [mm] (Knudsen et al., 1996;Eritja et al., 2005;Medlock et al., 2006;Takumi et al., 2009;Roiz et al., limiting establishment 2011;Neteler et al., 2013;Waldock et al., 2013;Ogden et al., 2014;Proestos et al., 2015;Cunze et al., 2016;Kuhlisch et al., 2018;Sherpa et al., 2019;Khan et al., 2020) 3 Critical temperature 10.6±0.36 [°C] (Medlock et al., 2006;Romi et al., 2006;Takumi et al., 2009;Gatt et al., 2010 (Focks et al., 1994;Toma et al., 2003;Medlock et al., 2006;Lacour et et al., 2003;Medlock et al., 2006;Takumi et al., 2009;Lacour et al., 2015;Tsunoda et al., 2015;Armbruster, 2016;Erguler et al., 2016;Xia et al., 2018;Pasquali et al., 2020). ...
Aedes albopictus is a known vector of dengue and chikungunya. Understanding the population dynamics characteristics of vector species is of pivotal importance to optimise surveillance and control activities, to estimate risk for pathogen-transmission, and thus to enhance support of public health decisions. In this paper we used a seasonal activity model to simulate the start (spring hatching) and end (autumn diapause) of the vector season. In parallel, the peak abundance of the species was assessed using both VectorNet field survey data complemented with field studies obtained from literature across the Mediterranean Basin. Our results suggest that spring hatching of eggs in the current distribution area can start at the beginning of March in southern Europe and in April in western Europe. In northern Europe, where the species is not (yet) present, spring hatching would occur from late April to late May. Aedes albopictus can remain active up to 41 weeks in southern Europe whilst the climatic conditions in northern Europe are limiting its potential activity to a maximum of 23 weeks. The peak of egg density is found during summer months from end of July until end of September. During these two months the climatic conditions for species development are optimal, which implies a higher risk for arbovirus transmission by Ae. albopictus and occurrence of epidemics.
... albopictus in warm subtropical environments ( Mogi, 1996 ), where Ae. flavopictus might be more sensitive to temperature cues that can stop egg diapause, a mechanism not common in Ae. albopictus where photoperiod has been proposed as the dominant regulatory cue for egg diapause ( Armbruster, 2016 ), something we observed in the field in Nagasaki , but not for Ae. albopictus eggs from mosquitoes living under daylight-lengths similar to those of tropical environments ( Tsunoda et al., 2015 ). ...
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is a major global invasive mosquito species that, in Japan, co-occurs with Aedes (Stegomyia) flavopictus Yamada, a closely related species recently intercepted in Europe. Here, we present results of a detailed 25-month long study where we biweekly sampled pupae and fourth instar larvae of these two species from ovitraps set along Mt. Konpira, Nagasaki, Japan. This setting allowed us to ask whether these species had different responses to changes in environmental variables along the altitudinal gradient of an urban hill. We found that spatially Ae. albopictus abundance decreased, while Ae. flavopictus abundance increased, the further away from urban land. Ae. flavopictus also was more abundant than Ae. albopictus in locations with homogenous vegetation growth with a high mean Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), platykurtic EVI, and low SD in canopy cover, while Ae. albopictus was more abundant than Ae. flavopictus in areas with more variable (high SD) canopy cover. Moreover, Ae. flavopictus abundance negatively impacted the spatial abundance of Ae. albopictus. Temporally we found that Ae. flavopictus was more likely to be present in Mt. Konpira at lower temperatures than Ae. albopictus. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal abundance patterns of these two mosquito species are partially driven by their different response to environmental factors.
... Ae. albopictus overwintered predominantly through diapause eggs, nevertheless, adult Ae. albopictus was also found occasionally during winter season [29,32,33]. This indicates these adults might experience the low subzero temperature sometimes during their lifetime like eggs do. ...
As an important vector of dengue and Zika, Aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive mosquitoes in the world over the last 3-4 decades. Cold tolerance is important for survival and expansion of insects. Ae. albopictus adults are generally considered to be cold-intolerant that cannot survive at subzero temperature. However, we found that Ae. albopictus could survive for several hours' exposure to -9 to -19 oC so long as it was exposed with water. Median lethal time (LT50) of Ae. albopictus exposed to -15 and -19 oC with water increased by more than 100 times compared to those exposed to the same subzero temperature without water. This phenomenon also existed in adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Ae. albopictus female adults which exposed to low subzero temperature at -9 oC with water had similar longevity and reproductive capacity to those of females without cold exposure. Cold exposure after a blood meal also have no detrimental impact on survival capacity of female adult Ae. albopictus compared with those cold exposed without a blood meal. Moreover, our results showed that rapid cold hardening (RCH) was induced in Ae. albopictus during exposing to low subzero temperature with water. Both the RCH and the relative high subzero temperature of water immediate after cold exposure might provide this strong protection against low subzero temperature. The molecular basis of water-induced protection for Ae. albopictus might refer to the increased glycerol during cold exposure, as well as the increased glucose and hsp70 during recovery from cold exposure. Our results suggested that the water-induced strong protection against acute decrease of air temperature for adult mosquitoes might be important for the survival and rapid expansion of Ae. albopictus.
... Furthermore, the phenotypic plasticity of diapause in Ae. albopictus populations varies in the subtropical regions bordering the Tropic of Cancer. For example, populations from Hong Kong (22°15′N) in China were not sensitive to short-day photoperiods [19], whereas those from Hanoi (21°01′N) in Northern Vietnam were [27]. Consequently, we hypothesize that the Ae. ...
... Populations collected in Beijing (39°55'N) and Shanghai (31°13'N) in China [19], Korea [19], and Japan [19,33], all regions north of 30°N, are sensitive to short-day photoperiods and show low hatching rates, whereas tropical Asian strains from Thailand [19], Western Malaysia (3°8 'N), and Eastern Malaysia (2°48'N) [19] are not sensitive to short-day photoperiods. Notably, the capability of Ae. albopictus to undergo diapause varies among the subtropical regions bordering the Tropic of Cancer; populations from Hanoi (21°01'N, 105°51′E) in Northern Vietnam were photoperiod-sensitive [27], whereas strains from Hong Kong of China (22°15'N) were not [19]. ...
Background: Aedes albopictus is among the 100 most invasive species worldwide and poses a major risk to public
health. Photoperiodic diapause provides a crucial ecological basis for the adaptation of this species to adverse
environments. Ae. albopictus is the vital vector transmitting dengue virus in Guangzhou, but its diapause activities
herein remain obscure.
Methods: In the laboratory, yeast powder and food slurry were compared for a proper diapause determination method,
and the critical photoperiod (CPP) was tested at illumination times of 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, and 13.5 h. A 4-parameter
logistic (4PL) regression model was selected to estimate the CPP. In the field, the seasonal dynamics of the Ae. albopictus
population, egg diapause, and hatching of overwintering eggs were investigated monthly, weekly, and daily, respectively.
A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the associations of diapause with meteorological factors.
Results: In the laboratory, both the wild population and the Foshan strain of Ae. albopictus were induced to diapause at
an incidence greater than 80%, and no significant difference (P > 0.1) was observed between the two methods for
identifying diapause. The CPP of this population was estimated to be 12.312 h of light. In the field, all of the indexes of
the wild population were at the lowest levels from December to February, and the Route Index was the first to increase
in March. Diapause incidence displayed pronounced seasonal dynamics. It was estimated that the day lengths of 12.111 h
at week2016, 43 and 12.373 h at week2017, 41 contributed to diapause in 50% of the eggs. Day length was estimated to be
the main meteorological factor related to diapause.
Conclusions: Photoperiodic diapause of Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou of China was confirmed and comprehensively
elucidated in both the laboratory and the field. Diapause eggs are the main form for overwintering and begin to hatch in
large quantities in March in Guangzhou. Furthermore, this study also established an optimized investigation system and
statistical models for the study of Ae. albopictus diapause. These findings will contribute to the prevention and control of
Ae. albopictus and mosquito-borne diseases.
... Beyond responding to changes of thermal conditions, mosquito population dynamics are affected by several other factors including photoperiod (i.e., short days inducing diapause). Tsunoda et al. [49] showed that day length affects egg hatching in Ae. albopictus and suggested that under milder (i.e., tropical) conditions, overwintering is not as prevalent in populations in temperate areas. ...
The temperature of the environment is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the life of insects. As poikilotherms, their body temperature is not constant, and they rely on various strategies to minimize the risk of thermal stress. They have been thus able to colonize a large spectrum of habitats. Mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vector many pathogens, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The spread of these diseases has become a major global health concern, and it is predicted that climate change will affect the mosquitoes’ distribution, which will allow these insects to bring new pathogens to naïve populations. We synthesize here the current knowledge on the impact of temperature on the mosquito flight activity and host-seeking behavior (1); ecology and dispersion (2); as well as its potential effect on the pathogens themselves and how climate can affect the transmission of some of these pathogens (3).
