FIGURE 2 - uploaded by Maria Eugenia Manjón-Cabeza
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a-c, Psolicrux iuvenilesi O'Loughin & Manjón-Cabeza sp. nov.: a, holotype (MNCN 20.04/128), lateral view, radial (left) and interradial plates of the calcareous ring (insert); b, spired plates (slide F161523 from holotype) and spire from body wall (slide from specimen F68053); c, tentacle ossicles (slide from specimen F68053).d, Psolicrux coatsi (Vaney, 1908): tentacle ossicles (slide from specimen F160026).e, f, Myriotrochus hesperides O'Loughin & Manjón-Cabeza sp. nov.: e, holotype (MNCN 29.04/130), oral end with calcareous ring left, asymmetrical plates of calcareous ring (insert); f, wheels from posterior dorsal body wall (slide F161516).
Source publication
Three new species of holothuroids from the Antarctic Peninsula and Bellingshausen Sea are described, with O’Loughin & Manjón-Cabeza as authors: dendrochirotids Cucumaria dudexa sp. nov., Psolicrux iuvenilesi sp. nov.; myriotrochid Myriotrochus hesperides sp. nov. Parathyonidium incertum Heding is discussed. Two synonymies for Antarctic holothuroids...
Contexts in source publication
Context 2
... In addition to the absence of knobbed crosses, the specimens are smaller, and the largest tentacle ossicles are thick knobbed oval to elongate plates while in Psolicrux coatsi (Vaney) the largest tentacle ossicles are thick, narrow, bluntly spinous, perforated rods, up to 536 μm long (Figure 2d). Table 1. ...
Context 4
... In addition to the absence of knobbed crosses, the specimens are smaller, and the largest tentacle ossicles are thick knobbed oval to elongate plates while in Psolicrux coatsi (Vaney) the largest tentacle ossicles are thick, narrow, bluntly spinous, perforated rods, up to 536 μm long (Figure 2d). Table 1. ...
Citations
... Individual variation, local variation, and geographical variation might occur during the identification process (Hansen, 1975). Several characters are consistently used as key characters to determine the identity of deep-sea species, i.e., tentacles, calcareous ring, tube feet, papillae, calcareous deposit or ossicles, and internal anatomy (Hansen, 1956(Hansen, , 1964(Hansen, , 1975Thandar, 1998Thandar, , 2009O'Loughlin, 2000;O'Loughlin & Ahearn, 2006;Gebruk, 2008;O'Loughlin et al., 2009O'Loughlin et al., , 2013Deepa & Kumar, 2011;Gebruk et al., 2014a, b;Martinez et al., 2014). Unfortunately, the use of ossicles is not applicable to several species listed here due to their absence, i.e., in Enypniastes eximia, Pelagothuria natatrix, Paelopatides sp. 1, and Paelopatides sp. 2. Inherent difficulties in collecting and preserving specimens that retain their original shape also affect the identification process (Solis-Marin, 2003). ...
Fifteen species of deep-sea holothuroids were recorded from the South Java Deep-Sea (SJADES) Biodiversity Expedition 2018 from depths between 100-1,700 m. Of these, the following five species are new records for Indonesian waters: Zygothuria oxysclera (R. Perrier, 1899); Bathyplotes natans (M. Sars, 1868); Paelopatides gelatinosus (Walsh, 1891); Benthothuria funebris R. Perrier, 1898; and Pelagothuria natatrix Ludwig, 1893. Most of the 15 species were only observed from a single station, but several were found at two or more stations. The following five elasipodid sea cucumbers are described in detail here:
... The genus Ypsilocucumis Panning, 1949, is currently represented worldwide by two species: Y. asperrima (Théel, 1886), from the Atlantic Ocean, and Y. californiae, which was originally described for the Gulf of California, western Mexico, in the eastern Pacific (Massin & Hendrickx 2011). Previously, the genus included two additional species, Y. turricata (Vaney, 1906) and Y. scotiae (Vaney, 1906), which have been transferred to Paracucumis Mortensen, 1925and Crucella Gutt, 1990respectively (O'Loughlin 2002O'Loughlin et al. 2009). Morphologically, species of Ypsilocucumis resemble some representatives of Ypsilothuria E. Perrier, 1886 andEchinocucumis M. Sars, 1859. ...
... This family included the genera Ypsilocucumis, Ypsilothuria Perrier E., 1886, and Echinocucumis M. Sars, 1859. years later, O'Loughlin (2002 and O´Loughlin et al. (2009) moved two of the species of Ypsilocucumis proposed by Panning (1949) to different genera in the family Paracucumidae Pawson & Fell, 1965: Y. turricata (Vaney, 1906 was moved to the genus Paracucumis Mortensen, 1925(O'Loughlin 2002, and Y. scotiae (Vaney, 1906) to the genus Crucella Gott, 1990(O'Loughlin et al. 2009), leaving the genus Ypsilocucumis with only one valid species. ...
Four specimens of the sea cucumber Ypsilocucumis californiae Massin & Hendrickx, 2011 were obtained during sampling operations off western Mexico. These specimens permit identification of this species as a member of the deep-water holothuroid community off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Previous records correspond to four locations (including the type locality) in the Gulf of California, where eight specimens were collected. SEM ossicles images are provided for the first time and new ecological data associated with the presence of this species are available: temperature, 5.34‒8.38 °C; dissolved oxygen, 0.15‒0.28 ml O2/l and salinity, 34.42‒34.51 ups. The specimens were present in a wide variety of sediments with an organic carbon content of 3.18‒5.20 mg C/g (5.47‒8.95 % organic matter). Density values indicated low abundance of this species in the area (2.63‒3.94 orgs/ha). Records presented here were in a depth range from 540 to 776 m, which corresponds to the lower limit of the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the eastern Pacific. Additional records are provided for the West Atlantic Ypsilocucumis asperrima (Théel, 1886) and a key to the species of Ypsilocucumis is provided.
... Distribution. Circumpolar (O'Loughlin et al., 2009), perhaps to 100 m depth. remarks. ...
... However, the generic position of this species is questionable since the genus Crucella was established by Gutt (1990) for an Antarctic cucumariid whose body-wall ossicles are usually cruciform plates bearing a secondary meshwork partially covering the plates and often produced into a tall superstructure resembling a spire. Although O'Loughlin et al. (2009) referred Vaney's species to this genus because of a secondary meshwork on some ossicles, none of the ossicles described by Vaney (1906) nor those in the current material are cross-shaped or have a spire-like superstructure. However, O'Loughlin et al. (2009) do state that C. scotiae has "body-wall ossicles as small-knobbed plates, large irregular thick knobbed perforated plates with secondary mesh thickening; posterior body with multi-layered ossicles (O'Loughlin 2009 et al.: 10). ...
... Although O'Loughlin et al. (2009) referred Vaney's species to this genus because of a secondary meshwork on some ossicles, none of the ossicles described by Vaney (1906) nor those in the current material are cross-shaped or have a spire-like superstructure. However, O'Loughlin et al. (2009) do state that C. scotiae has "body-wall ossicles as small-knobbed plates, large irregular thick knobbed perforated plates with secondary mesh thickening; posterior body with multi-layered ossicles (O'Loughlin 2009 et al.: 10). It is for this reason that the diagnosis of the genus is here changed to accommodate this species and its like. ...
A mixed batch of sea cucumbers tentatively labelled as ?Thyone or ?Havelockia species was obtained on loan from the Natural History Museum, United Kingdom (NHMUK) for identifications and records. The material dates back to 1850 and originates from shallow waters from various parts of the world. The material includes two new species and one new subspecies which have already been described in an earlier paper (see Thandar, 2017). The remaining specimens comprise a few known or poorly known nominal species and several indeterminate forms. This paper describes the known species while adding some useful information about them. Of the indeterminate species included are several specimens most belonging to the genus Thyone or Havelockia which, because of their incompleteness and absence of ossicles, are not identified beyond their suspected genus or species.
... Genetic data indicate an atypical complex of species that comprises clades of specimens that are not grouped geographically. [435,[440][441][442] Cucumaria acuta Massin, 1992 Dendrochirotida, Cucumariidae ...
... This species has been found in eastern and western Antarctica, from the shallows to 660m depth. [442] Staurocucumis turqueti (Vaney, 1906) Dendrochirotida, Cucumariidae ...
... In fact, asteroids and holothuroids showed the highest endemism values in the Marion Is. area (Fig. 3) possibly due to marked isolation of this Subantarctic area. Other regions with a high degree of endemism for holothuroids were Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas, while ophiuroids exhibited higher endemism in the East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, probably due to recent increase in sampling effort in these areas (Manjón-Cabeza and Ramos 2003;O'Loughlin et al. 2009). To achieve a better understanding on the echinoderm biodiversity in these areas, different sampling methods and greater collecting efforts are specially needed. ...
Echinoderms are the dominant megafaunal taxa in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters in terms of abundance and diversity, having a predominant role in structuring communities. The current study presents new data on the asteroids, holothuroids, and ophiuroids collected in seven scientific campaigns (1995–2012) from Bouvet Is., South Shetland Is., and the Eastern Weddell Sea, encompassing a wide bathymetric range (0–1,525 m). Among the 316 echinoderms collected, we extend the bathymetric ranges of 15 species and expand the geographic distribution of 36 of them. This novel dataset was analyzed together with previous reports in order to establish general patterns of geographic and bathymetric distribution in echinoderms of the SO. Nearly 57 % of the assembled-data species were endemic of the SO, although we suggest further taxonomic efforts in less accessible areas form the Antarctic and Subantarctic. Some islands present high levels of species richness even comparable to big geographic areas. While generally exhibiting a wide range of eurybathy, there were differences in species composition across depths corresponding to sublittoral, upper and lower bathyal and abyssal. Their particular bathymetric organization was discussed contemplating biological aspects of each class. Circumpolar trends were characteristic of the echinoderm species, whereas hydrographic currents may cause differences in species composition among SO areas. Our analyses suggest zoogeographical links between Antarctica and the adjacent ocean basins, being the Scotia Arc the most remarkable. This study contributes to the knowledge of large-scale diversity and distribution patterns in an Antarctic key group.
... Based on all distribution data collected during previous surveys as well as in the literature, the present study aims to understand the biogeographical and ecological factors that control spatial distribution of benthic hydroids in the Bellingshausen Sea. Hydroid records were analyzed with regards to environmental variables and biocoenosis data investigated during the Bentart surveys and supported by several studies for other zoological groups, such as crustaceans (García Raso et al. 2005San Vicente et al. 2009), fishes (Matallanas and Olaso 2007;Eakin et al. 2008), sponges (Ríos and Cristobo 2007), mollusks (Troncoso et al. 2007;Troncoso and Aldea 2008;Aldea et al. 2008Aldea et al. , 2009, ascidians (Varela and Ramos-Esplá 2008) and echinoderms (O'Loughlin et al. 2009;Moya et al. 2012) as well as macrobenthos general studies (Saiz-Salinas et al. 2008). ...
Although scientific knowledge about the biodiversity of Antarctic benthic hydrozoans has considerably increased in recent years, little is known about their spatial distribution and underpinning factors. Trying to contribute to filling this gap, benthic hydroid spatial distribution in the Bellingshausen Sea (Southern Ocean) was studied. Samples were collected at 32 stations at depths between 86 and 3,304 m during Spanish Antarctic expeditions in 2003 and 2006. Sediments and bottom water properties were analyzed using an USNEL-type box corer and a Neil Brown Instrument System Mark III CTD, respectively. Forty species were reported (Acryptolaria sp., Stegopoma plicatile, Staurotheca dichotoma having the highest percentages of occurrence), representing ca. 19 % of the species richness of the known benthic hydroid fauna of the Southern Ocean. Three well-defined assemblages (shallow, deep and transitional) were established based on significant differences in species occurrence. Benthic hydroid spatial distribution in the Bellingshausen Sea seems to be controlled mainly by depth and substrate (most hydrozoan species are epibiotic), by species dispersal abilities and by species resilience to changing hydrodynamic conditions. The level of species richness found in the present study, compared with other Antarctic areas, gives support to arguments stated by authors against the idea that the Bellingshausen Sea is "abenthos desert'' controlled by oligotrophic conditions and intense iceberg traffic.
... A comprehensive list of echinoderm species around the Antarctic region was studied by Lampert (1886) and Loughlin (2009) [21,22]. The biogeographical ranges of echinoderms occurring in British waters have been documented [1,23]. ...
Echinoderm species diversity in the coastal waters of South Andaman was investigated in ten sites. Totally 89 species of Echinoderms were identified which plunge under five classes of echinoderms such as Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, Asteriodea and Crinoidea belonging to 52 genera, 13 orders and 24 families, which were the most diverse classes. Species richness (S) was generally greater, higher levels were noted in Pongibalu and Chidiyatapu followed by Marina Park, Wandoor and Barmanallah. The lowest value was noticed in Bambooflat and Kodiyaghat. The Margalef diversity (d) was also noticed and the highest value was observed at Pongibalu and the lowest value was observed at Bambooflat. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was noticed in all the locations, the highest value was found at Pongibalu and the lowest value was noticed in Bambooflat. The highest Pielou's index (J') value was recorded at Bambooflat and the lowest value was noticed in South Point. The reasons for species richness at the locations like Pongibalu and Burmanala may be attributed to the fact that these areas have less anthropogenic activities.
... In 2003 and 2006, BENTART expeditions were devoted to sampling in the BS; they have led to a great improvement in our knowledge of the benthos, now available through many scientific publications (García Raso et al. 2005;Matallanas and Olaso 2007;Rios and Cristobo 2007;Troncoso et al. 2007;Aldea et al. 2008;Eakin et al. 2008;García Raso et al. 2008;Troncoso and Aldea 2008;Sáiz-Salinas et al. 2008;Varela and Ramos-Esplá 2008;O'Loughlin et al. 2009). The present work is an attempt to improve our knowledge of echinoid diversity in the BS by addressing the three following questions. ...
The Bellingshausen Sea is one of the most remote and least surveyed seas of the Southern Ocean, so that little was known about benthic communities and those factors that determine community structuring until recently. The present work aims at characterizing the structure and spatial distribution of echinoid assemblages in the Bellingshausen Sea, as well as identifying the environmental factors that determine assemblage structuring. Echinoids were collected at 32 stations using an Agassiz trawl, at depths of 86–3,304 m, during BENTART oceanographic expeditions led in 2003 and 2006. Sediment and bottom water properties were analysed using an USNEL-type box corer and a Neil Brown Instrument System Mark III CTD, respectively. Echinoids were found at all stations, except Peter I Island. Seventeen species were identified, representing 22 % of the echinoid species present in the Southern Ocean and increasing twofold the number of species recorded in the Bellingshausen Sea so far. The echinoid fauna is dominated by the very abundant species Sterechinus antarcticus. Depth is the key factor that determines the nature of echinoid assemblages, which are mainly divided into the continental shelf, the slope and the deep-sea basin. In addition, sediment properties, namely redox values, organic matter and mud content, best match species dispersion on the shelf. Sediment properties affect echinoid distribution depending on species food range and feeding strategy. As it might be expected, sediment properties more strongly influence specialist feeders (Schizasteridae and Cidaridae) than generalists (Echinidae).
... The presence of multilayered scales, the eccentric position of the spire of the scales, and the retractile oral and anal cones clearly indicate that the new species belongs to the genus Ypsilocucumis (see Panning, 1949) which included 3 species: Ypsilocucumis asperrima Théel, 1886, Y. turricata (Vaney, 1906), and Y. scotiae (Vaney, 1906). The latter 2 species, erected by Vaney (1906b), have since been moved by O'Loughlin (2002) and O'Loughlin et al. (2009) to the genera Paracucumis Mortensen, 1925 andCrucella Gutt, 1990, respectively. Ypsilocucumis californiae sp. ...
Research cruises aboard the R/V "El Puma" were organized to collect deep-water benthic and pelagic specimens off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Seventy four specimens of Holothuroidea were collected off the Pacific coast of Mexico in depths of 377-2 200 m. The collection includes representatives of 5 of the 6 orders of Holothuroidea, 3 Dendrochirotida, 2 Dactylochirotida, 2 Aspidochirotida, 4 Elasipodida and 2 Molpadiida. Apodida were not represented. Of the 13 species recognized, 11 were identified to species level and 2, belonging to the genera Ypsilocucumis Panning, 1949, and Mitsukuriella Heding and Panning, 1954, are new to science. Five species represent new geographic or depth records. A list of Mexican localities previously and newly reported for each species are plotted on distribution maps. Environmental data, i.e., depth, temperature, and dissolved oxygen measured at the bottom level during the survey are provided. When compared with other areas of the world, the reduced number of specimens collected during this survey could be linked to the limiting effect of the Pacific Mexico Oxygen Minimum Zone. An updated checklist of species of Holothuroidea recorded below 350 m depth along the Pacific coast of Mexico is also provided totaling 31 species: 13 of these occur in the California Current area, 20 in the Gulf of California, and 15 (16) along the SW coast of Mexico.
