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Water scarcity recorded for the world between 1996 and 2005. Reproduced with permission [1]. Copyright 2016, The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
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Clean water is a vital element for survival of any living creature and, thus, crucially important to achieve largely and economically for any nation worldwide. However, the astonishingly fast trend of industrialization and population growth and the arisen extensive water pollutions have challenged access to clean water across the world. In this reg...
Citations
... Moreover, the existence of the -N=N-bond makes commercial dyes carcinogenic and recalcitrant. Furthermore, dyes' complex aromatic structure makes them barely biodegradable [16,26]. Untreated dyes' effluent mainly discharged into the waterbodies and farmland has consequences in the occurrence of a huge amount of harmful dyes in crops. ...
Citation: Haleem, A.; Ullah, M.; Rehman, S.u.; Shah, A.; Farooq, M.; Saeed, T.; Ullah, I.; Li, H. In-Depth Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of the Extensively Used Dyes Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Congo Red, and Rhodamine B via Covalent Organic Framework-Based Photocatalysts. Abstract: Photocatalytic degradation technology has received much attention from researchers in the last few decades, due to its easy and cost-effective nature. A lot of review articles have been published on dyes via photocatalytic degradation, but most of the review articles lack a detailed and in-depth photocatalytic degradation mechanism of dyes. Numerous review articles are available on photocatal-ysis. Here, in this review article, we are mainly focused on the complete and in-depth photocatalytic degradation mechanism of four commonly used dyes such as Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Congo Red and Rhodamine B, which will be highly useful for the new researchers that work on dyes' photocatalytic degradation. Initially, various aspects of dyes have been included in this review article, comprehensively. The main focus was on the covalent organic framework-based photocatalysts for dyes' photocatalytic degradation, due to their porous nature and various unique properties. Various synthesis routes and the photocatalytic performance of covalent organic frameworks and composite of covalent organic frameworks have been highlighted in this review article. In the last section of this review article, the main stimulus was the four mentioned dyes' properties, uses, and toxicity, and the photocatalytic degradation mechanism through various paths into environmentally friendly and less-harmful compounds in the presence of photocatalysts. Factors effecting the photocatalytic degradation, economic cost, challenges and future aspects of photocatalytic technology were also included in this review article. This review article will be highly useful for those researchers that work on the photocatalytic degradation of various dyes and search for the complete degradation of complex dye molecules.
... In comparison to activated carbon, nanomaterials as adsorbent systems can effectively remove pollutants and have a large surface area for reactions at a relatively small weight. a broad range of nanomaterial-based adsorbents with different forms and specifications (Ahsan et al. 2020;Homaeigohar 2020). Various remediation techniques, including lysis, filtration, adsorption, and oxidation, use ceramic, nanowire, and polymeric membranes, carbon nanotubes, and submicron particles. ...
The interest in nanotechnology has increased recently among both the scientific and business worlds. In terms of preserving the environment, generating energy, reducing pollution, and cleaning up after it, nanotechnology has a lot more to offer. For commercial purposes, removing contaminants from industrial pollutants is a significant challenge. These pollutants impart serious risk to the ecosystem and nanotechnology can reduce the amount of money spent by businesses to counteract these pollutants by producing environmentally friendly nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are becoming more and more common due to their enhanced physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Green biotechnology is now receiving increasingly more attention as owing to the use of microbes in the creation of nanoparticles, a new field of nanotechnology has been developed for efficient and sustainable production. This succinct review’s goal is to cover the various aspects of microbial nanotechnology-based industrial wastewater bioremediation. Enzyme activity and reusability have increased thanks to the use of nanotechnology in conjunction with enzymes. This chapter gives insight into the possibility and changes of using microbial nanotechnology in bioremediation of toxic pollution.
... During chrome tanning, only 55-70% chromium [6] is attached to the pickle pelt, and the rest is discharged with wastewater, which contains approximately 2000-5000 mg/L of chromium [7]. Currently, almost 1.6 million tons of 100,000 types of dyes [8] are consumed annually, out of which 10-15% are discharged into water bodies during use [9]. Dye-contaminated post-tanning wastewater discharges a huge amount of suspended solids and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, which decreases the dissolved oxygen of surface water and also restricts sunlight penetration, reduces photosynthesis, and increases the turbidity of water [10,11]. ...
... With the aim of generating innovative products at the nano-scale, nanotechnology spans a broad spectrum of applications in science and technology [1]. In recent years, nanoparticles, a product of nanotechnology, have been widely accepted for their distinct phenomenon and functionalities, as nanostructures display new and enhanced biochemical and physiochemical phenomena [2,3]. Recently, nanomaterials (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes) have reportedly been reported with significant applications in diverse fields, such as agriculture, energy, food processing, modern textile fabrication and many biomedical applications [4,5]. ...
Water pollution resulting from the discharge of dye-containing effluents poses a formidable challenge to environmental sustainability and human well-being. Thus, present work focuses on the innovative biogenic synthesis of Fe-doped Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles using Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach towards the removal of Malachite Green dye from aqueous solutions. The synthesis process is characterized using various analytical techniques to confirm the successful formation of Fe-doped Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles crystallize in corundum structure with average particle size of 61.87 nm, confirmed through XRD and BET analysis. UV examination revealed an absorption peak at 235 nm, confirming alumina nanoparticle formation, while FESEM micrographs depicted a rock-like structure. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate promising potential for the remediation of the toxicant Malachite Green dye as 96.67% of the dye has been removed within 60 min. Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics and the adsorption mechanism fitted well with Freundlich isotherm (R 2 =0.982) and pseudo-second order kinetics (R 2 =1.000). Comparative literature analysis suggests present study is the first to investigate, Fe-doped Al 2 O 3 through biogenic approach and its potential efficacy in degrading Malachite green dye. This biogenic approach to Fe-doped Al 2 O 3 synthesis provides valuable insights for industrial applications and aligning with sustainable development goals. The work also important considering circular economy objectives and commercial use. Abbreviations MG Malachite Green dye XRD X-ray diffraction FESEM Field emission scanning electron microscope EDS Energy-dispersive spectroscopy BET Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller method FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy q e Amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent at equilibrium (mg.g-1), q t Amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent at time t (mg.g-1), C 0 Initial concentration of MG dye (mg.L-1), C e Equilibrium concentration (mg.L-1), V Volume of dye solution (L), W Weight of nanoparticles adsorbent (g), k 1 Pseudo-first order rate constant (min-1), k 2 Pseudo second order rate constant (g.mg-1 .min-1), k int Intra-particule diffusion rate constant (mg.g-1 .min-0.5), C Constant indicating the thickness of the boundary layer, q m Monomolecular layer (maximum) adsorption capacity (mg.g-1) K L Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant (L.mg-1) K F Freundlich isotherm constant (L.mg-1), K d Equilibrium constant (cm 3 .g-1)
... Specially, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) represent a new generation of particularly interesting carbonaceous materials thanks to their nanometer size, high surface-to-volume ratio, as well as extraordinary surface chemical properties [24]. CNTs, discovered by Iijima in 1991 [25], started to be used as nano-adsorbents during the last two decades and brought revolutionary changes into wastewater treatment research [26][27][28][29]. The adsorption mechanisms mainly include surface diffusion, pore diffusion and adsorption reactions such as hydrophobic, electrostatic, π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds [30]. ...
Carbon nanomaterials are promising adsorbents for dye removal from wastewater also due to their possible surface functionalization that, in principle, can increase the adsorption rate and provide regeneration. To investigate the real advantages of functionalization, we synthesized and characterized through IR, TGA, TEM, XPS and DLS measurements a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) derivative bearing benzenesulfonate groups (MWCNT-S). The obtained material demonstrated to have good dispersibility in water and better capability to adsorb methylene blue (MB) compared to the pristine MWCNT adsorbent. Adsorption kinetic studies showed a very fast process, with a constant significantly higher with respect not only to that of the unfunctionalized MWCNT adsorbent but also to those of widely used activated carbons. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of MWCNT-S is more than doubled with respect to that of the insoluble pristine MWCNT adsorbent, thanks to the dispersibility of the derivatives, providing a larger available surface, and to the possible electrostatic interactions between the cationic MB and the anionic sulfonate groups. Additionally, the reversibility of ionic interactions disclosed the possibility to release the adsorbed cationic pollutant through competition with salts, not only regenerating the adsorbent, but also recovering the dye. Indeed, by treating the adsorbed material for 1 h with 1 M NaCl, a regeneration capacity of 75% was obtained, demonstrating the validity of this strategy.
... Typically, the presence of an azo group and aromatic rings serves to define nigrosine dye. These dyes' complex aromatic chemical structures are thought to make them extremely harmful to living things and resistant to biodegradation (Homaeigohar, 2020). Due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergy issues, vomiting, and cyanosis-causing qualities, they are also the ones causing the most worry (Karri et al., 2021). ...
In the current study, endophytic Aspergillus hiratsukae was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for the first time. The characterizations were performed using X ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The obtained results demonstrated the successful formation of crystalline, spherical Ag-NPs with particle diameters ranging from 16 to 31 nm. The FT-IR studied and displayed the various functional groups involved, which played a role in capping and reducing agents for Ag-NPs production. The SEM–EDX revealed that the main constituent of the AS-formed sample was primarily Ag, with a weight percentage of 64.2%. The mycosynthesized Ag-NPs were assessed for antimicrobial as well as photocatalytic activities. The antimicrobial results indicated that the synthesized Ag-NPs possess notable antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Ag-NPs ranging from 62.5 to 250 μg/mL. Moreover, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs demonstrated weak antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans, with MICs of 500 and 1,000 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the mycosynthesized Ag-NPs exhibited photocatalytic activity toward acid black 2 (nigrosine) dye under both light and dark stimulation. Notably, After 300 min exposure to light, the nigrosine dye was degraded by 93%. In contrast, 51% degradation was observed after 300 min in darkness. In conclusion, Ag-NPs were successfully biosynthesized using endophytic A. hiratsukae and also exhibited antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities that can be used in environmental applications.
... One of the emerging trends is the use of advanced technologies for environmental monitoring and predictive modeling (Homaeigohar, 2020;Rasheed et al., 2019) . Remote sensors, satellites and automated data collection platforms allow real-time analysis of water quality, contributing to the identification of critical pollution areas and monitoring changes over time (dos Santos Simões et al., 2022;Zelaya et al., 2019) . ...
Objective: This study aims to identify and analyze scientific gaps in the bibliometric study of river pollution, mapping the most prominent countries, journals and authors in this area of research.
Theoretical background: River pollution is a global problem resulting from human activity, including industrialization, urbanization and climate change. To combat it, approaches such as advanced monitoring and effective policies are essential. Water quality is vital for human health and the preservation of aquatic ecosystems.
Method: More than 4,000 articles were collected from the Scopus platform, covering the period from 2018 to 2022. A bibliometric analysis was carried out to identify patterns of scientific production, highlighting the most active and influential countries, journals and authors in the field of river pollution.
Results and Conclusions: The results revealed that the United States, China and the United Kingdom lead in scientific production on river pollution. The analysis also highlighted prominent journals and authors in the field. The gaps identified can guide future research and policy to address critical issues related to river pollution.
Research implications: Understanding the gaps in river pollution research is key to directing scientific efforts and public policies aimed at mitigating this global environmental problem. This research can inform strategies to improve water quality, protect aquatic biodiversity and promote public health in riverside communities.
Originality/value: This study contributes to the understanding of the geographical distribution and trends in scientific production on river pollution, highlighting the importance of collaborative and multidisciplinary approaches to address this urgent environmental challenge. The information provided can guide the allocation of
resources and the development of innovative solutions to protect the world's water resources.
... For instance, large scaled setup of membrane-based technology including ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis is economically not feasible and requires sophisticated experimental setup to operate, whereas methods supported by biological microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae are impractical in large scales. The threat of secondary pollution existing together with the chemical precipitation methods for BTEX removal is huge and it discourages the implementation of that method [7][8][9][18][19][20]. In recent years, adsorption technology has become the most promising and suitable technique applied for purifying water from organic contaminates owing to its high removal efficiency and capacity, low operation energy and cost, ease in operation, and availability of various types of material employed for this purpose [21,22]. ...
The adequate provision of clean water for the emerging population is a global issue. This emphasises the importance of detecting and eradicating toxic pollutants from water and the environment. Being a major pollutant of water resources, the importance of detection and remediation of BTEX compounds from environment is highly significant and challenging. This review article summarises the recent studies provided in literature on the remediation of BTEX from aqueous solution by adsorption process. Adsorption technology is among the most promising technique in BTEX removal due to its low energy requirements, low operating costs, simplicity, and its effectiveness. Different types of adsorptive materials used in BTEX removal from aqueous media are explained together with its classification and effectiveness under number of physicochemical operation factors. The effect of various factors such as temperature, initial BTEX concentration, solution pH, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity and efficiency of BTEX removal by various adsorbents is discussed. It also addresses some prevailing gaps in this area of research together with some suggestions for the upcoming research focuses.
Graphical Abstract
... Одной из передовых и бурно развивающихся технологий очистки сточных вод является нанобиоремедиация [2]. Наночастицы металлов в силу своих уникальных электронно-оптических свойств, большой площади поверхности, устойчивости к диффузии, нашли применение в сорбции, деколоризации и фотокатализе трудно деградируемых красителей [3]. Физико-химические методы получения наночастиц связаны обычно с большими энергозатратами, высокими температурами и давлением, токсичными отходами, и использованием поверхностно-активных веществ для стабилизации. ...
... Many metal-based NPs have been synthesised via green approach, but AgNPs have attracted significant attention as they possess excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. This includes different fields like pharmaceuticals, electronics, biomedicine, drug delivery, biomedical devices, delivery of peptides, environmental monitoring, dye degradation, and in control of infectious diseases [7,14,15]. They also show anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antimicrobial activity against grampositive and gram-negative bacteria [13]. ...
The paper describes biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Adhatoda vasica leaf extracts at room temperature. The prepared AgNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric analyser. The bio reduction method is devoid of any toxic chemicals, organic solvents, and external reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The synthesized AgNPs had spherical shape with particle size ranging between 3.88 and 23.97 nm and had face centered cubic structure. UV–visible spectral analysis confirmed the formation of AgNPs with a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 419 nm. The EDX pattern revealed the presence of elemental Ag in AgNPs. The prepared AgNPs were used for degradation of Amaranth, Allura red and Fast green in aqueous medium, with ≥ 92.6% efficiency within 15 min using 5 mg of AgNPs. The optical bandgap, Eg value of 2.26 eV for AgNPs was found to be effective for rapid photocatalytic degradation of all the three dyes. The degradation process was observed to follow pseudo first order kinetics.
