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![Topographic profiles of Dineen Island in 1973 and 2009 showing the change in the peat surface over 36 years. Modified from [17].](profile/Susan-Hohner/publication/322831087/figure/fig3/AS:593640648871936@1518546368104/Topographic-profiles-of-Dineen-Island-in-1973-and-2009-showing-the-change-in-the-peat.png)
Topographic profiles of Dineen Island in 1973 and 2009 showing the change in the peat surface over 36 years. Modified from [17].
Source publication
Abstract: In this chapter, we briefly discuss the development of the Everglades over the past 5 million years, the modifications made to the Everglades over the past century and a half and the quantification of the changes that have occurred to the peat soils of the Everglades due to natural and anthropogenic causes during this most recent period....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the calculation of peat loss from Dineen Island, a ghost tree island in WCA-2A, two data sources were available. A survey map from 1973 (Data Set #9) [31] was used to create a surface elevation map and for the most current surface, a survey conducted in 2009 (Data Set #10) [16] was used to create the surface elevation maps (Figures 4 and 5). Both surface elevation maps were created using ordinary kriging and elevation points collected during a number of tran- sects made across the island [17] (Figures 4 and 5, [17] Table 2. Everglades peat loss and subsidence since the mid-1800s from [33]. ...
Context 2
... survey map from 1973 (Data Set #9) [31] was used to create a surface elevation map and for the most current surface, a survey conducted in 2009 (Data Set #10) [16] was used to create the surface elevation maps (Figures 4 and 5). Both surface elevation maps were created using ordinary kriging and elevation points collected during a number of tran- sects made across the island [17] (Figures 4 and 5, [17] Table 2. Everglades peat loss and subsidence since the mid-1800s from [33]. ...
Context 3
... the calculation of peat loss from Dineen Island, a ghost tree island in WCA-2A, two data sources were available. A survey map from 1973 (Data Set #9) [31] was used to create a surface elevation map and for the most current surface, a survey conducted in 2009 (Data Set #10) [16] was used to create the surface elevation maps (Figures 4 and 5). Both surface elevation maps were created using ordinary kriging and elevation points collected during a number of tran- sects made across the island [17] (Figures 4 and 5, [17] Table 2. Everglades peat loss and subsidence since the mid-1800s from [33]. ...
Context 4
... survey map from 1973 (Data Set #9) [31] was used to create a surface elevation map and for the most current surface, a survey conducted in 2009 (Data Set #10) [16] was used to create the surface elevation maps (Figures 4 and 5). Both surface elevation maps were created using ordinary kriging and elevation points collected during a number of tran- sects made across the island [17] (Figures 4 and 5, [17] Table 2. Everglades peat loss and subsidence since the mid-1800s from [33]. ...
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Citations
... Dry-down of organic wetland soils are known to be a major contributor of green-house gases and their regulation is a topic of international interest (Joosten, 2010). Dry-down also results in the loss of organic soil through oxidation thereby reducing the storage of the surficial aquifer; for coastal wetlands like the Everglades which are already vulnerable to sea-level rise and saline intrusion, this could be catastrophic (Dreschel et al., 2018;Hohner and Dreschel, 2015). Distributed numerical models of unsaturated hydrology, with accurately derived parameters, can define soil water storage and flux, and serve as valuable tools in the conservation, restoration, and management of altered, ecologically sensitive systems like wetlands. ...
... Whereas peat, formed by the slow anaerobic decomposition of plant matter, can be further classified as Everglades peat and Loxahatchee peat based on its botanical origin. Everglades peat is formed from the decomposition of sawgrass sedges, while Loxahatchee peat is formed from aquatic plants like water lilies (Dreschel et al., 2018). Due to the contrasting hydroperiod (number of days of per year the soil surface is wet) requirements for soil formation, peat is prevalent in marshes of the Northern Everglades region, which are wetter (hydroperiods greater than 330 days), whereas marl is prevalent in marshes of Southern Everglades (hydroperiods greater than 120 days) (Ross et al., 2003;Sklar et al., 2000). ...
Alterations to the natural hydrology of wetlands like the Everglades have increased the presence of unsaturated zones in typically inundated soil environments. Understanding soil moisture dynamics through numerical modeling requires a large dataset of soil hydraulic parameters (SHPs) due to the spatially variable nature of hydromorphic soils typically found in wetlands. Furthermore, the application of conventional parameterization models is challenging due to shrinkage with desaturation observed in these organic-rich soils. The objective of this work was to investigate water retention, shrinkage, and the effect of shrinkage on the SHPs of Everglades soils. This study used pressure plate extractors to determine the soil water retention curves (SWRCs) and corresponding shrinkage from triplicates for 53 sites across the Everglades. In addition, the organic content (OC), and fiber content (FC) were measured in the laboratory. An agglomerative clustering method applied to the retention and shrinkage data identified three distinct clusters: marl, mixed marl-peat and peat. Marl had higher volumetric water contents (VWCs) than marl-peat or peat particularly at higher pressures. The susceptibility of peat to shrinkage resulted in lower VWCs compared to the other two soils. When shrinkage was accounted for in the vGM model, a significantly higher α and lower n were observed. In addition, some deviations from typical SWRC behavior, attributed to the collapse of macro-pores, caused poor model fit. Northern marshes with predominantly fibric peat had steeper SWRCs due to the inverse relationship between FC and VWC at higher pressures. Further work is required to determine the influence of vegetation on the SWRC.
This article explores the making of identity for two sets of human skeletal remains, labeled 1928 Hurricane Victims 1 and 2 Belle Glade. The remains are so poorly preserved that traditional bioarchaeological analysis to explore their perimortem identity is not possible. However, an exploration of their postmortem identity allows us to examine the relationship between landscape, soil, memory, and bodies in bioarchaeology. This article challenges us to consider how bioarchaeology “makes” identity. It does so against the backdrop of one of the worst natural history disasters in United States history, the 1928 Lake Okeechobee Hurricane in Belle Glade, Florida. The loss of some 2,000 to 3,000 individuals in one night, primarily Black migrant farm laborers, is little remembered in national history, but it profoundly shaped the region, and contributes to an ongoing creation of a category of skeletal remains found in the area even today and labeled hurricane victims.
The Everglades is a freshwater wetland located in southern Florida. It originated 5500 years ago when rising waters of Lake Okeechobee and its vicinity fostered deposition of wetland soils through former uplands with widely exposed bedrock. Its development occurred in the presence of, and under the influence of Native Americans, their occupation having predated the Everglades by thousands of years. Prior to regional drainage, which began in the 1880s, the Everglades covered about 4000 square miles. It sloped southward at about 2.5 inches per mile from Lake Okeechobee to coastal tidal waters at the south end of Florida’s mainland. Just over half of the Everglades remains today, mostly broken into water-conservation impoundments controlled by levees and canals with only Everglades National Park at the south end still free-flowing. Pristine areas of the Everglades are oligotrophic, consisting mostly of marshes rich in periphyton. The marshes and periphyton are rapidly degraded by phosphorus enrichment over the maximum background of 10 ppb. Other enrichment of concern is sulfur and its association with elevated methylmercury, the latter biomagnified in Everglades fauna. Everglades marsh landscapes include long-hydroperiod sloughs (flooded 11+ months annually) and intermediate-hydroperiod sawgrass ridges (flooded 9–10 months), both underlain by peat soils, and smaller areas of short-hydroperiod, mixed-herb marshes (mostly flooded 3–7 months) underlain by marl. The latter occur around the edges of the southern Everglades. Unevenly distributed through these marshes are tree islands of several kinds based on their genesis and flora. One type was frequented through history by Native Americans, which influenced island development. Recent work has demonstrated the role of water flow in the evolution and maintenance of marsh and tree-island landscape features, all aligned with the pre-drainage direction of flow. Other Everglades features include small ponds called alligator holes that have various origins but are maintained by alligators and are ecologically important. Surrounding the Everglades are other plant communities, principally forests, and most outflows of water from the Everglades pass through extensive and highly productive tidal mangrove swamp forests before entering shallow marine waters at the south end of the system. Everglades wildlife responds to summer wet-season and winter-spring dry-season cycling, which characterizes southern Florida’s nearly tropical climate. Many introduced plants and animals have stressed the natural Everglades ecosystem, which supports 68 threatened and endangered species. Restoration efforts are in progress. Phosphorus reduction, initiated in the mid-1990s, has been successful but short of compliance targets. Overall ecosystem restoration is ongoing but slow. In combination with phosphorus reduction, it involves revision of South Florida’s water-control system to ensure the right quality, timing, and distribution of water.
