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![The risk-resilience continuum [32]. Dark grey represents pre-event preparedness activities, while light grey represents post-event response activities .](profile/Masaru-Yarime/publication/279851742/figure/fig1/AS:284444595376133@1444828284710/The-risk-resilience-continuum-32-Dark-grey-represents-pre-event-preparedness.png)
The risk-resilience continuum [32]. Dark grey represents pre-event preparedness activities, while light grey represents post-event response activities .
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As the human and financial costs of natural disasters rise and state finances continue to deplete, increasing attention is being placed on the role of the private sector to support disaster and climate resilience. However, not only is there a recognised lack of private finance to fill this gap, but international institutional and financing bodies t...
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... and scope of activities that could be comprised by this categorisation, in this paper resilience refers to: • Resilience of what (and for whom): communities (this can also refer to a constellation of inter-connected communities within a given region, e.g., urban communities). • Resilience to what: natural hazards that are exacerbated by climate change impacts and can be alleviated through a range of DCR activities (droughts, tropical cyclones, floods, landslides, heat waves, fires, extreme precipitation). • Resilience interventions: climate adaptation and mitigation activities linked with DRR projects implemented at company, community or municipality level. • Resilience investment: funding or finance that is provided for implementing resilience interventions. In their review of concepts of agency, capacity, and resilience across human development, well-being, and disasters literature, Brown and Westaway [24] note that development and humanitarian discourses are increasingly incorporating concepts of community resilience and social capital. This can involve the promotion of both resilience building through sustainable development ( i.e. , avoiding poorly planned development and increased poverty through environmental degradation) and the protection of investments in development (by reducing exposure to natural hazards and climate change) [3]. Often it remains unclear whether or how these resilience building activities at community levels are of commercial relevance to private sector partners with larger financial resources, such as international companies and financial institutions (FIs). Spending on DCR in the private sector more broadly ( i.e. , larger multi-nationals and medium sized enterprises) has focussed on incorporating risk reduction into business planning and management for specific resilience in relation to distinct shocks, such as addressing weaknesses in urban physical infrastructure, business continuity management for rapid recovery, and supply chain risk exposure [25–27]. However, there is often greater focus on the short term and the system of concern ( i.e. , a particular supply chain) than on longer term, general resilience and connectivity issues [13]. Longer time scales, unintended consequences and feedbacks between corporate actions and social-economic dynamics at the ground level tend to be less prominently taken into account [7,26]. Beyond enterprise risk management for increased resilience, new pools of private capital will need to be mobilised into ex-ante investments to meet the challenges of DCR given the lack of national finance to effectively tackle resilience building [11]. However, much work remains to clarify how private sector partners and investors could become willing to invest in resilience building activities in line with the expectations of international DRR frameworks [28] and along the full risk-resilience continuum (Figure 1). Focus has so far centred on innovation in financial engineering and alternative financial risk transfer mechanisms [29,30] and partnerships [31] to increase resilience in relation to repair and recovery. Risk-transfer or pooling financial instruments allows for the contractual shifting of risk from one party to another, often an insurer ( i.e. , micro-insurance, catastrophe bonds, etc. ), thus supporting the financial protection of potentially damaged assets in the case of disaster. Instruments such as remittances for supporting recovery and the disbursement of payment reliefs also support repair and recovery ...
Citations
... Various sources of funding are often utilized for investing in disaster resilience projects. As Clarvis et al. (2015) noted, resilience investments mostly come from 'government budget outlays, international aid, donor financing, trust funds, and to a lesser extent, private sector corporate social responsibility (CSR) partnerships ' (p. 9054). ...
... Recently, a variant of conventional catastrophe bonds, the RE:bound Resilience Bond, has been designed to help reduce the financial burden caused by disasters for both private and public sectors. The RE:bound Resilience Bond is a relatively new type of security (i.e., an instrument that can be traded in the financial market) designed to finance resilient infrastructure projects reducing large-scale risks in future disasters (Clarvis et al., 2015;Coffee, 2020;Colker, 2019;Kunreuther et al., 2016;Meenan et al., 2019;Morrow & Vezér, 2020;Richmond & Hallmeyer, 2019;Vajjhala & Rhodes, 2015Wong, 2019). Considering the growing concern over climate change and the need to mitigate natural hazards' risks, similar financial tools may become more popular in the near future. ...
... We find strong evidence that capital constraint is related to having an adaptation gap and that the existing state grants do not mitigate this constraint. This finding highlights the importance of studying funding channels that can alleviate capital constraints, including private financing and public-private partnership [41][42][43] . Additionally, we find that adaptation can mitigate the funding constraint by reducing the cost of capital. ...
Adaptation is critical in reducing the inevitable impact of climate change. Here we study cities’ adaptation to elevated flood risk by introducing a linguistic measure of adaptation extracted from financial disclosures of 431 US cities over 2013–2020. While cities with a higher flood risk have higher adaptation, more than half of high-risk cities have below-average adaptation levels. We explore three factors associated with this adaptation gap, defined as a city’s adaptation being lower than predicted based on flood risk. We do not find that Republican cities are more likely to have an adaptation gap. Instead, our results point to the importance of financial constraints: cities with one standard deviation smaller unrestricted-fund-to-expense ratio are 6.6% more likely to have an adaptation gap. We also provide evidence on the importance of long-term planning: cities with a planning horizon shorter by one year are 4% more likely to have an adaptation gap.
... However, it has been observed that local plans often fail to integrate smoothly with one another due to poor plan alignment, leading to increased physical and social vulnerabilities [2]. In addition, the rising costs of natural disasters coupled with the decreasing capital in government bodies mean that there is a need to engage other key players in the fight against climate change impacts [3]. In many ways, the participation of private-sector organizations is the next step required to close the climate resilience gap. ...
... There is an opportunity to cross the barriers through public-private cross-sector collaboration. Public officials can provide training and subject matter experts, while private organizations can help by improving the capital allocation of resilience investments [3]. Collaborative partnerships can help cities steer private-sector resilience efforts, while the private sector can benefit from having a greater voice in urban planning [12]. ...
... accessed on 28 April 2022). 2 Macrotrends (https://www.macrotrends. net/stocks/charts/CM/canadian-imperial-bank-of-commerce/revenue, accessed on 1 March 2022).3 Forbes, 2021 (https://www.forbes.com/companies/hydro-one/?sh=154df66823f3, accessed on 1 March 2022.4 ...
Communities and businesses continue to experience the effects of climate change as global temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more frequent. In the United States (US), the public sector has traditionally been responsible for mitigating these risks; however, engaging the private sector is crucial, given industrial impacts on and vulnerability to climate change. Private-sector mitigation and adaptation efforts are critical in the Great Lakes Region due to aging infrastructure as well as its economic, environmental, and political importance in the US and Canada. This study explores private-sector resilience efforts in three Great Lakes cities to identify opportunities and trends that could inform climate resilience strategies in the region. Climate-related commitments and actions of nine major firms in Toronto, Chicago, and Cleveland are evaluated in relation to seven climate resilience criteria on a five-level maturity scale from January to May 2022. The results indicate a moderate level of maturity, with efforts mainly at facility and community levels of engagement. Overall, this study suggests that major firms participate in climate resilience efforts, but to a limited extent, and may have varying priorities that affect the initiatives they pursue. This study could contribute to advancing climate resilience efforts in the public and private sectors from regional to global levels.
... For example, for the recent conflict in Ukraine, a range of pledges were made in the early months of the war notably by the European Union, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank and the IMF. These stakeholders would benefit from such a framework to facilitate communication and mutual accountability between authorities of the affected country to better prioritise and target funds to support the rapid recovery of critical infrastructure (Clarvis et al., 2015). ...
Apart from security issues, war-torn societies and countries face immense challenges in rebuilding damaged critical infrastructure. Existing post-conflict recovery frameworks mainly focus on social impacts and mitigation. Also, existing frameworks for resilience to natural hazards are mainly based on design and intervention, yet, they are not fit for post-conflict infrastructure recovery for a number of reasons explained in this paper. Post-conflict peacebuilding can be enhanced when resilience by assessment (RBA) is employed, using standoff observations that include data from disparate remote-sensing sources, e.g. public satellite imagery, forensics and crowdsourcing, collected during the conflict. This paper discusses why conflicts and warfare require a new framework for achieving post-conflict infrastructure resilience. It then introduces a novel post-conflict framework that includes different scales of resilience with a focus on asset and regional resilience. It considers different levels of knowledge, with a focus on standoff observations and data-driven assessments to facilitate prioritisation during reconstruction. The framework is then applied to the transport network of the area west of Kyiv, Ukraine to demonstrate how resilience by assessment can support decision-makers, such as governments and multilateral financial institutions, to address infrastructure needs and accelerate financial and humanitarian assistance, absorb shocks and maximise infrastructure recovery after conflict.
... At first by the authors experience and then by the study of literature the human effective components (HECs) in crisis management is reviewed and extracted. Based on the same process meaning the experience and also literature review some of these HECs among all based on the different factors like culture, politics, economics, social, are being extracted [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
... There are some important factors in relation to HEC especially NHECs based on different angels such as social [1,3,6], economic [3,9,19], cultural [17], political [20], Physical [21,22], ecological [3,16,19,[23][24][25], etc. which is mainly based on the human Mentality and as an oral context which should be reveled and to be written and evidenced so that it can be formulated, categorized and of course used as an experience for similar situations which relies on and is dependent to the crisis manger's CNHECs such as: Level of management skills, ignorance (ignoring ignorance), mind bandwidth, etc. ...
... The effectiveness and sensitivity of human components and factors will be gradually and sometimes suddenly change and reach to a higher level in each person as a crisis manager from time to time based on experience acquired and during a time period and based on the external factors i.e. social [1,3,6], economic (3,9,19), cultural [17], political [20], physical [21,22], ecological [3,16,19,[23][24][25], etc. if the crisis manager tends to mislead and mismanage the condition through intentional latency by he/she's own will or by a higher level manager to acquire and achieve a higher goal which also may not suit a honest framework but will meet the crisis manager's needs being planned for will be a super complex condition in which a precautionary action will be possible only by professionals. This condition will concentrate on CNHECs such as level of management skills, ignorance, mind bandwidth, etc. ...
Background: In different crises without any exception, especially sudden emergencies, the role of human effective components (HECs), native human effective components (NHECs) (belonging to a specific space and location), and especially core native human effective components (CNHECs); and among CNHECs, level of management skills, ignorance, and manager’s mind bandwidth are of vital importance in crisis management. These three specified CNHECs can affect crisis management and managers as well as the level of latency in planning, strategy, and management, and as such through a complexity of reactions (i.e. A. affective, B. behavioral, and C. cognitive reactions) to increase resiliency and decrease distress in metropolitan urban areas. The time limitation is also an important issue to be considered. Materials and Methods: The type of review method has been integrative review. For a better review process, 200 articles during an approximately 50-year time (1972-2021) period during 3 years of the review process were studied and for the selection method, the well-known scientific databases and universities, the search terms, and inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected, analyzed, and summarized through a review protocol. Results: We aim to shed light on HECs preparation of NHECs and CNHECs in disaster management which will generate a good understanding to increase the resiliency and decrease the distress in crisis managers in times of sudden emergencies in metropoles as a sustainable development framework for the future. Conclusion: By creating the proposed taxonomy and classification of CNHECs in crisis management (managers), at first a better understanding will be obtained which in times of sudden crisis can increase resiliency and decrease distress generating a sustainable development framework.
... Various sources of funding are often utilized for investing in disaster resilience projects. As Clarvis et al. (2015) noted, resilience investments mostly come from 'government budget outlays, international aid, donor financing, trust funds, and to a lesser extent, private sector corporate social responsibility (CSR) partnerships ' (p. 9054). ...
... Recently, a variant of conventional catastrophe bonds, the RE:bound Resilience Bond, has been designed to help reduce the financial burden caused by disasters for both private and public sectors. The RE:bound Resilience Bond is a relatively new type of security (i.e., an instrument that can be traded in the financial market) designed to finance resilient infrastructure projects reducing large-scale risks in future disasters (Clarvis et al., 2015;Coffee, 2020;Colker, 2019;Kunreuther et al., 2016;Meenan et al., 2019;Morrow & Vezér, 2020;Richmond & Hallmeyer, 2019;Vajjhala & Rhodes, 2015Wong, 2019). Considering the growing concern over climate change and the need to mitigate natural hazards' risks, similar financial tools may become more popular in the near future. ...
... For many producers in tropical rural landscapes, however, these financial products do not meet their needs or circumstances. Examples of mismatches include [23,24,27,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][41][42][43][44]: lack of collateral due to insecure land tenure; payment periods that do not match harvesting cycles; loan terms that do not match production cycles; and administrative processes that are not transparent or predictable, which leads to people not receiving loans when they are most needed. These mismatches are partly due to a lack of knowledge about the agriculture and forestry sectors and their needs among financial institutions and regulators. ...
... The major challenges for finance providers (FPs) include an incomplete understanding of the agriculture and forestry sectors, making it difficult for them to build relations of trust with the various stakeholders [27,33,43]; the limited size and number of familiar and proven business cases; and, as a result, the relatively high costs of providing services [23,29,30,32,45]. Another challenge is the FPs generally poor understanding of what it takes to make finance more inclusive of MSMEs. ...
... Stakeholder approach. Several authors recommend that investors and financiers engage with multi-stakeholder platforms to build trust and address power imbalances [24,29,[33][34][35]43,45] and to ensure that projects are relevant to the context and embrace the socio-cultural dimensions of the places where they operate [34]. When projects and business investments do not sufficiently integrate context, they can have significant negative impacts in the landscape where they are implemented [45]. ...
Access to finance is a key element of sustainable and inclusive landscapes. We conducted a literature review to identify the factors that contribute to or hinder inclusive financing for micro/small/medium-sized enterprises and projects across sectors in ways that collectively contribute to more sustainable landscapes in the tropics. The key factors in the design of inclusive landscape finance are landscape governance, the financial literacy of local stakeholders, access to finance technology and services, and inclusive finance facilities and associated mechanisms for integrated (i.e., multi-project, multi-sector, spatially coordinated) landscape finance. The most frequent challenges are the types of existing financial products, the lack of livelihood assets among recipients (such as capital and income), the lack of transparency in finance mechanisms, the small scale of potential business cases, and the high risks perceived by finance providers and their customers. From this review, we propose components specifically focused on financial inclusion that complement the framework for integrated landscape finance developed by the Finance Solutions Design Team for the 1000 Landscapes for 1 Billion People Initiative. We suggest how the revised framework can be applied in designing and assessing the inclusiveness of finance mechanisms for integrated landscape management and to guide further research.
... Adaptation decision support tools enable a shift from reactive to anticipatory planning for changing climate risks (high confidence). The available tools are diversifying with futures and systems methodologies and dynamic adaptive policy pathways being increasingly used (Bosomworth et al., 2017;Prober et al., 2017;Lawrence et al., 2018a;CoA, 2020e;Rogers et al., 2020a;Schneider et al., 2020) (11.5;Box 11.6) to facilitate the shift from static to dynamic adaptation by highlighting path dependencies and potential lock-in of decisions, system dependencies and the potential for cascading impacts (Table 11.17) Clarvis et al., 2015;Pearson et al., 2018;Cradock-Henry et al., 2020b;Lawrence et al., 2020b). Modelling and tools to test the robustness and cost-effectiveness of options (Infometrics and PSConsulting, 2015;Qin and Stewart, 2020) can be used alongside adaptation strategies with decision-relevant and usable information Tangney, 2019;Serrao-Neumann et al., 2020), particularly when supported by effective governance and national and sub-national guidance (Box 11.6). ...
The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
... Being in the 'era of turbulence', managing SC risks to reduce vulnerability and ensure business continuity is often problematic [12,13]. SC resilience has been proposed as a critical capability, necessary to regain a new stable position, recovering or returning close to its original state, after perturbations [14,15]. However, the literature suggests that many companies are not well prepared for the challenges they have to confront nowadays [16,17]. ...
... In turn, manufacturing risks can have huge consequences on the downstream SC operations [29]. Delivery risks basically refer to outbound logistics, which has been highlighted as a critical link in SC management [14,39]. Delivery-related impacts mainly concern the physical distribution of products to endcustomers with particular issues concerning transport operations (e.g., a truck driver strike) and distribution networks (e.g., warehouse shutdowns) [22,35]. ...
... A proven capability to face SC vulnerability is resilience [13]. Resilience implies that a system can adapt in order to regain a new stable position (recover, or return close to, its original state) after perturbations [12,14]. Consequently, resilience is usually defined in terms of speed to get back to normal and often includes the definition of mitigation capabilities [2,42]. ...
Supply chain resilience is a critical capability needed to compete in the current turbulent and unpredictable business environment, but many companies still tend to underestimate its relevance. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding which supply chain impacts influence the policies and actions undertaken when resilience is concerned is important. This study investigated the relationships between the impacts experienced at the different supply chain tiers during the pandemic, and explored which impacts could drive perceptions towards developing resilience strategies in the future. A survey instrument was developed adopting a mid-range approach, targeting manufacturers active in the Italian grocery supply chain. Data were analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results showed that source-related impacts deeply affect make- and delivery-related impacts, and make-related impacts mainly influence the perceptions about future resilience strategies. In fact, manufacturers appear to be primarily interested in those strategies ensuring the continuity of their intrinsic operations. The study could inform theory and practice about companies’ decisions towards the adoption of certain approaches. Also, it highlights promising research avenues related to deepening understanding of how perceptions could predict future intentions to engage in protective actions to adequately cope with potential future disruptions.
... For example, for the recent conflict in Ukraine, a range of pledges were made in the early months of the war notably by the European Union, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank and the IMF. These stakeholders would benefit from such a framework to facilitate communication and mutual accountability between authorities of the affected country to better prioritise and target funds to support the rapid recovery of critical infrastructure (Clarvis et al., 2015). ...
