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The ketone body converses. (A) The ketogenic diet foods. (B) Ketogenic diet raised ketone body levels. Blood ketone bodies (<0.6 mmole/L) are markers specifically β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and acetone. The breath acetone level is lower compared to blood BHB. Direct measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate circumvents this problem. Therefore, the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) blood test may underestimate the true circulating ketone bodies.
Source publication
The ketogenic diet and walking exercise training interventions are two key public health lifestyle factors. The potential of combined lifestyle factors interventions focused on getting to compliance in diet and exercise. A balanced ketogenic diet and regular exercise interventions is key modifiable factor to the prevention and management of communi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... ketogenic diet is converted fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy to increase the number of mitochondria as the body adapts [27]. However, this is of no consequence provided the ketogenic diet converted ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) are closing in community older groups and the patient is continuing to improve clinically ( Figure 3A). ...
Context 2
... exercise training may be able to increase their blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in the community older groups and be increased in ketosis. Endogenous production of high levels of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is regarded as 5 mM blood BHB for 120 min after walking exercise in the older men ( Figure 3B) [29]. This ketogenic diet has long been used as a treatment in the community of older men focused on the therapeutic effects of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). ...
Context 3
... diet containing low carbohydrates, consisting primarily of proteins and fat. Some healthy foods are eaten on a ketogenic diet, for example, seafood, low-carb vegetables, cheese, eggs, meat, poultry, coffee, and tea ( Figure 3A) [34]. The importance of high fat in aging-related diseases reducing regimens on different walking exercise training models is shown by comparing the effects of four different types of ketogenic dietary regimens. ...
Context 4
... ketogenic diet and walking exercise are both important for optimal health. Both ketogenic diet and walking exercise interventions in the older community groups can help to reduce aging-related heart, brain, vascular, stomach, muscle, lung, liver, kidney, and large intestine injury (Figure 3). While old men may be tempted to pick one over the other, a ketogenic diet and walking exercise training work hand in hand, and combining both will optimize health and quality of life [63]. ...
Citations
Although drug-resistant epilepsy has been explained by different mechanisms, the most accepted one involves overexpression of efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier and at drug-elimination tissues. Tissue expression of efflux transporters can not only be triggered by some antiseizure medications (ASMs) with inducing properties but also by physiological factors such as redistribution of cardiac output. Tissues with high metabolic rates in need of oxygen and glucose will receive a higher fraction of blood and, thus, any other solutes from blood including ASMs. The increased expression of efflux transporters in these tissues due to the increased cardiac output fractions triggered by the energetic tissue requirements will precisely avoid the entrance of any unnecessary substance. Increased expression and function of transporters in the brain are observed in rest periods when there is a significant withdrawal of blood flow from the skeletal muscles and a persistent influx of magnesium. Then, circadian rest-activity rhythms condition not only the expression of transporters but also their functioning.Even though glucose is the common fuel for the brain, ketone bodies are a much better source of energy. Apart from the ketogenic diets, ketone bodies can be obtained through physical exercise and through the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids via L-carnitine. Besides, physical activity also decreases the cerebral fraction of cardiac output, contributing then to avoiding its high rate of efflux.Therefore, possible strategies to overcome drug resistance consist of: administering old ASMs under a bitherapy regime, as is the case of valproate and phenytoin (or another drug of choice) but with different dosing intervals; co-administration of l-carnitine, as a supplement to support an adequate metabolism of fatty acids and also to protect the patient from eventual hyperammonemia valproate can cause; and appropriate routine of physical exercise.KeywordsEfflux transporters overexpressionCircadian rhythmsTissue blood flowTissue metabolic ratePhysical exerciseTherapeutic management
