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The Xybernaut MA IV wearable computer used in collaborative experiments with the user interface of DISCIPLE. It consists of the following components: (1) head-mounted display and headphones, (2) forward-facing camera, (3) close-talk microphone, (4) CPU, pointing device, and wireless network equipment, and (5) battery pack.
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Flexible user interfaces that can be customized to meet the needs of the task at hand are particularly important for real-time group collaboration. This paper presents the user interface of the DISCIPLE (DIstributed System for Collaborative Information Processing and LEarning) system for synchronous groupware along with the multimodal human-compute...
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Citations
... Adaptable UIs allow users to explicitly customize the UIs to satisfy their needs for completing specific tasks ( Rivera, 2005). It has been applied in many computer software applications to ensure users have a satisfied UI (Marsic & Dorohonceanu, 2003;McGrenere, Baecker, & Booth, 2002). The Ikea effect indicates that a product value can be increased as a customer invests labors into the product (Norton, Mochon, & Ariely, 2011). ...
An Object-Oriented User Interface Customization (OOUIC) framework has been previously proposed as a systematic approach toward reducing the complexity and improving usability and user performance. The OOUIC suggests combining adaptive and adaptable User Interfaces (UIs). Adaptive UIs reduce complexity while adaptable UIs enable customization for specific needs. The objective of this paper is to assess the combination of adaptive and adaptable UIs for improving usability and user performance of complex UIs. Complex UIs are the original interfaces of a complex system. Adaptive UIs automatically tailor UIs to be relevant to a user role but fail to satisfy an individual's unique needs. Adaptable UIs enable a user to adjust UIs to meet needs for achieving specific tasks but are hard to use. Combining these two techniques enables users to customize complex UIs more easily. This research can be applied directly to the design and redesign of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems. These systems have been consistently enhanced for their lack of usability. In this study complex UIs, adaptive UIs, adaptable UIs, and combination UIs were assessed by measuring 96 participants' perceived usability, task time, and eye tracking data. Significant results were found on usability score (F (3, 189) = 12.14, p < .001), time spent (F (3, 189) = 63.40, p < .001), and fixation count (F (3, 189) = 39.72, p < .001), indicating that adaptive, adaptable, and combination UIs had better usability and user performance than complex UIs. The usability of combination UIs and adaptable UIs was better than adaptive UIs. Combining adaptive and adaptable UIs can facilitate users to simplify complex UIs.
Collaborative brainstorming harbors various positive effects: Enhancement of creativity and social skills, broader discussions and contributions, and instant feedback [28] [46], while the technique of mind mapping simultaneously visualizes the results of this process. Using a Virtual Reality (VR) application, a technology increasingly adopted for ideation [44] [23], this study creates a setting that allows collaborators to produce meaningful results in an immersive digital environment. By nature, group settings remain complex and dynamic, with emotions playing a significant role in the outcome [2]. So far, emotional responses have mainly been researched through biophysical responses on a single-user basis [13].
To assess the complex relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the language-based results of collaborations, a mind-mapping task was analyzed through performance and sentiment analysis, a natural language processing (NLP) technique that identifies the polarity of a given text. We examine the outcome of 13 sessions (N=39) in VR by distinguishing the results into problem-orientation and solution-orientation before applying a fine-tuned language model to get detailed information on the emotional polarity of the results. This mixed-level data analysis shall bridge the gap between self-assessment questionnaires and support the automated group work evaluation by analyzing results on an objective scale. Although enhanced problem orientation could not be connected to specific emotions in the sentiment analysis, our results have shown significant relationships between the number of solutions created and the emotions of joy and surprise and a significant negative relationship with the emotion of sadness.
Much of the current research in human-robot interaction is concerned with single systems and single or few users. These systems and their interfaces are generally tightly- coupled and well-defined. For large-scale human-robot interactions, it may not be possible to know the systems in advance of designing the interface for potential human interaction. This presents a difficult goal for allowing multiple users to interact with many possibly unknown systems. In this paper, we present an interaction infrastructure aligned with providing this interface. It operates in two phases accommodating both many-to-many interactions and allowing for generalized and more personal one-to-one interaction between users and robotic systems. Our previous research has demonstrated the infrastructure to scale to a large number of users and several systems in simulation. The experiments in this paper substantiate these results in a smaller-scale real robotic environment.
This paper presents Clay, a novel architecture that provides a solution to the issues raised in the implementation and management of an asynchronous collaborative editing environment. Clay allows content developers simultaneous, real-time editing access to the same document. Clay's unique server framework takes advantage of SOAP to enable open client solutions to a wide variety of document types and client platforms. By taking advantage of currently deployed technology and open standards, Clay eases the cost of migration and implementation of collaborative applications and allows multi-platform clients to interact smoothly on a diverse set of media.
The paper specifies the design and evaluation of DocShow-VR's user interface. DocShow-VR is a software composite of data generator, dispatcher, and interactive displays for visualizing results of computational simulations over networks by means of animated 3D graphics in real time, used by researchers. 6 researchers, developers, and students evaluated the system informally over 10 months, collaboratively and alone. Results are specified. We improve the interface for network-distributed learning groups. A formal evaluation is due June 2003. Our improvements of the soft-ware in accordance to the evaluation results will aid students of the natural and technical sciences to use complex visualization.
We present a novel algorithm, called dARB, for solving the concurrency control prob- lem in distributed collaborative applications. The main issue of concurrency control is resolving the conflicts resulting from simultaneous actions of multiple users. The algorithm reduces the need for manual conflict resolution by using a distributed arbitration scheme. The main advantages of our approach are the simplicity of use and good responsiveness, as there are no lock mechanisms. Our algorithm requires the applications to use a tree as the internal data structure. This makes it application independent and suitable for general collaborative applications. The tree requirement is reasonable since many new applications use XML (extensible Markup Language) for data represen- tation and exchange, and parsing XML documents results in tree structures. Example applications of the algorithm, a group text editor and a collaborative D virtual environment called cWorld, are implemented and evaluated in the DISCIPLE collaboration framework. We also introduce awareness widgets that users avoid generating the conflicting events and help in manual conflict resolution.
In a real-time collaborative system, one user's actions must be instantaneously propagated to all the other current participants. A session might start with some users, others might join in later, and still others might leave and join again. Unlike stateless collaborative applications such as videoconferencing and discussion groups, state-full collaborative applications must offer latecomer and crash recovery support. Such applications include shared electronic whiteboards, chat rooms, collaborative design, collaborative virtual worlds, and multiplayer games. There are two main research directions in this area: logging and playback of events, and exporting the application state to newcomers. Both have advantages and shortcomings. Event logging and playback imposes minimal requirements on applications and lets latecomers see how the existing participants reached the present state. However, it can require an excessive amount of storage, because sessions can last a long time. Bringing a latecomer up to date might also take a long time, for the same reason. The other technique, exporting the application state to each latecomer, has minimal storage requirements and takes relatively little time. However, the latecomer cannot see how the present situation developed. Also, the application must provide for exporting its data structures. The "Related Work" sidebar points to other research in this area. Latecomer and crash recovery support should satisfy most or all of the following, sometimes contradictory, requirements: • resilience to individual site failures; • transparency to the user and application developer, being a general-purpose part of a collaboration infrastructure; • high interactivity needing little latecomer updating time; • economical use of resources, particularly of storage; and • flexibility in history review, from the entire history to the final state only.
It is imperative to identify practical considerations that software projects can use to help them maximize User Interface (UI) design quality while minimizing cost and programming effort. Although, recent advances in hardware products cause production of larger screens with new features, yet the screen size is so limited; moreover, the capabilities of the applications and expectation of the end-users is increased. Therefore, introducing new methods to increase end-users' concentration is essential. In this paper, we propose new structures and methods for designing from-based user interfaces. The structures include widgets, organization and navigation with friendly capabilities, help and education, efficiency and customization. The ideas can be widely deployed in our currently used interfaces in order to increase efficiency.
Pervasive networking and sophisticated computing open
opportunities for collaborative information processing independent of
time and space. In this instance the information system becomes an
enhancer of human intellect, as well as a mediator for communication
among participants. The human user favors the sensory dimensions of
sight, sound, and touch as primary channels of communication. Machines
that can accommodate these modes promise flexibilities and
functionalities that transcend the traditional mouse and keyboard. The
paper describes research to establish human-computer interfaces that
capture attributes of natural face-to-face communication. An
experimental multimodal system is developed to study several aspects of
natural style human-computer communication. While as yet primitive, the
technologies of image and gaze processing, hands-free conversation, and
force feedback tactile transduction are combined and used simultaneously
for manipulating objects in a shared workspace. Software agents fuse the
sensory signals to estimate and interpret user intent. Current areas of
experimental application include disaster relief/crisis management,
telemedicine/rehabilitation, and mobile office/wearable computers
With the proliferation of mobile computing devices we witness an increasing demand for applications supporting collaboration for wireless mobile devices, where the possibility of temporary losing the connection is considerable. We present here a novel framework that allows users to work offline and then to merge the local data with the global application state when the connection is reestablished. The algorithm is optimal with respect to the amount of data sent through the network and is completely transparent to the user. We implemented two example applications, as Java applications on workstations and as Java spotlets on Palm Pilots, and used them to evaluate the system performance. The results show that that the system is scalable and has good performance.
