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The polar regions of the Earth are characterized with low solar elevation angles, cold temperatures and large amount of snow and ice. Under the harsh polar conditions, good quality in situ measurements of incoming and outgoing solar radiation, and surface albedo, is a major challenge. Both in the Arctic and Antarctic, the solar radiation at the wav...
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Satellite data on total ozone content for 1985-2015 have been used. Methods of evaluating ozone deficit in the polar region and its excess in middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere have been developed. In early spring the ozone molecules outflow and the ozone anomaly forms. Ozone inflows the middle latitudes, its total content increases and a...
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Citations
... More information on the measurement site can be found in previous publications (e.g. Karhu et al., 2003;Meinander et al., 2016). ...
Aerosol particle optical properties were measured continuously between years 2013–2015 at the Marambio station in the Antarctic Peninsula. Annual cycles of particle scattering and absorption were studied and explained using measured particle chemical composition and the analysis of air mass transport patterns. The particle scattering was found elevated during the winter but the absorption did not show any clear annual cycle. The aerosol single scattering albedo at nm was on average 0.96 0.10, with a median of 0.99. Aerosol scattering Ångström exponent increased during summer, indicating an increasing fraction of fine mode particles. The aerosol was mainly composed of sea salt, sulphate and crustal soil minerals, and most of the particle mass were in the coarse mode. Both the particle absorption and scattering were increased during high wind speeds. This was explained by the dominance of the primary marine sea-spray and wind-blown soil dust sources. In contrast, the back-trajectory analysis suggested that long-range transport has only a minor role as a source of absorbing aerosol at the peninsula.
The manual snow survey program of the Arctic Research Centre of the Finnish
Meteorological Institute (FMI-ARC) consists of numerous observations of
natural seasonal taiga snowpack in Sodankylä, northern Finland. The
easily accessible measurement areas represent the typical forest and soil
types in the boreal forest zone. Systematic snow measurements began in 1909
with snow depth (HS) and snow water equivalent (SWE). In 2006 the manual snow
survey program expanded to cover snow macro- and microstructure from regular
snow pits at several sites using both traditional and novel measurement
techniques. Present-day snow pit measurements include observations of HS,
SWE, temperature, density, stratigraphy, grain size, specific surface area
(SSA) and liquid water content (LWC). Regular snow pit measurements are
performed weekly during the snow season. Extensive time series of manual snow
measurements are important for the monitoring of temporal and spatial changes
in seasonal snowpack. This snow survey program is an excellent base for the
future research of snow properties.
