FIG 1 - uploaded by John T. Kevern
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This paper presents a unique combination of permeability, infiltration, and clogging testing results to provide background information for the specification and design of clog-resistant pervious concrete pavements. Pervious concrete cylindrical samples of various sizes and porosities were tested using a falling-head permeameter in the laboratory. T...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
Bioretention system is one of the stormwater best management practices (BMPs) that utilize plant, engineered soil media which consists of mixtures of medium soil, medium sand and compost to filter stormwater runoff and to reduce peak runoff flow rate. However, presence of compost in the soil mixture will give variation to the soil characteristic su...
Citations
... Falling-head (FH) method and constant-head (CH) permeameters have been widely used in permeability measurements on PC pavements at the laboratory (Li et al., 2013;Ranieri et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2020). Compared to FH method, the CH permeability test can possess the advantage of significant time, coefficient of variation (COV) and economic (Kevern, 2015;Qin et al., 2015). The preparation of CH test is briefer and requires a less meticulous process (Sandoval et al., 2017). ...
Pervious concrete (PC) as a green infrastructure material has been increasingly used due to its positive environmental impacts, such as controlling storm water runoff, removing water pollutants and reducing heat island effect. The aggregate gradation is a critical factor influencing the physical properties of PC. Therefore, this paper represents an attempt to determine the effects of aggregate gradation on the various physical properties of PC, and then to explore relationships between them. To this end, three aggregate gradations 4.75–9.5 mm, 9.5–19 mm and 19–31.5 mm were recombined with various proportions (20–80%) to obtain five different gradations named as A, B, C, D and E. PC mixtures were prepared with these five aggregate gradations. Then, physical and mechanical properties of PC including porosity, permeability, compressive strength and water stability were investigated, according to the available specification. The results suggested that it was feasible to use waste concrete for permeable pavement, because all the specimens provided required specification requirements. Different linear relationships were also found between the maximum aggregate size and porosity, permeability coefficient, compressive strength and its loss rate. That is, porosity and permeability increased with the proportion of larger size aggregate increased, however, compressive strength reduced. Thus the compressive strength had an inverse correlation with the porosity and water permeability. Among five different aggregate gradations, group C (20% of 4.75–9.5 mm aggregate, 50% of 9.5–19 mm aggregate and 30% of 19–31.5 mm aggregate) can be seen as the optimum gradation and is suitable for base layer materials of permeable pavements.
... The increase in infiltration with increase in water content is due to improved interconnectivity and reduced air resistance (capillary suction as reported by Alonso et al. 2005;Huat et al. 2006). The effect of density is due to reduction in flow channels because of better packing at higher densities (Akram and Kemper 1979;Kevern 2014). The soil compaction states that satisfies hydraulic conductivity less than 1E-07 m/s was identified as shown in Fig. 3. Accordingly, it is suggested to compact the soil at higher densities and higher water contents to achieve the required hydraulic conductivity criterion. ...
The multi-layered cover systems (MLCS) are usually constructed over near surface hazardous landfills to isolate waste from the atmosphere. The existing design and construction criteria of MLCS are predominantly based on the flow or strength characteristics of soil. However, the surface layer of MLCS is subjected to intense soil-atmosphere interaction in the form of precipitation, run off, erosion, infiltration, desiccation, and alternate wetting–drying resulting in the performance deterioration. There are no explicit criteria in literature for accounting all these complex factors while designing the surface layer. This study proposes an enhanced criterion for selecting surface soil and its design compaction state by inclusion of multiple field anticipated performance requisites related to erosion, infiltration, desiccation, and strength characteristics. The main objective of this study is to evaluate these characteristics using simple well-established laboratory tests namely pin hole erosion, disk infiltrometer, volumetric shrinkage, and unconfined compression tests for different soils and different compaction states of good performing soil. Based on the test results, criterion for assessing the suitability of soil as surface layer were evolved. The selected soil was further studied for identifying suitable compaction zone. Results showed that the silty soil with low plasticity, which falls, in ML classification is better suitable for surface layer of MLCS. Compacting soil near optimum moisture content and higher density was found to show enhanced performance with good strength, low permeability, low erodibility, and low shrinkage. The proposed criterion incorporating additional performance markers is a quick method for effective design of surface soil in MLCS.
... Previous research has investigated the clog-resistant pervious concrete pavements. In this study, the combination of permeability, infiltration, and clogging testing results were analysed to provide background information for the specification and design of clog-resistant pervious concrete pavements [26]. Most of the researchers have recently shown increased interest in clogging resistance of PCPs through various initiatives. ...
Pervious concrete pavements (PCPs) have been widely accepted as a green infrastructure solution for urban areas. Currently, pervious concrete is commonly used in permeable pavement systems such as roadways, sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, and other light-duty flatwork applications. However, the main disadvantage of this type of pavement is that it loses permeability over time due to clogging and lower compressive strength due to the pore's structures. These critical issues are the topic of this review paper. Laboratory test results relevant to the compressive strength, clogging and maintenance are discussed in detail. This review aims to present a compilation of prominent findings of studies focused on compressive strength, clogging and maintenance of PCPs. Note that PCPs with higher compressive strength must be used on roads with high traffic volumes. Subsequently, periodic maintenance is necessary to prevent sediment clogging and maximize the life of PCPs. Based on this review paper, the area of need for future research are identified.
... The permeameter test was normally conducted to determine the hydraulic conductivity of materials for barriers in geoenvironmental engineering [11,12]. However, it was not able to test on the GCL overlapped seam typically at the shortest length of 150 mm [13] in a standard permeameter cylinder of 70 mm diameter, for which edge effects were greater on the smaller specimen [14]. Additionally, the cross-section of the cell was circular, which varied from the rectangular shape of the GCL overlap in the field; the previous study reported that the amount of the overlap played an important role in the permeation of the system [15]. ...
The geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) overlap plays a key role in maintaining hydraulic performance of the barrier systems, e.g., the bottom liner and cover systems. However, its influences on the behavior of the vertical barrier have been rarely investigated. This paper aims to address this issue using the large-scale model test and 3-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling. In the model test, the GCL overlap at the width of 500 mm was tested under a constant hydraulic head of 1 m and confining stress ranging from 10 to 150 kPa using a newly developed large-scale apparatus. Compared with the flexible wall permeameter, this apparatus could guarantee full field-scale GCL overlap to be tested. Results showed that the effective hydraulic conductivity of the GCL overlap decreased from 10−8 to 10−9 cm/s as the confining stress increased from 10 to 150 kPa. The addition of supplemental bentonite paste in between the overlap with a water-to-bentonite ratio of 19:1 contributed to reducing the effective hydraulic conductivity by 60% compared with that for a GCL overlap without bentonite paste. The breakthrough time for the soil-bentonite (SB) cutoff wall composited with GCLs was 64% longer in comparison with that for the single SB wall. Additionally, the breakthrough after 50 years is made for the entire depth of the single SB wall while at the depth no more than 0.9 m for the composite wall with bentonite paste at the GCL overlap. With consideration that the depth of the groundwater table is generally greater than 1 m, the GCL–SB composite cutoff wall will exhibit a good performance in containing groundwater contaminants in the field, especially when applying bentonite paste at the GCL overlap.
... Reference Definition (Haselbach et al., 2006;Sriravindrarajah et al., 2010;Haselbach, 2010;Mata and Leming, 2012;Kayhanian et al., 2012;Welker et al., 2013, Brown, Robert A.;Borst et al. 2013;Walsh et al., 2014;Kevern, 2015;Werner et al., 2017;Kia et al., 2017;Kiran et al., 2018;Marcaida et al., 2018;Zhong and Wille, 2018;Xie et al., 2019;Zhou et al., 2019;Ziccarelli and Valore, 2019;El-Hassan et al., 2019;Barišić et al., 2020;AlShareedah and Nassiri, 2021;Nan et al., 2021;Silva et al., 2021;Huang et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2022) Blockage of interconnected pores causing by the sediment accumulation (fines or coarse). Vancura et al., 2012;Coughlin et al., 2012;Mohamed Abdullah et al., 2016;Winston et al., 2016;Cui et al., 2016Cui et al., , 2018Cui et al., , 2021Yuan et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2018;Jiong et al., 2018;Kia et al., 2018;Kuruppu et al., 2019;Bittencourt et al., 2021;Rao et al., 2021;Chu et al., 2021;Cai et al., 2022) A gradual accumulation of sediments inside the internal pores of the PC, becoming one of the main phenomena which decrease the hydraulic performance of the material; this reduction is caused by partial or total blockage of the interconnected pores leading to large variations in the permeability of the material. ...
... Evaluation of the clogging phenomenon in an extreme way was mainly studied by Mata and Leming (2012), and Kevern (2015) (Mata and Leming, 2012;Kevern, 2015), from these investigations the following ones focused on the effects of gradual clogging. The first authors used two types of sediments, coarse and fine (sand and clay), while the second used only fine sediments. ...
... Evaluation of the clogging phenomenon in an extreme way was mainly studied by Mata and Leming (2012), and Kevern (2015) (Mata and Leming, 2012;Kevern, 2015), from these investigations the following ones focused on the effects of gradual clogging. The first authors used two types of sediments, coarse and fine (sand and clay), while the second used only fine sediments. ...
Pervious concrete (PC) has gained important ground in civil construction in recent years due to its advantages in managing surface runoff. Numerous studies have been developed to characterize the material mechanically and hydraulically and verify compliance with standards. However, there are still some gaps in the knowledge about the hydraulic behavior of PC over time and how its properties vary with the materials that may accumulate in the internal pores. This last phenomenon is known as clogging and is one of the main factors to cause the loss of hydraulic serviceability of this material. This hinders its diffusion around the world since the process of this phenomenon is neither completely known nor contemplated in the standards. Therefore, considering these gaps in knowledge, this review intends to clarify the most important aspects of the phenomenon of clogging and contribute to the knowledge of the mechanism of
permeability decrease of the material. Moreover, this paper seeks to identify which variables influence permeability variation over time and to present the models proposed to predict permeability degradation in PC, as well as some maintenance methodologies to permeability recovery.
... Depending on the magnitude and the clogging rate of how it occurs, it can be the main cause of reduction in the PC permeability. In this sense, it has been verified that sediments with fine soil characteristics (clay and silt) cause an instantaneous and intense decrease in permeability [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. ...
In pervious concrete (PC), the permeability decreases as a consequence of the clogging phenomenon that have been widely studied in recent years; however, there is a gap in the knowledge of how this phenomenon affects the internal morphology (micro-scale studies) of the PC, mainly related to pores distribution. Therefore, an experimental program was defined to evaluate the permeability variation caused by the clogging, and the variation of the internal morphology of the PC using 3D microtomography (before and after analysis). For this, three sediments were used to clog the PC (Sand, Clay, and an S + C mixture), adapting the constant head permeability test. All the tests performed globally on the material (porosity, permeability, and clogging) were defined as a macroscale study, and as micro-scale studies the evaluation of internal morphology using 3D microtomography. The macro-scale results showed that the most damaging sediments for PC were the fine sediments (clay and S + C) that achieved permeability reductions of more than 90%. On the other hand, 3D microtomography was shown as a powerful tool in the study of the variation of the morphology of the clogged PC. Through this test, it was possible to identify the variation in porosity depending on the type of sediment, increased frequency of smaller pores (<1 mm) and their influence in permeability variation, their spatial distribution, and finally, the decrease in accessible porosity (connection throats) and this relation with permeability decrease, when fine sediments always being the most damaging.
... Five hundred gram of sand was used (approximately 1.8 kg/m 2 ), based on values reported in [51]. ...
In recent years, the interest in reusing the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate in cementitious material has grown in the scientific community. This interest originates mainly by the fact that the repair process of a flexible pavement leads to the accumulation of an enormous quantity of non-used RAP aggregates and this can cause severe environmental problems due to the scarcity of landfilling space for this waste. Thus, this research is intended to contribute to a solution with the development of RAP pervious concretes. Five mixtures were made with natural and/or RAP aggregates and physical, mechanical and hydraulic (based on infiltration and clogging test) behavior was studied. A natural aggregate was replaced with RAP contents between 10% and 100% and a control mixture (with 100% natural aggregate) was also developed. Results indicate an elevated infiltration performance (infiltration rate higher than 2.9x10-3 m/s) of pervious concretes by using RAP aggregate, but a strong reduction in mechanical behavior was also observed. However, even with this reduction, the mixtures studied obtained the minimum values J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f 2 established in standards for the use as non-structural pervious concrete for general bicycle ways, sidewalks or other purposes with lower strength level.
... In another study, three different clogging materials: thick soil slurry, landscaping compost, and an equal mixture of both were loaded over nine PC slabs of dimensions 350 mm  350 mm  150 mm prepared with similar unit weight and void content [93]. It was observed that the infiltration rates of the unclogged slabs were highly variable from 0.04 to 3.82 cm/s. ...
The objective of this review paper was to discuss in detail the various sustainability benefits offered by pervious concrete (PC), while also documenting the current state-of-the-art pertaining to mechanical and hydrological characteristics. The prevailing mix design procedures as well as the impacts of additives and recycled materials on behavior of PC have been discussed. Impact of pore morphology on permeability was examined, and a note was made on current rehabilitation techniques for restoring the infiltration rate of clogged PC surface courses. Field studies that focused on design, construction, and performance monitoring of pervious concrete pavements (PCP), were highlighted. Additionally, the contribution of PCP to reduce the environmental impacts of built infrastructure was summarized. The multiple benefits offered by PCP such as runoff mitigation, heat alleviation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction make it a promising material for construction of environment-friendly PC roadways. However, there still exists a vast scope to enhance the material’s characteristics for development of sustainable pavement systems in the urban built environment.
... Cabe salientar que, quando comparados esses resultados aos obtidos em laboratório, a redução da permeabilidade foi mais intensa, visto que em laboratório foi analisado o CoPe de forma independente (corpos de prova) e em campo foi medida a permeabilidade do sistema de pavimento permeável composto pelo CoPe (placas), a base granular e o subleito, isto é condizente com =1 mm/s (17,39%) (ABNT NBR 16416) resultados obtidos porHu et al. (2020) onde uma colmatação gradativa (velocidade crítica) em sistemas de pavimentos permeáveis leva a uma maior perda na permeabilidade do material(Hu et al., 2020).4.4 Modelo analítico de colmataçãoA variação da permeabilidade em função da massa de sedimento acumulada foi amplamente determinada experimentalmente na bibliografia(Andres- Valeri et al., 2018;González-Angullo, N.;Castro, D. ;Rodríguez-Hernández, J. ;Davies, 2008;Haselbach et al., 2006;Kevern, 2015;Sehgal et al., 2018;Welker et al., 2013).Em todos os casos verifica-se o seguinte comportamento: a permeabilidade parte de seu valor inicial (não colmatado, 0 ), reduzindo gradativamente a medida que aumenta o total de sedimento (n) até um valor residual ( ∞ ), em que a permeabilidade fica estável. Esse valor residual é um valor ponderado da permeabilidade do CoPe e do sedimento. ...
Os resultados encontrados indicam que existe uma influência direta do tipo de sedimento e da velocidade de adição do mesmo no fenômeno da colmatação do CoPe, sendo os sedimentos finos (argila) os mais prejudiciais na perda da permeabilidade do material. Com base nesses resultados, um modelo analítico de colmatação foi proposto, o qual permitiu determinar o potencial de colmatação (c) dado por cada tipo de sedimento e para cada velocidade de colmatação simulada, resultando em uma ferramenta útil na previsão da perda da permeabilidade. Em termos de recuperação de permeabilidade, a hidrolavagem mostrou-se mais efetiva para os sedimentos finos (argila) e o ar para os sedimentos grossos (areia). A recuperação de permeabilidade apresentou um comportamento inverso à colmatação, visto que a maior recuperação de permeabilidade aconteceu com o sedimento de argila e a menor recuperação com o sedimento de areia. No estudo da periodicidade de manutenção, ficou evidente que não existe uma diferença significativa em termos de recuperação de permeabilidade com as duas periodicidades estudadas, sendo as duas igualmente efetivas. Com os resultados de colmatação e os resultados de limpeza foi proposto um modelo de vida útil hidráulica para o concreto permeável, o qual correlaciona as condições do local (erosão, regime de chuvas e topografia) com a perda de permeabilidade ao longo do tempo. Finalmente, o modelo proposto permitiu prever o tempo necessário para o material atingir a permeabilidade mínima de norma em função das condições de manutenção.
... Due to the high porosity of PC, the reduction of its permeability derived from the sediment accumulation that can be carried by rainwater and wind. This reduction depends on the characteristics of the type of sediment carried by the rain [16][17][18], and this process is known as clogging [19]. The literature shows that fine sediments (clays) are more harmful than coarse sediments (sands) in terms of permeability reduction [17,[20][21][22][23], and the sediment production and transportation process is known as erosion [24]. ...
This project work aims to assess the more efficient cleaning method to recovery permeability in PC (pervious concrete) and to suggest a periodicity of cleaning to maintain the permeability close to the initial. As seen, the pervious concrete with its high porosity is exposed to clogging phenomenon, depending on the type of the sediment that can decrease the permeability of the material almost 100%. For accomplishing the objective of this project, a clogging was simulated in the PC with three types of sediments with a maximum concentration of 1.27 g/cm2. The permeability recovery of the PC was evaluated with three simple methods (surface cleaning, air cleaning and water cleaning) to determine the most efficient method for each type of sediment. It was also possible to determine the cleaning periodicity by simulating two different scenarios, the first one with a high periodicity, and the second one with a medium periodicity, applying a soil erosion mechanics analysis. In all the cases analyzed, the average periodicity was more efficient since it guaranteed large permeability recoveries. These results were supported by the 3D microtomography which allowed visualizing that the sediments were deposited mostly in the first centimeter and in a medium depth. Finally, with an erosion analysis using the USLE and the rainfall data of a typical year, it was possible to correlate the sediment concentration with time and therefore, suggest periods of cleaning for each type of sediment.
