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A potential and economic analysis of a 10 MW wind farm at Adrar in the southern region of Algeria is realized for various WT types. Adrar has a good wind potential: and the most adapted wind turbine is the Vestas V90/2MW with a annual energy output equal to 40902 MWh. According to the studied machine, the capacity factor varies from 36% for Nordex...
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The wind energy is one of the most significant and rapidly developing renewable energy sources in the world and it provides a clean energy resource, which is a promising alternative in the short term in Algeria. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the wind potential in Sahara site of Algeria and to perform an investigation on the wind powe...
This paper presents a statistical analysis of wind characteristics and estimating of cost of sixlocations situated in Algeria, namely Adrar, Annaba, Bejaia, Kacer-Chellala, M’sila and Oran, usingWeibull distribution function on wind speed data at 10 m height collected in the last ten years by theAlgerian Meteorological Office. The wind energy produ...
The wind energy is one of the most significant and rapidly developing renewable energy sources in the world and it provides a clean energy resource, which is a promising alternative in the short term in Algeria. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the wind potential in Tindouf (south west of Algeria) and to perform an investigation on the...
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Our study focuses on the assessment of wind resources of three desert sites in Algeria (Adrar, Ain Salah and Tindouf). The data used in this study span a period of 10 years. The parameters considered are the speed and direction of wind. For this purpose, the most energetic and frequent speed as well as the Weibull parameters to plot the wind rose w...
Citations
... These include, among others, the work of Sukkiramathi and Seshaiah [58], Mostafaeipour et al. [59], Touafio et al. [60], Moria et al. [61], and Kassem et al. [62,63]. In addition, some authors have proposed modifications of the economic model using the PVC (present value cost) method and the CPU (cost production unitary or cost per unit) method (Said [64]). ...
This paper performs a technoeconomic analysis of the wind power potential and evaluates the cost of wind power generation in Evodoula, comparing two methods, the conventional method and the uncertainty method based on a comparative spatiotemporal approach using the geographic information system (GIS) software tool. This study is based on satellite wind data measured at 10 m above ground level (AGL) over a 40-year period (1980-2019), by the meteorological service NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The main objectives are to obtain an appropriate design for a proven optimal location and to assess the viability of wind power at Evodoula. For this type of study, there is little literature available. The optimization of an onshore wind farm and deployment in the wind energy development interest area (ZIDEE) is carried out to obtain a minimum and parsimonious discounted cost production unitary (CPU) of the electricity produced. The results showed that in Okok, a location with a large energy deficit, an onshore wind farm with an electricity generation capacity of 12.5 MW with 5 NORDEX N100-2.5MW wind turbines would have a total energy production (TEP) of about 64.0254825 TWh and a selling price of electricity that would be 0.0034 CAD$/kWh, which is very low compared to the utility price (about 98% cheaper). The total cost of the wind farm would be about $11 million, with a net present cost of about $218 million. The annual profit generated by the wind farm would be over $6 billion. The return on investment (ROI) of the project is estimated at 2880.882%. The constructed onshore wind farm would avoid CO2 emission at over 11 Mt CO 2 , eq /year as the energy generated is from the atmosphere. The wind farm would realize an average annual cash flow estimated at nearly $30 million after 20 years of operation. These savings would allow the installation of CO2 capture systems in conventional power plants. In addition, the analysis of uncertainties and risks was identified and quantified to estimate the confidence levels of the project development results. The risks have been assessed, and we recommend that the total uncertainty of the project is around 15%. The energy values in P 75 and P 90 are 10.08% and 19.22%, respectively, lower than the energy value in P 50 of 11.60 GWh/An. Finally, the main policy recommendations for an inclusive design process are highlighted. The contribution of this study is to assist policy makers in making appropriate decisions in the development and implementation of energy and environmental policy in Cameroon and in many continental areas.
... c = 7.2 and k = 2.1 define scale & shape factors of Adrar region, respectively [27]. Further details are found in [28], [29], and [26]. ...
During the last decade, meaningful advancements have occurred in global electricity grids due to the wide integration of renewable energy resources (RES). Meanwhile, these sources play an essential role in total generation cost reduction, power loss cutting, and reduction of environmental hazards related to traditional power plants. Still, however, the optimal planning and operation of the power system in the presence RES is considered a master challenge due to the their stochastic natural and intermittency. One of the most complex and motivating issues in a power system is optimal power flow (OPF), a constrained optimization problem characterized by non-linearity and non-convexity. From these specifications, researchers competed in the past decades to find optimal solutions to stochastic OPF problems while keeping system stability. To tackle this challenge, an effective optimization algorithm which mimics on the foraging behavior of dwarf mongooses’ in the nature is introduced. The introduced objective function is the total charge of the system, which includes a reserve charge for overestimation and a penalty cost for underestimating two types of PV energy–solar and wind energy. To show the robustness and efficacy of the recommended optimizer, case studies on the customized IEEE 30-bus system and a realistic power system Adrar power system DZA 26-bus (isolated grid) are undertaken. Numerical findings show that the proposed DMOA beats all previous published-results and performs better over a variety of objective functions while finding high-quality optimally viable solutions. Furthermore, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, a statistical approach, was employed to evaluate the superiority of the proposed algorithm and to highlight a certain level of confidence to our study.
... The wind energy evaluation in this study was conducted using the Vestas-90 wind turbine (V-90) since it performs well at a broad variety of wind speeds [77]. Table 1 shows a thorough description of the V-90 wind turbines. ...
In this paper, wind resource availability was determined by analyzing the meteorological wind energy potential at the hub height of wind turbines. The wind resource potential was identified in specific geographic locations. Technical factors, such as siting requirements and resource availability, were taken into account in the investigation. The economic potential was calculated for each area of Algeria, considering overall losses. Subsequently, the potential for reducing fossil fuel usage was determined through wind to hydrogen estimation. The main components utilized in this work were a Vestas-90 wind turbine (V90–2.0 MW) and an alkaline electrolyzer. The analysis employed a Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. The results demonstrate Algeria's significant potential for wind to hydrogen production, estimated at 1.093 Gt/year without constraints, and reduced to 1.066 Gt/year when considering constraints. The levelized cost of wind to hydrogen production in Algeria varies between 1.51 and 15.37 US $/kg, depending on the chosen wind turbine. The wind to hydrogen production potential identified has the capacity to replace the entire current fossil fuel consumption in the transportation sector, which amounts to 5.28 Mt H2/year. The utilization of wind to hydrogen in the transport sector results in a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, with a calculated avoidance of 45.69 Mt compared to the use of gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen produced from wind energy resources also could be used to support other sectors, including residential, agricultural, and industry in Algeria.
... La aproximación de los datos del viento a través de la distribución de Weibull es ampliamente aceptada en la industria eólica y se utiliza para estimar la distribución de probabilidad de las velocidades del viento en un emplazamiento [6]. ...
In this paper is presented a comparison among onephysical weather station, called CERTE, and two virtual weatherstations, called Merra-2 and Era-5, for analyzing the impact ofwind resource of the site in the annual energy production (AEP)as well as in the economic feasibility of wind farms. Physical andvirtual weather stations are located in the site La Ventosa, City ofJuchitan de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, México. The wind resource dataobtained from CERTE, Merra-2 and Era-5 weather stations isanalyzed to describe, first, the site wind class and then, to showsome relevant statistical parameters for comparisons amongweather stations such as the average wind speed profile atdifferent heights, the prevailing wind direction through the windrose plot, the wind distribution plots and their fits throughWeibull functions. The proper wind turbine for the site LaVentosa is selected according to the wind data provided byCERTE due to this weather station is considered as the mostaccurate and reliable due to its measuring instruments meet therequirements of IEC 61400-1 standard and thus, it has the qualityfor being considered a good basis of comparisons with otherweather stations. The annual energy production (AEP) for eachstation is obtained through the wind turbine power curve andWeibull parameters, k and c. Finally, an economic analysis isdeveloped to determine if the site is financially viable for theinstallation of a wind farms.
... On the issue of estimating the operating cost of a unit production by the wind energy system, Diaf et al. (2013) used the LCOE method which is described as the ratio of the total annualized cost of the wind system to the annual electricity produced by this system. Because the economic viability of wind energy project depends on its ability to generate electricity at a low operating cost per unit energy, LCOE is an essential key to determine the economic potential of an individual site. ...
The purpose of the research is to examine the offshore wind power potential in the mix-electric power of Vietnam. By using net present value method, the paper also aims to explore how economic factors influence the offshore wind power feasibility in the conditions that the technical factors are ensured. The result indicates that offshore wind power will have a low proportion in the mix-electric power of Vietnam before 2030 and may be accelerated in the period 2035 – 2040. Electricity supply from offshore wind is not economically viable without improvements in investment, operating costs, and capacity factor. In particular, the Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) policy designed to support the development of renewable energy sources by providing a guaranteed, above-market price for producers, will be a decisive factor in developing offshore wind power of Vietnam. Additionally, the differences between characteristics of site's condition leading to the disparities in capital and operational expenditure and capacity factor. Thus, the electricity price and the subsidies for bottom-fixed sites and floating sites should be disparate and the location of offshore wind farms should be considered to ensure the harmonization of the profits derived from different types of offshore wind farms.
... The Rayleigh distribution, which is the Weibull distribution with a shape parameter k = 2, has been considered adequately accurate to model wind regimes at the selected locations. The power curve model of the considered windmills has been defined in a quadratic form [7,8]. The costs per cubic meter of water discharged using the Present Value of Costs (PVC) of energy produced over the lifetime of Windmills are explored for the selected localities. ...
... As a general rule, variations in rotor power with the wind speed can be matched by different polynomial expressions [28]. In the literature, a variety of models using linear, quadratic, cubic and higher powers of wind speed or their combinations are utilized [8]. In the present study, it is assumed that windmills rotors utilized for water pumping show a quadratic wind speed-power relationship and the instantaneous power output (P V ) at wind speed V, is given as follows [26]: ...
In the present work, an assessment of the rural water supply potential by mechanical wind pumping around the floodplains of Lake Chad has been considered. Inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, available surface water is largely contaminated and represents health hazards to populations. Access to underground and clean water has increasingly become rare. Moreover, clean water scarcity has led to conflict and territorial pressures, which are contributing factors to poverty in the considered area. Four localities, Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, respectively, in Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger have been selected inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, to evaluate the potential of wind power and prospects of windmills development to provide safe drinking-water supply, livestock watering and small-scale irrigation. Long-term satellite-derived data, obtained through the Prediction of Worldwide renewable Energy Resources have been considered suitable and viable alternative to missing site-specific data from ground stations. Windmill of Multi-blade driven piston pump is the preferred water pumping option for this study because of its higher overall system efficiency. The results of this study indicate that mean wind speeds, at 10 m height above ground level, are 4.64 m/s for Baga, 4.76 m/s for Baga-Sola, 4.32 m/s for Makari and 4.44 m/s for Nguigmi. In addition, wind speeds for Baga, for instance, are in the range of 2.5-10 m (working range of a wind pump), at 10, 15, 20 and 25 m height agl, for 79.64, 82.80, 84.79, and 86.19 per cent of the time. Corresponding values for Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi are in the range of 80.50-87.76 per cent, 76.86-85, 58 per cent, 77.92-86.21 per cent, respectively. For a Windmill with a 2 m-blade, a 25 m-height tower and considering a total dynamic head of 30 m, average monthly discharges for the dry season are 1,330, 1,374, 1,200 and 1,199 m 3 , respectively for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi. Furthermore, corresponding costs of water are 9.53, 9.23, 10.56 and 10.57 XAF/m 3 , for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, in that order. KEYWORDS Wind energy; windmill; water pumping; lake chad Nomenclature f(V) Probability distribution function F(V) Cumulative distribution function V Wind speed (m/s) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE ech T Press Science V m Mean wind speed (m/s) C Scale parameter (m/s) Z Elevation (m) T Temperature at the considered site (°K) agl Above ground level V 10 Wind speed available at 10 m height agl z 10 10 m height agl n Power law exponent C 10 Scale parameter (m/s) at 10 m height agl V z Wind speed at the height to be extrapolated H Pump head (m) g Acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2) V w Volume of water (m 3) E H Hydraulic energy K O Pump constant V I Cut-in wind speed (m/s) C Scale parameter (m/s) C 0 Power coefficient of the rotor at the design point C P Power coefficient of the rotor P V Power developed by the system in pumping water ρ a Air density at the site A Rotor area (m²) η Pump and transmission efficiency C P ·η Overall system (wind to water) efficiency C z Scale parameter (m/s) at z m height agl z Desired height agl ρ w Water density (kg/m 3) 1 Introduction Wind energy is now widely seen as an environmentally friendly alternative energy for a sustainable development as well as for easing energy crisis [1], mainly in Sub-Saharan Africans countries. As such, a wind energy conversion system harnesses the power of wind and converts it into electrical or mechanical energy to improve access to electricity or water [2] for remote locations not connected to the grid. For locations where low wind speeds prevail, such as most Sub-Saharan African countries, low wind speed wind turbine technology, such as pumping applications for water supply, are the preferred option [3].
... The cost of a wind turbine (C wt ) is the product of the specific cost and the rated power (Diaf, Notton, and Diaf 2013): ...
... The I C ($) includes the turbine price ($), civil work ($), and installation costs ($), the civil works are assumed to be 20% of the turbine price. The annual operation maintenance costs (C omr ) was considered to be 15% of the annual cost of the wind turbine (Diaf, Notton, and Diaf 2013). The cost of energy (COE) in ($/kWh) is the ratio of the present value of costs (PVC) of the project on produced energy: The cost of hydrogen (COH) in ($/kg) is calculated by combining Equations (5)-(7) during lifetime (t) as follows (Douak and Settou 2015): ...
In this study, we analyzed the wind potential of Hassi R’mel (Algeria) under the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) environment, using data measurements at a height of 10 m provided by the National Office of Meteorology (NOM) over the period of 14 years (2003–2017). The results are used as input for predicting wind characteristics (speed and direction) for four other sites covering the studied region where the measurement stations are not available. The pre-feasibility study of large-scale energy and hydrogen production focuses on four sites, namely Telghemt, Delaa, Bouzbier, and Bellil. Two different wind turbine models, Bonus B54 and Nordex N100 with a rated power of 1000 kW and 2500 kW, respectively, were selected. The study pointed out that the region of Hassi R’mel has an important wind potential with an annual mean wind speed of 6.73 m/sec and power density of 365 W/m² at 10 m. The maximum of energy and hydrogen produced occurs for the site of Hassi R’mel with 12.41 GWh/yr, and 177.37 tons H2/yr, with minimal costs of 5.5 c$/kWh, and 18.42 $/kg H2 respectively using Nordex N100 wind turbine at 100 m. Similarly for the site of Bellil where the maximum of energy and hydrogen production of 5.395 GWh/yr, and 77.08 tons H2/yr were obtained with minimal costs of 5.06 c$/kWh, and 17.12 $/kg H2 respectively using Bonus B54 wind turbine at 60 m. Therefore, the high rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions avoided by N100 was 5428.2 tons CO2/kWh for Hassi R’mel, and 2359.2 tons CO2/kWh for Bellil using the B54 wind turbine.
... Reference [8], carried out the viability and economic assessment of 10 MW wind power plant in Algeria using the Weibull distribution technique and levelised cost of electricity method. The wind resource was applied to five wind turbine models, namely Nordex N54, Nordex N80, Vergnet GEV, Vetas V90 and Fuhrlander FL2500. ...
This paper presents the economic viability of a 30 MW wind power plant in Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria, as a mandate to define the suitability of siting wind farms for the purpose of electricity generation. Bonny Island is presently not connected to Nigeria utility grid, as such sustainable and reliable electricity generation is desirable. In this work, wind electricity generation and economic assessment of Enercon E-82 (2 MW) wind turbines operating at 78 m hub height was investigated. The result showed the chosen turbine model can generate total annual electricity of 89,684 MWh at an energy cost of $0.1/ kWh and 38,796 tons of CO2 on greenhouse gas saving. The result also showed that the wind power generation is economically viable in Bonny Island. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind power, RETScreen, Economic Assessment, Bonny Island.
... 2.1. LCOE-Diaf, Notton and Broomfield Studies by Diaf, Notton and Broomfield [5] highlight a new expression of the discounted average cost for the production of electricity from the wind farm. The equation selected is defined as follows: ...
In the literature, The Levelized Cost of Electricity estimates the value of the kilowatt-hour cost of electricity production. One of the reasons it took this indicator to be perceived as an average cost. This research activity looks at the question of the monthly electricity cost of wind farm operation. Such a prospect will, in fact, allow the national electricity company to benefit from a judicious and applicable cost. A second component puts into perspective the positive impact of depreciation on the annual cost of wind power generation, while considering the rise in operating costs due mainly to the aging of the plant. The particularity of the new LCOE equation is its flexibility in calculating the monthly cost and future annual costs of a wind farm. By economic aspect, it solicits the most profitable wind turbine brand for production in kilowatt hours. Depending on the wind availability rate, in relation to the load factor, the wind speed varies depending on the 10 minutes, months and years. A Granger correlation and causality study showed the strong dependence and cause-and-effect between speed, height, pressure, and temperature. According to Belz's law, the maximum velocity per exploitable surface displays the same behavior as the Weibull and Rayleigh estimates. Their judging qualities deviate from Rayleigh in favor of Weibull.
... The cost of a wind turbine (C wt ) is the product of the specific cost and the rated power (Diaf, Notton, and Diaf 2013): ...
... The I C ($) includes the turbine price ($), civil work ($), and installation costs ($), the civil works are assumed to be 20% of the turbine price. The annual operation maintenance costs (C omr ) was considered to be 15% of the annual cost of the wind turbine (Diaf, Notton, and Diaf 2013). The cost of energy (COE) in ($/kWh) is the ratio of the present value of costs (PVC) of the project on produced energy: The cost of hydrogen (COH) in ($/kg) is calculated by combining Equations (5)-(7) during lifetime (t) as follows (Douak and Settou 2015): ...
Wind energy is one of the most competitive renewable energy sources for providing energy to isolated area where the extension of the national grid is prohibitively expensive, or fossil fuel supply is difficult. The present work aims to evaluate the amount of energy and hydrogen produced from wind energy source over the site of Hassi R’mel, using hourly wind data (speed and direction) stretching from 2003 to 2017. As well as, estimating the cost of energy and hydrogen for large wind turbines. To this end, a model of wind-hydrogen system has been developed under Simulink environment, the main components are, a wind turbine to produce electricity from wind energy, an electrolyzer unit to produce hydrogen from the produced electricity by electrolysis technique, and a tank for hydrogen storage. The study pointed out, that the site of Hassi R’mel has an important wind potential with mean speed exceeding 6 m/s, and more profitable and adapted for wind energy conversion systems installation. The low cost of energy and hydrogen of 0.053 $/kWh, and 25.27 $/kg H2 respectively, is obtained by the Nordex N100 wind turbine at 100 m.
